Fifteenth, sixteenth & seventeenth centuries

1551 R. Recorde The pathway to knowledge in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) xxxix

mi laiser so quiet and vnincobered

1561 R. Eden The arte of navigation in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 1

to guyde a shyppe engoulfed

c1550 R. Copland The rutter of the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 3

Gentle mariners one a boune vyage

c1550 R. Copland The rutter of the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 3

in ye bonaveture making your passage

new meaning

16c in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 10

the Lord High Admiral [in Elizabethan times], who could levy `buoyage' as well as `beaconage'..

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 10

The buoys [of the Elizabethan era], which were of wood, were of two sorts: barrel-shaped `tuns'; and cone-shaped `can-buoys'.

1541 R. Proude The new rutter for the sea for the north partes in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 12

in the fairway between Start and Lisart

c1550 R. Copland The rutter of the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 19

yee shalbe at the thwart of lezarde

1410-12 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 22

1 sailing piece

note: item in ship-inventory

1410-12 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 22

12 stones, called adamants, called sailstones

note: item in ship-inventory

1410-12 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 22

iii compass, j dyoll, ij sondynglynes, j plumb

note: from ship-inventory

1410-12 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 22

iii compass, j dyoll, ij sondynglynes, j plumb

note: from ship-inventory

1410-12 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 22

ij saylyng nedeles

note: = compass-needle; item in shipyard inventory

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 24

We first find binnacles mentioned in English ship inventories of 1410-12.

1485 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 28

Bitakles j

note: item in a ship's inventory

1977 T. Runyan J. Brit. Studies XVI 5

a flune (also floine, a type of small ship) built in 1344-45

1977 T. Runyan J. Brit. Studies XVI 5

Payments [by the Crown] of ton-tight, a set fee for the use and "maintenance" of the ship, are recorded from the thirteenth century.

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 26

As in the modern compass, the north point of the fly was aligned with the north point of the compass needle. Such a compass was often described in the sixteenth century as a meridional compass.

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 27

the compass `wire' or needle.

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 27

It [the compass wire] thus formed an elongated hoop through the centre of which, and of the fly, a brass cone, known as the `capital', was pushed. On this the fly could pivot.

note: The ref. is to R. Eden's The arte of nauigation , a 1561 translation of a Spanish text.

1610 E. Wright Certaine errors in navigation (2d. ed.) in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 29

the capitell of the compasse

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 27

the brass `pin' or pivot, for the [compass-]fly.

note: The ref. is to R. Eden's The arte of nauigation , a 1561 translation of a Spanish text.

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 27

Before assembly, the compass needle or `wires' were `fed' by being touched with `the face of the stone', that is, with the lodestone

note: = remagnetization of the compass-needle. The ref. is to R. Eden's The arte of nauigation , a 1561 translation of a Spanish text: cf. Sp. cebar, (li.t) `to feed', and also in the same nautical sense (T. O'Scanlan Diccionario marítimo español (1831) s.v. cebar) (AHH)

1561 R. Eden The arte of nauigation in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 28

note: Waters discusses gimbals mentioned by Eden but does not cite Eden directly (AHH)

1485 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 28

Rennyng Glasses j

note: = hour-glass

1585 W. Borough A discours of the variation in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 157

running glasses, leads, lines

c1550 R. Copland The rutter of the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 36

dyall

note: defined by Waters as `sand-glass'

1485 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 36

Watche belles ij

1958 D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times 68

In charts of the North Atlantic region recourse was also had to a twisted or `oblique' meridian [mentioned in 1581]

1555 J. Dee Astronomicall and logisticall rules in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 96

logisticall

c1536 in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 109

ballastage [of Thames shipping-a privilege granted]

1576 T. Digges Errors in the arte of navigation in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 125

ne yet treadinge their beaten pathes

note: used figuratively (AHH)

new meaning (naut.)

1574 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 133

how the tide gates

1574 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 133

shiftyng their Sunne and Moone

note: Waters defines as "the calculation of tides", so called by seamen

1574 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 134

very necessarye for them that did occupye unto the Northwardes of Saint Nicolas in Rousey

Note: takes unto

1580 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 138

crow foote [by which the log-line was attached to the log]

1580 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 141

deade reckoning

1580 R. Hakluyt Principal navigations, Hak. Soc., Extra Ser., Vol. 3, in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 152

1580 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 152

Parallax

1580 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 152

star-shooters and sunne-shooters

note: used disparagingly of those who took astronomical sightings (AHH)

1580 W. Bourne A regiment for the sea in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 152

star-shooters and sunne-shooters

note: used disparagingly of those who took astronomical sightings (AHH)

1580 R. Hakluyt Principal navigations, Hak. Soc., Extra Ser., Vol. 3, in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 152

according to the description in plat of spirral [circumpolar] lines, made by master William Borough

DEEP SEA antedates 1626

new var.

1580 R. Hakluyt Principal navigations, Hak. Soc., Extra Ser., Vol. 3, in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 152

Dipsin lead

1581 R. Norman The newe attractiue in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 153

the Declinyng of the Needle, touched therewith [the lodestone] under the plaine of the Horizon

note: = dip sb. 4. (AHH)

1585 W. Borough A discours of the variation in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 157

running glasses, leads, lines, and such like appendaries

1585 W. Borough A discours of the variation in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 161

wiers [on the compass-fly]

1588 A. Ashley The mariners mirror in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 171

Uranicall or Moveable compass of the Stars

1588 A. Ashley The mariners mirror in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 171

the great dogge

1588 A. Ashley The mariners mirror in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 173

the tides along the coast either within the havens or off-shore

1579 in Voyages and colonising enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 179

going through in his Frigat

1579 in Voyages and colonising enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 179

We had also upon our maine yard, an apparition of a little fire by night, which seamen do call Castor and Pollux..which they take an evill signe of more tempest...

1587 J. Davis in D. Waters The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (1958) 182

two Barkes and a Clincker

note: = clinker-built vessel (AHH)

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 36

for vvindage at 17. Mer. the packe..

note: hoisting (AHH)

BARKAGE not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 36

For barkage, landing, and other charges..

note: lighterage (AHH)

WATERING vbl. sb. new meaning

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 42

For watering the Pipes..

note: (probably) soaking of barrels with water before filling them with oil (AHH)

ENCOMIENDA antedates 1810

new meaning

new var.

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 42

For Incomiendo at one per 100..

note: some sort of charge or commission (AHH)

CALICO 2. antedates 1622

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 25

of Calicowes: the whitest and cleanest without starch are best, and which are of fine thread, close made

SORTING(-CLOTH) vbl. sb. 4. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 9

sorting clothes 38. Duckets

note: cf. sorting-kersey (1706)

IMPLEMENT sb. 4. (?) antedates 1754

new meaning

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 9

Touching Sales or Impliments..

ibid. 11

As for your Impliments, I haue according vnto your remembrance laden for you in the [ship] Gabriel. 6. kintals and 2. Roues of Pepper

note: (probably) purchase (AHH)

READING(-KERSEY) sb.2 not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 9

Reading Kerseis about 14. Duckets a peece

ALQUER sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 9

Wheat 3. Rials and a halfe the Alquer

ibid. 20

the measure of Corne in Lisbon is the Alquer: and 3. Alquers make about a bushell

CORGE sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 10

Callicowes..at 50. Duckets the Corge

note: unit of measurement of cloth (AHH)

(LESSER) QUINTAL not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 18

in Portingale, the Kintall of Pepper and of Ginger (which they call the lesser Kintall) is 112. pound..

(GREAT) QUINTAL not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 18

The Kintall of most sorts of all other spices [in Portugal], as Cloues, Maces, Cinamon, &c. containeth 128. pound, and is called the great Kintall..

COVADA sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 19

the measue of cloth in Lisbon is the couada: which containeth about three quarters of our English yarde

etym: cf. Port. côvado `cubit' (AHH)

BOISSEAU sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 20

the measure of Rochell and Burdeaux is the Boiseau: which containeth neere about 3. pecks of our Bristow measure

etym: < F. boisseau (whence Eng. bushel) (AHH)

QUARTEL new meaning

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 21 The halfe rial of plate is 17. Meruedis: and the quartel is 8. Meruedis and a halfe..

etym: < Sp. cuartel `quarter' (AHH)

SEARNE sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 26

the noise or ratling that it [soap] will make within the Searne when it is shaken

note: (probably) sieve (cf. Eng. discern ) (AHH)

ULLAGING vbl. sb. antedates 1749

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 44

For ullaging [of wine barrels] aborde the shippe

COUNTERMARK sb. new meaning

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 57

letters of marke and countermarke

HUNDAGE sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 42

For hundage at one Riall per Tunne

note: refers to barrels of olive oil purchased in Spain; meaning unknown (AHH)

HANIC sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 20

the measure of corne in Lisbon..3. Alquers make about a bushell of our Bristow measure..and 5. Alquers or neere thereabouts, maketh a Hanic of the measure of Spaine

etym: < Sp. *hanega, cf. Sp. fanega (< Arab. faníqa `saco grande' (J. Corominas Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana (1983) s.v. fanega))

KAYIS sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 21

the measure of Salt of Spaine, is called the Kayis, and 12. hanicks goeth to a Kayis: & 2. Kayis & 3. Hanicks or thereabouts, makes a tunne of our water measure of Bristow

etym: < Sp. cahiz (a dry measure, = 12 fanegas), < Arab. qafîz (J. Corominas Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana (1983) s.v. cahiz) (AHH)

MARCO ALMERANT sb. not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 42

For Marco almeran: and bota fuera, at 25. Mer. the pipe

note: cf. T. O'Scanlan Diccionario marítimo español (1831) s.v. marco: Derecho de un marco de plata que pagaba al almirante de Castilla cada bajel de mas de cien toneladas, al entrar de viaje en el puerto

trans: duty of one silver mark paid to the admiral of Castile by each vessel of more than 100 tons entering port from a voyage (AHH)

etym: < Sp. marco de almirante `admiral's mark' (AHH)

BOTA FUERA not in OED

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 42

For Marco almeran: and bota fuera, at 25. Mer. the pipe

note: presumably some sort of port fee; lit. (Sp.) `shove out' (AHH)

BAR v. new meaning

1607 J. B. (John Browne) The merchants avizo 44

For hooping, barring [of casks] and other charges, at 25. Mer. [maravedi] the Butt

AVISO 1. antedates 1634 (aviso)

antedates 1594 (adviso)

new variant

1589 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 18 The marchants avizo

Title of a manual written by a merchant trading in Spain and Portugal, by whom, or by other merchants, the word might have been introduced into Eng.

FACTORAGE 2. antedates 1613

new variant

1590s in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 30 halfe factoridg

INTERLOPER 1a. antedates 1590

new variant

1588 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 38 the enterlopers and contemptuous people of her majesty which go thether [Russia] by stealth

Note: here refers to merchants

INTERLOPER 1a. antedates 1590

a1583 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 38 theise shipes were but straglinge interlopers

Note: here refers to merchant ships

OUTLOPER antedates 1583

new variant

1566 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 39 subjects of this realm not pryveleged by the charter aforesaid (and therefore to be called outleapers) have traded to the Narva

Note: refers to charter granted to the Russia Company

OUTLOPER definition

synonym of, and replaced by, interloper in last half 16c.; "a merchant who infringed the geographical monopoly of a trading company of which he was not a member"

in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 40

Note: def. needs rewriting (AHH)

LATEEN antedates 1727

new variant

1540 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 93 a small latten carvell that came from Barbaria

LATEEN pronunciation

1540 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 93 a small latten carvell

Spelling suggests pron. like that of ModEng latin (AHH)

MOLASSES 1a. antedates 1582

1552 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 99 molassos or sugar syrrope

SCUM sb. meaning not in OED

1568 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 111 Scomes

Note: occurs in list of sugar products imported from Morocco. Willan defines as `inferior sort of sugar', presumably a frothy (scummy) fraction (AHH).

SCUM sb. etymology

OED2 cites Sp. escuma of which I find no evidence (AHH)

INGENIO antedates 1600

1564 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 123 the ingenios, beinge a place where the sugars are growinge and made

INGENIO definition

Comprises cane plantation as well as mill (AHH)

PLAYA antedates 1855

new variant

1564 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 124 play..beinge the lodinge porte and the place where the shipps lay [Agadir, Morocco]

Prob. an isolated and short-lived borrowing unrelated to the 19c. citations in OED2 (AHH)

CHEST v. 2. antedates 1616

1564 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) chest xviij kyntals of the said sugers

DEAD(-FREIGHT) early date

1567 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 156 must retorne unlade with payment of ded fraighte

Note: perhaps deserves its own entry (AHH)

OCCUPY 7b. gram. construction

1574 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 161 merchantes to occupie and trafique into Barbarye

Note: takes into

ARGAN antedates 1809

1587 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 258 [barrels of] ergane [oil]

among imports from Morocco

STANKE sb. not in OED

1583 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 168 procured a stanke or license of this Kynge [of Morocco]

Etym.: cf. Port estanque, Sp estanco, both `monopoly' (AHH)

ALFANDICA not in OED

=fondaco antedates 1599

a1585 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 247 a surgeon which was kepte in the Alfandica [of Marrakesh]

1578 in ibid. 136 Alhandiga of the Christians [at Marrakesh]

Etym.: cf. Port alfândega `custom house' and Sp alhóndiga `public market'. These are cognates, with accreted Arabic al- typical of Iberian borrowings, of Ital. fondaco, q.v. in OED2

ENCASE 1. antedates 1727

1586 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 252 incassinge [of sugar for shipment]

also antedates 1633, earliest date for any meaning

ELCHEE antedates 1824

1586 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 257 an elche of the Pley

PLEY postdates 1500

1586 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 257 an elche of the Pley [at port of Agadir, Morocco]

Note: see slip submitted for PLAYA

PIRATICOUSLY adv. not in OED

1576 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 292 piraticously taken and spoiled by two ships

NAVIGATION 5 antedates 1617

new variant

1593 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 318 decaye of the navygacion of thys realme

new vars.

1592 in OED2 s.v. panele, sugar muscovathes

1593 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 320 Brassil muskovathos

prob. < Port mascabado `crude sugar'

cf. Sp azucar mascabado (1680) `crude sugar not refined with clay' < Port mascabar

J. Corominas & J. Pascual Diccionario critico etimologico castellano e hispanico (ed.3, 1973) s.v. paño

QUEBRADO sb. not in OED

latter half 16c. in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 317 quebrado

Etym.: < Sp, Port quebrado `broken'

RUIN sb. new variant

1580 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 5 rewen of the shippe

PAPER v. 2. antedates 1599

1569 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 17 the cranage, paperinge, thredinge, custuminge, and shipping [of sugar]

THREAD v. ? new meaning

1569 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 17 the cranage, paperinge, thredinge, custuminge, and shipping [of sugar]

Note: context suggests sewing-up of paper sugar-sacks (AHH)

BARBECUE sb. antedates 1697

new variant

1673 R. Ligon The True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes 89 The place where they unload [sugar-cane], is a little platform of ground..which they call a Barbycu

FACTORSHIP antedates 1599

new variant

1581 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 7 displaced of his factorshippe

OUTLOPER antedates 1583

1573 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 39 outlopers [from Ipswich] into the Lowe Countreys

INTERLOPER 1a. antedates 1590

new variant

1566 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 39 to punish interleapers..intermedlinge in the sayd defended trade

INTERLOPER 1a. definition

replaced its synonym outloper in second half 16c.

in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 40

PARLE 3b. antedates 1575

1552 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 100 a parle grew

refers to a parley between English and Spanish forces

RAMMEL sb. not in OED

1564 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 122 ramels

Willan defines as `inferior sort of sugar', perhaps granular, in light of etym. suggested below.

Etym.: cf. Arab raml `sand', presumably via Sp or Port (AHH)

OCCUPIER 2b. gram. construction

1574 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 160 some unlawfull occupiers into Barberie

TRAFFIC v. gram. construction

1574 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 161 merchantes to occupie and trafique into Barbary

takes into

EMBARGE v. antedates 1600

1583 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 168 [goods] ymbarged ashore

TRADE v. gram. construction

1585 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 178 the merchaunts that trade Moscovia; ibid. 185 the merchauntes tradinge Barbary

takes direct object

EM-(PAPER) new meaning

early date

1586 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 252 ympaperinge [of sugar for shipment]

DEISEM sb. not in OED

a1589 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 252 for none payment of deisem..; to open and sewe our packs in deizem house

cf. ibid. 151 (Sp) con el orden del peso de nuestra casa de la diezma de Marruecos `[sugar is to be weighed] by the weights of the customs house of Morocco' (1577 Moroccan royal decree)

Def.: 10% customs duty levied by the king of Morocco

Etym.: < Sp diezma `ten percent duty' (cf. Port dízima `tithe, duty') (AHH)

BALLOT sb.2 antedates 1865

1586 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 252 ballots [of French linen]

HAKIM antedates 1615

new variant

1585-90 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 263 imbarged by the Hackam [at Safi, Morocco]

ANIL 2 new variant

1596 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 282 the place where aneal is made

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 2:101-3

TRET sb. new variant

1584 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 326 treta

allowance of 4 lbs paid to the Crown on every 104 lbs of sugar imported

HERETIC sb. new variant

1580 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 6 soe greate an herritike

WRONG v. ? new meaning

1569 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 14 they wold have wronged his eyes owte of his head

Or is this the strong past participle of wring superfluously inflected as a weak verb? (AHH)

INTERLOPE v. 1. antedates 1603-27

a1583 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 39 which commenlie by stealthe doe yearlie interlope into Hollande

From G. Schanz, Englische Handelspolitik gegen Ende des Mittelalters 2: 588-9

prob. ult. < the popular sense `easy, handy' of Lat latinus

H. Kahane et al. The Lingua Franca in the Levant (1958) 272

ALARBIA sb. not in OED

c1585 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 181 the Alarbia tonge [spoken in Morocco]

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 1:464-7

def.: the Arabic language (AHH)

etym.: < Arab al-arabiya `classical Arabic', perhaps through Sp (AHH)

1589 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 244 cowchnelle barrelles

TALBYE sb not in OED

1588 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 259 [to bribe] the Alkayde, the Talbyes and Renters [in Morocco]

def.: class of Moroccan official

etym.: cf. Arab talabiya `commission' (commmercial term)

TOLETE, TOLLIETE not in OED

c1590 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 263 tolete, tolliete [in Morocco]

def.: Willan suggests `toll or internal duty'

etym.: cf Arab. talit `third'

new variants

1588 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 259 the Alkayde, the Talbyes and Renters [in Morocco]

1598 ibid. 303 and Alcado which the Kinge [of Morocco] sent

GROSSNESS 4.a. antedates 1681

new variant

1593 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 320 grocenes [of unrefined sugar]

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 2: 74-6

1597 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 322 [sugar] curide or stovide with the sonne

BEAT v.1 19. antedates 1677

1592 in D.B. Quinn, ed., The Last Voyage of Thomas Cavendish 1591-1592 (1975) 3 wee beate into the Straightes

AVISO 1. antedates 1634 (aviso)

antedates 1594 (adviso)

new variant

1589 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 18 The marchants avizo

Title of a published manual written by John Browne, a merchant trading in Spain and Portugal, by whom, or by other merchants, the word might have been introduced into Eng.

new variant

1590s in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 30 halfe factoridg

From The travels of John Sanderson, ed. Foster 177

INTERLOPER 1a. antedates 1590

c1583 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 38 theise shipes were but straglinge interlopers

Note: here refers to merchant ships

new variant

1540 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 93 a small latten carvell that came from Barbaria

From Naval Miscellany ii 25, 37

MOLASSES 1a. antedates 1582

1552 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 99 molassos or sugar syrrope

? From The principal navigations.., ed. Hakluyt 6:138-40

1564 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 134 chest xviij kyntals of the said sugers

1583 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 168 procured a stanke or license of this Kynge [of Morocco]

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 1: 415-7

Etym.: cf. Port estanque, Sp estanco, both `monopoly' (AHH)

=fondaco antedates 1599

c1585 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 247 a surgeon which was kepte in the Alfandica [of Marrakesh]

1578 in ibid. 136 Alhandiga of the Christians [at Marrakesh]

Etym.: cf. Port alfândega `custom house' and Sp alhóndiga `public market'. These are cognates, with accreted Arabic al- typical of Iberian borrowings, of Ital. fondaco, q.v. in OED2

new variant

1593 in in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 318 decaye of the navygacion of thys realme

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 2: 71-3

OUTLOPER antedates 1583

1573 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 39 outlopers [from Ipswich] into the Lowe Countreys

From Tudor economic documents, ed. Tawney & Power 3: 191

INTERLOPER 1a. antedates 1590

new variant

1566 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 40 to punish interleapers..intermedlinge in the sayd defended trade

From G. Schanz,Englische Handelspolitik gegen Ende des Mittelalters 2:588-9

PARLE 3b. antedates 1575

1552 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 100 a parle grew

From The principal voyages.., ed. Hakluyt 6: 138-40

refers to a parley between English and Spanish forces

1574 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 160 some unlawfull occupiers into Barberie

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 1:144-5

TRAFFIC v. gram. construction

new variant

1574 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 161 merchantes to occupie and trafique into Barbary

takes into

1583 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 168 [goods] ymbarged ashore

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 1:415-7

TRADE v. gram. construction

1585 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 178 the merchaunts that trade Moscovia; ibid. 185 the merchauntes tradinge Barbary

From Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc. Première série. Archives et bibliothèques d'Angleterre, ed. de Castries 1:461, 486, 510

takes direct object

c1589 in T.S. Willan Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (1959) 252 for none payment of deisem..; to open and sewe our packs in deizem house

cf. ibid. 151 (Sp) con el orden del peso de nuestra casa de la diezma de Marruecos `[sugar is to be weighed] by the weights of the customs house of Morocco' (1577 Moroccan royal decree)

Def.: 10% customs duty levied by the king of Morocco

Etym.: < Sp diezma `ten percent duty' (cf. Port dízima `tithe, duty') (AHH)

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 3 the present-day Uzama, the senior order of chiefs in Benin

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 4 paramount chiefs or kings, known as the Ogiso

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 5 swords of state (ada)

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 5 The senior [palace] association, Iwebo

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 6 iweguae, the second [palace] association

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 6 the third [palace] association

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 6 Its [the iwebo's] leader was-and still is-the Uwangue

cf. word considered by Ryder to be a variant, recorded in 1670 in J. Ogilby Africa: onegwa

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 6 the iweguae..under the leadership of the esere

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 6 its [the ibiwe's] senior chief, Osodin

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 7 a potentate known in Benin as the Oghene or Great Lord

cf. Port. form cited by Ryder from late 15c.: ogane

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 8 the Iyase, the senior town chief

cf. variant recorded by Ryder in 1670 from J. Ogilby Africa: owe-asserry

1676 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, (1969) 10 Edo

From O. Dapper Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten 122

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 21 hereditary chiefs (enigie) of towns and villages

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 37 in modern Ghana the name `akory' is applied to any bead of some value and antiquity

cf. Port. form cited by Ryder c1506 from Pacheco Pereira Esmeraldo de situ orbis, ed. Mauny (1956) 124: cori

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 37 Yellow beads known as ekan may still be found in Benin

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 48 he was an Edo [i.e., an Edo-speaker]

BENIN sb. antedates 1875 (Portuguese)

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 56 beny

IGO sb. not in OED

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897, 60 the Edo name igos [cowries], a word whose meaning nowadays extends to money in general

cf. Port. form cited by Ryder for c 1506 from Pacheco Pereira Esmeraldo de situ orbis, ed. Mauny (1956) bk.3, ch.2

new variant

1556 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 79 Guyne, Bynie and the Mina

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 80 much in vallew

new variant

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 342 garblar

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 81 vyadge

new variant

c1588 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 82 his Veador, or chief man, that hath the dealing with the Christians

From The principal navidations. ed. Hakluyt (1927) v. 4

mid 17c. A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 98 large and small brass bowls or `neptunes' [referring to Dutch trading goods in Benin]

1969 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 130 the trust or credit system which arose..[in Benin] during the middle period of the seventeenth century

= credit (cf. trust v.7a.) (AHH)

FIADOR sb. not in OED

1705 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 132 a fiador, that was his greatest debtor

From Bosman A new and accurate description of the coast of Guinea.. 436-7

1819 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 235 pawn

From E. Bold Merchants' and mariners' African guide 60-9

1865 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 255 homograns [important chiefs]

From R.F. Burton Fraser's Magazine 67:135-57

Etym.: prob. < Port. homens grandes (cf. Ryder 153), perhaps via Fr. hommes grandes (1715, cf. Ryder 185) and/or Du. oome grandes (1717, cf. Ryder 153); cf. 1892 Ryder 345 big men [retainers of the King of Benin]

PINNACE new variant

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 339 Your pinnacies may goe up the river

COPAL new variant

earliest ref. to WAfr. source

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 339 read, yellow, and white coppal

MANILLA 1 new variant

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 340 Manyles of copper

1582 A. Ryder Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (1969) 341 Backon in flythchs

Note: the first -h- might be a typo (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 the Great Mogoll

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 The shipp's latches in her steridge

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 the shipp's latches in her steridge

note: eds. define in fn. 11 as `dropping to leeward of her course'

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 her leeway by seagates

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 exact traversers

note: eds. define in fn. 13 as `navigators'

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 her shortning sayle

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 53 inspextion

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 55 spread my flagg of counsaill for all the Capts & M[aste]rs who..dined w[i]th me.

note: it is apparent from the context that this is a signal from the fleet-commander to other captains to join him in council (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 55 I advized the severall Capts to settle their stores

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 56 ere we came so low [down the Thames]

note: `downstream' (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 56 The other shipps of our fleete put over the nearest waye

note: meaning not clear (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 56 We weyed before daye in a stresse of wind

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 56 capstein

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) the weather no sail worthye

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 58 that extreamlie unkind l[ette]re..never obliviable

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 58 gunner-roome

new var.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 58 gunner-roome

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 59 restitucon

note: this is not an editorial or typographical error: the spelling occurs in submitted slips PERTURBATION, RESTITUTION, VISITATION (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 59 anchor apeick

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 60 we ..lay by the lee

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 60 a great sunn ring presaging foule weather

new var.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 60 extreamlye hazie abroad

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 61 for the better preservation of our seastores

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 61 had re[ceive]d imprest money for the voyage

note: eds. in fn. 40 define as `advance on wages received on joining a ship'

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 65 sale of dead mens goods at the mast

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 63 shee sparing us a topsaile and more in small gales

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 63 It prooved all last night at stresse of wind at E

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 63 our too much kintledge goods makes us labour

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 63 the Expedition holdeth waye with us

note: `keep up' (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 63 The wind..blew in all our topp sailes

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 63 the Exped[ition] cracked her foremast and fished it

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 64 we stood west

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 66 We loosse to the N. and W: the wind at S and SSW

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 66 I tryed my small shott [musketeers], selecting such as were good and disposing the unfitt to other employmts

note: editors' def. in brackets

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 67 We fitted up our topgallant-masts and yards

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 67 We had ground at 36 and 33 fath[om]

ibid. 95 we..sounded and had ground at 20 fath[om]

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 62 hetherto we steered by a compass touched at 1/2 point, now begin with a meridian compass

note: eds. in fn. 58 say "In the meridian (or meridional) compass the north point of the compass card was not offset but exactly aligned with the north point of the needle".

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 62 hetherto we steered by a compass touched at 1/2 point, now begin with a meridian compass

note: eds. in fn. 58 say "A compass touched at a 1/2 point was one in which the compass card..was offset by half a point, i.e. 51/2 degrees, to the west of the compass needle in order to compensate for the easterly magnetic variation of the compass".

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 69 a new maine topsaile (freshly brought to)

note: = bend v. 4. (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 69 This evening the sunne is our zenith.

note: this is on April 5, at a latitude between 2250N (Mar. 30) and 416 N (Apr. 10). The sun would have been at the zenith at noon on April 5 at a latitude of approximately 5N. It is very difficult to locate the zenith precisely from a ship at sea, which may account for the discrepancy. And why "this evening", except perhaps that it might stand for "today", especially if the Captain were making his daily log-entry in the evening. (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 69 lemon water to prevent the scurvvie

note: early mention of citrus-fruit as scurvy-preventive (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 70 romaging the shippe in hold ahead to trimen

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 70 gave 60 couple of ling to Capt. Newport

note: cf. quot. 1526 in OED2 (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 70 a small box pruans Brunella

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 72 piticion

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 72 in his steed as fitter [aboard ship]

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 73 a great head sea yesterday

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 73 27 d[egree] is her [the sun's]true amplitud

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 75 her antient staffe foule of our manie martnetts

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 76 the windes..blow most from the No[rth]boord

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 76 our spritt saile clewes both brake

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 76 our bolt ropes were too little

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 76 sprit saile..also splitt

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 77 we see no store of fowles, seales, trombees, nor weeds: signes of being neere the land

note: eds. in fn. 82 define as `floating seaweed, probably from the Portuguese tromba, a trumpet'

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 77 stood off [the land] 7 glasses

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 78 articles against meddling with the roote ningin

note: eds. in fn. 88 define as `a root similar to the Korean ginseng much prized in Japan and China for its aphrodisiac properties. For a short time, it was the practice to look for the root while ships were in Table Bay..'

ibid. 82 ninging

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 79 to prevent..stragling

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 79 the late goers hence were not soe charitable

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 80 the traverse of her ordin[ance]

note: cf. traverse v. 8.a. (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 80 to leeward of the watering place

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 80 a pottle of anniswater for his desired journey

note: eds. in fn. 94 say "Aniseed water was a cordial made of aniseed and spirits of wine. See John Woodall, The Surgions Mate (London, 1617), p. 57".

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 84, 100 couple backalew

new var.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 85, 11 langwell demi-cullverin shott

new var.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 851 1 bagg of garavancs

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 86 the coast being very bold

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 87 that our gunnes be readie w[i]th shot cases, cartrigs..

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 87 that our gunnes be readie w[i]th shot cases, cartrigs..

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 87 our gunnes be readie w[i]th..rammers and sponges

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 87 each shippe to have nettings & be barracadoed in defence for men against small shott

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 87 boordes full of nayles for annoying the enemie in case of entring

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 87 I appointed our beveradge at the maste, all jacks first taken away and a dish fastned therto wherat all men to drinke, to prevent waste.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 90 you shall shutt in the 2 topt rock w[i]th the blunt point

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 90 you shall shutt in the 2 topt rock w[i]th the blunt point

note: in piloting, to line up two land-marks so that one is hidden by the other (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 91 amber greece, coro du mar, gold, civett

note: eds. in fn. 126 define as `coral', but origin is obscure (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 91 it not being verisimil for treacherous Moors to report ought to us prejiudiciall to their owne trades

note: cf. verisimilar, first attested 1681 (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 92, 80 fath[om] water round about w[i]thin a shipps length of the shore

note: commonly used to the present day in piloting and ship-handling as a measure of distance (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 92 we ever ride streame roade

note: = tide-rode (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 92 we ever ride streame roade sometime upon much wind jestling a little up.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 93 white callicoe, opium, spices, would buy at 1/4 the rate

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 93 halfe hower glasse

note: a half-hour hour-glass (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 94 I brought Domingo to the capstein for miscalling Mr. Arnold

note: to inflict official punishment (? flogging) (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 94 we had ground at 20 fath[om] theron steering ENE we soone lost ground

note: to sail out of soundings (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 95 tuffen

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 97 having formerlye cloudishlie seene the Dos Hermanos to windward

note: obscurely (cf. cloudiously) (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 97 splitting our maine and fore-courses

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 98 the sprye of water about them seemeth a cloud of smoake

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 98 we gott up our fore yard

note: hoist (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 98 we shoalded in 10 fath[om]s water

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 99 the water continuallye smoakes there by the winds violence, as if the spleene of hellish witchcraft were there raging.

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 102 my Daimasko sword

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 102 Roe records (journal, 24 August 1615) that..."Ther was provided 3 henns for their dinner with rise, and for drink water and cohu [coffee], blake liquor taken as hot as may be endured."

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 103 bought 30 lb. sanguis draconis for the Compn at 1/4 doller [per] pound.

1599 in OED2 s.v. dragon's blood, That substance which the Apothecaries call Sanguis Draconis, (that is), Dragons blood

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 104, 6 certificatts for his shipping to endeavor their securitie from doubled English

note: renegade; cf. double v. 11. (AHH)

ult. < Med. Lat. (Sicily) (navis) afracáta < Gk aphracta `undecked'

B.E. Vidos Storia delle parole marinaresche italiane passate in francese (1939) 411

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 106 for soe much the water hyes here and flowes SW upon the change day

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 106 From Damon to the barr of Zuratt is 14 l[eague]s having onlye one daunger w[hi]ch lyes west from the northmost hye land

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 106 no daunger w[i]th good looking out and carefull sounding

note: cf. look out v. 40.c.; antedates 1748 for look out 1. (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 106 the tydes now neape but very strong, the water puddle thick

note: ? muddy (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 107 p[re]sented my Ld with my cookeroome of copper brought from home

note: galley-boiler (AHH)

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 108 The Mukadem of Swallee and his brother came aboord me

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 108 yet this 10 dayes the oliphant storme might p[er]haps come

note: eds. in fn. 172 say "the final storm of the southwest monsoon, usually about the end of September...The Portuguese called it the tempestade do elefante, but the term appears to be of native origin".

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 108 Malim Ghanny came aboord me

note: eds. in fn. 174 say "Malim is the Arabic mu'allim, a shipmaster."

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 111 having recovered 32 churles indico

note: eds. in fn. 182 say "The churl or bundle was the unit by which indigo was sold. The weight of a churl varied between about 125 and 150 pounds."

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 113 he beateth our peons or houshold servants

1615 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 115 elephants teeth vall[ue] 5 mams [i.e. mahmudies] p[er] seere

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 123 allso sent divers men to the aldeas neere to us

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 124 He after drunke strong anniseed water by cupps full as if it had been river water: incredilye;

note: incredibly (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 125 in a village w[i]thin 20 courst of Amadavaz

note: a distance-measure (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 125, 14 bales semianos and cheets

note: eds. in fn. 229 say "Semianos: muslins from Samâna in Patiâla State"

early quot.

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 125, 14 bales semianos and cheets

note: eds. in fn. 229 say "cheets: chintz"

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 128 p[er]turbacons

note: this is not an editorial or typographical error: the spelling occurs in submitted slips PERTURBATION, RESTITUTION, VISITATION (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 129, 4 giams is reckoned for 24 howers by this people

note: eds. in fn. 238 say "zâm, plural azwâm, an Arab nautical measure of both time and distance. In the formwer sense it is a watch of 3 hours; there are therefore 8 not 4 azwâm per 24 hours."

antedates 1753

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 138 I sent to the King and bought 300 bayars his pepp[er] from Pryaman, the bahar is 395 Eng[lish lbs.]

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 132 spiked up her hatches

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 132 shee [i.e. the ship] being too full to romage

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 132 I was all day aboord the last prize, getting out some baggs rice etc to stiffen the Dragon

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 133 This evening we sanck our first prize in the offin[g]..

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 135 & afternoone the westerne gale heartned in the monsoin.

note: strengthen (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 136 a noble man [of Achin] mounted upon an elephant in a rinka or chaire of state

note: eds. in fn.257 say "Malay rengka, flat-topped saddle for an elephant."

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 136, 4 men [of Achin] bearing each one payoon or sombrera of state 2 of each syde the elephant

note: eds. in fn. 258 say "Malay payong, umbrella."

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 136 4 men [of Achin] bearing each one payoon or sombrera of state 2 of each syde the elephant

note: this is probably the correct form of the questionable somerera cited in quot. 1727 (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 138 each taell is 31/5 ryalls

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 140 I bilboed the cooke's mate and Pritchard for lying out the last night

note: cf. bilbo2 (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 142 Frances Morgan fell out of a chase port and was drowned.

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 143 we borrowed into 141/2 fath[om]

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 143 we tacked off & spied likelyhood of a shoald by the extraordinarye haming of the water there

note: eds. in fn. 283 say "Perhaps "steaming" (East Anglican [sic] dialect)."

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 145 the most dangerous shoald where the Trade took her bane

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 147-8 Give the SW end of the high land of Palamban Point a birth..

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 147-8 Give the SW end of the high land of Palamban Point a birth, for it is pyttye

note: eds. in fn. 300 say "Pitted, i.e. the seabed is uneven."

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 147 w[hi]ch shippe unhappelie and irrecoverablye lost, sunck in careening.

ibid. 148 we anchored in the careening place [note: this attrib. use antedates 1697]

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 149 a small quantetye of wax wood for Japan called sapoon..

note: = sapan (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 149 visitacon

note: this is not an editorial or typographical error: the spelling occurs in submitted slips PERTURBATION, RESTITUTION, VISITATION (AHH)

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 150 The Attendant sett saile for Jacatra, to land our light nutts..

note: eds. in fn. 150 define as `nutmegs'

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 151 The Pangran or Protector now sent for me..

note: eds. in fn. 317 say "Malay Pangeran, governor"

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 152 by the gunners negligence fired a budgebarrell of powder,,

1616 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971) 158 Our maine-topsaile tyes failing & the yard falling upon the Capp: brake short off..

note: eds. in fn. 340 say, incorrectly, "Presumably capstan." (AHH)

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

159, 80 peeces most red, some few blewes selas

note: eds. in fn. 342 say "Gujarat calico dyed red or blue."

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

159 I trimmed them & repacked them in the same chest, covered it with canvas, marled and m[ar]ked it..

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

159 & our ground tack streined..

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

159-60 but we surelye latched n[orther]lie for we came into its lattd 60 l[eague]s short thereof to the eastward.

note: to make leeway (cf. latch sb.2) (AHH)

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

162 pepp[er]..sewed up in gunney bagges

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

162 as neere as we could lie w[i]th a flowne sheate..

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

163 We brought our new sailes to the yards, now expecting blowers..

note: = strong winds (AHH)

new meaning

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

173 the winde being then NNW but all the daye shiftable withe muche rayne

note: variable (AHH)

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

173 for feare of the Race, whiche certeinlye..is verye dangerous by owght.

note: eds. in fn. 7 say "in any circumstances"

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

173 This 24 houres beinge protrackted we have sayled 5 leags S

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

177 this 24 hours the turnathoes were verye stronge and abundance of rayne

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

181 and then we sawe the lande: and so tackle of[f] till daye withe an eazie sayle.

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

184 the plats that are made after Mercators projektion

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

186-7 This daye at no[o]ne by Mercators projecktion I am ashore: but by plano I finde my ship to be 87 leags of[f], a great difference.

note: = plane chart (s.v. plane a. 3.) (AHH)

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

189 This 24 houres sayled by the log 12 leags & course by traurs NNE1/2E..

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

192 [the weather] cleeringe up, we sawe the Lyon and the Peppercorne asterne as farre as we could see them

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

197 This daye a jumbo [i.e. junk - eds.] of the Kinge of Socatora came to ryde by us

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

198, 200 and od churles of indye [i.e. indigo - eds.]

(or new word)

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

199 but not finding water enough, beinge neapie streams..

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

207 the wind west withe muche rayne and gustye wether and thicks.

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

208 beinge a litle to[o] far of[f] I came to a great over fall and had but 14 fathom and as soone as I was past it I had no ground.

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

209 betweene the westerly monsoone and the land turne..

1617 in M. Strachan & B. Penrose The East India Company journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 (1971)

213 all this while the winde hanginge westerlye & WSW

note: in OED2, 5.a. = 5.c. (AHH)

(FULL-)RIGGED 1. def.

1961 R. de Kerchove International maritime dictionary (2d. ed.) s.v.

Full-Rigged Ship...denotes a vessel with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which carries square sails. Also called square-rigged ship...

note: this is a specific meaning not deducible from the components of the compound, and so deserves its own def. (AHH)

(GREAT) SHIP sb.1 2. def.

1994 R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 10 From the galleon developed what the English navy came to call the `great ship', a dedicated warship with two, and eventually three, complete tiers of guns.

note: deserves more detailed def. (AHH)

(ROUND) SHIP ? not in OED (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 12 The classical Mediterranean..had been through this rowing boat phase, adopted its own rig and diversified early into a parallel development of `long' ships, which were rowed or sailed as required for piracy or war, and of `round' ships which traded, showing all the advantages of a seaworthy hull and a minimal dependency on oars.

1994 J. Pryor The Mediterranean round ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 60 the medieval sailing ships of the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. These are usually referred to as `round ships' because of their rounded profiles at stem and stern.

GIRDER sb.1 new meaning (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 12 builders understood that hull stiffness could be improved by using the best girder shape.

note: the longitudinal strength of ships is studied theoretically by considering the hull as a single girder or beam (AHH)

HOLD (UP) v. 44. new meaning (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 20 These craftsmen [riveters] had their mates who `held up' that is, pressed a large hammer against the head of each nail in turn as its end was clenched

note: ref. to building of Eng. galleys c1300

HOLDER1 new meaning (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 20 These craftsmen [riveters] had their mates who `held up' that is, pressed a large hammer against the head of each nail in turn as its end was clenched, and were known variously as tenientes contra, clenchatores, and holderes.

note: ref. to building of Eng. galleys c1300; cf. holder(up) 1 5. (AHH)

1350 in T. Runyan The cog as warship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 48 helderes (assistants [to ship's carpenters])

note: ref. to Eng. shipbuilding

SIDE-RUDDER sb. ? not in OED (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 20 Side rudders had been fitted in the earlier [c1300] period of the accounts

note: ref. to building of Eng. galleys c1300. These were large oar-like rudders secured on one or both stern quarters of ancient and medieval ships (AHH)

ROOM sb.1 new meaning (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 21 In some [large galleys] a space, or room as it was called, of about three feet.., considered usual for an oarsman, is possible.

note: ref. to building of Eng. galleys c1300

FISHERMAN'S (ANCHOR) 4. not in OED (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 22 The anchors are of the kind now known as a `fisherman's anchor', looking rather like pick-axes in general outline.

note: ref. to pictures of ships in the seals of medieval European cities

BALANCING (SAIL) ppl. a. not in OED (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 24 the mizzen came into being as a balancing sail

note: i.e., a sail deployed on one end of a ship in order to balance the effect of the wind on the hull or sails of the other end (AHH)

THROUGH-(BEAM) 2. not in OED (naut.)

1994 O. Roberts Descendants of Viking boats in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 25 through-beams

ibid. 25 the upper beams [of Viking long-ships], which would be at deck-level, protrude through the [hull-]planking.

note: the term cited in the first quot. refers to the beams described earlier on the same page (AHH)

COG sb.1 etym.

1994 D. Ellmers The cog as cargo carrier in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 29 The term `cog' only appears in written sources for ships of the Hanseatic League from about AD 1200

1994 T. Runyan The cog as warship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 47 documentary records from ninth-century Utrecht which provide the earliest use of the term `cog'.

GUGEL sb. not in OED (naut.)

1994 D. Ellmers The cog as cargo carrier in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 37 the typical clothes of a medieval sailor, a hooded coat called a gugel which was protection against bad weather

note: presumably a MLG term (AHH)

BRATSPIL sb. not in OED (naut.)

1994 D. Ellmers The cog as cargo carrier in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 41 the anchor would be raised by means of a horizontal windlass on the deck situated in the stern. Known as the Bratspil, it was turned by removable handspikes.

1994 D. Ellmers The cog as cargo carrier in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 42 The [cog's sail-]yard, which could be rotated easily, was used like the boom on a derrick to load and unload cargo. The use of this technique in several North Sea ports in the thirteenth century led to the construction of the first harbour cranes...This type of crane was called a Wippe, a see-saw, the name coming from the movement of the yard.

note: presumably a MLG term; cf. whip sb. (AHH)

CALPHATOUR sb. not in OED (naut.)

1350 in T. Runyan The cog as warship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons (1994) 48 Carpenters are sometimes referred to as calphatours or caulkers.

note: ref. to Eng. shipbuilding

HEAD(-PORT) sb.1 74. not in OED

1994 T. Runyan The cog as warship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons

51 the Cinque Ports...These `head ports' were the first chartered seaports which obtained liberties and exemptions

ESPECIAL a. antedates 1386

1341-43 in T. Runyan The cog as warship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons (1994) [the king and council by their] grante bonte and grace especial [made payment to the shipowners for damages]

SHELL(-CONSTRUCTION) sb. 40.a. not in OED (naut.)

1994 J. Pryor The Mediterranean round ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 62 the evolutionary road from shell to skeletal construction

note: a type of shipbuilding in which the hull is assembled first and the frames are then installed (AHH)

FRAME(-FIRST) sb. 16. not in OED (naut.)

1994 J. Pryor The Mediterranean round ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 62 a ship built entirely frame first

note: a type of shipbuilding in which the frames were erected first and the hull-planking was then fastened to them (AHH)

SKELETON(-BUILT) sb. 7.d. not in OED (naut.)

1994 J. Pryor The Mediterranean round ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 64 the ship was entirely skeleton built

note: a type of shipbuilding in which the frames were erected first and the hull-planking was then fastened to them (AHH)

BONAVENTURE 2. def.

1994 I. Friel The carrack: the advent of the full rigged ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 81 The lateen rigged bonaventure mizzen was in used [sic] by the late 1470s.

MIZEN antedates 1465

1994 I. Friel The carrack: the advent of the full rigged ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 80 the term mesan maste was in use by 1420

FLAIL sb. new meaning (naut.)

1994 I. Friel The carrack: the advent of the full rigged ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 80 One other rigging technique that the English learned from the carracks was an iron device called a flaill. In about 1417 a large apparatus, weighing 165kg (364lb) was attached to the windlass of the royal ship Jesus, in order to help raise the sail...The flaill may have been a windlass pawl, or perhaps part of a Spanish windlass arrangement.

GUN(-PORT) sb. 17. explan. quot.

1994 I. Friel The carrack: the advent of the full rigged ship in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 89 lidded gunports and enclosed gundecks do not seem to have been in use around 1500, but that they had been developed by the mid 1530s

CARAVEL etym.

1994 C. Phillips The caravel and the galleon in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 91 The earliest known Iberian caravels date to the thirteenth century. At that point, the name attached to an offshore fishing boatalso employed in coastal trade and probably related to the caravo or qarib, a lateen rigged craft used by the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula and western North Africa well into the fifteenth century.

CARAVEL def.

1994 C. Phillips The caravel and the galleon in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 91 The earliest known Iberian caravels date to the thirteenth century. At that point, the name attached to an offshore fishing boatalso employed in coastal trade and probably related to the caravo or qarib, a lateen rigged craft used by the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula and western North Africa well into the fifteenth century.

SHELL(-FIRST CONSTRUCTION) sb. 40.a. not in OED (naut.)

1994 R. Unger The fluit: specialist cargo vessels 1500 to 1650 in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 124 shell-first construction

note: a type of shipbuilding in which the hull is assembled first and the frames are then installed (AHH)

1994 R. Unger The fluit: specialist cargo vessels 1500 to 1650 in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 125 `furring' at or near the waterline to improve or adjust stability

SERPENTINE sb. new meaning

1994 J. Guilmartin Guns and gunnery in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 140 In the earliest gunpowder, called serpentine, the ingredients were ground dry to a fine powder and mixed together.

BALLOT v2. obs. rare new meaning

1994 J. Guilmartin Guns and gunnery in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 141 Windage permitted the ball to rebound from side to side, or ballot, as it travelled down the bore, departing at an unpredictable angle.

FORELOCK sb.1 new meaning

1994 J. Guilmartin Guns and gunnery in R. Unger Cogs, caravels and galleons 144 There was an open recess [in the gun-carriage] for the hall and provisions for wedging it tightly against the barrel with a wrought iron wedge, apparently sometimes supplemented with a T-shaped wooden piece called a foreloke or forelok which was dropped into the carriage behind the hall

note: ref. to 16c shipboard cannon

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 116 whole-moulding...constructing the shape of the midship frame from various different arcs. This shape was then reused in the construction of the remaining ribs.

note: method commonly used in English shipbuilding in early 17c. (AHH)

GALLEON etym.

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 3 We first find the term galleon in Venetian sources from around the beginning of the fifteenth century, where a high-sided, oared riverboat..bears this classification.

BARZA sb. not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 3 barze, which were sailing ships for trading [built in Venice]

note: etym. as that of barge (AHH)

GALLEON def.

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 6 a sailing warship or merchant vessel, which carried guns in broadsides; which sometimes used oars as auxiliaries; and which had slimmer lines than the traditional roundships and carracks. The ratio of the greatest breadth to keel length was 21/2-3:1. The draught had been decreased. The ship's silhouette (without rigging) was relatively low, as the superstructure, particularly the forecastle, was reduced, and its behaviour under sail improved.

FORE(-CHAINS) 3.d. antedates 1720

1636 The travels of Peter Mundy in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 11 the biggest longboat in our Fleete would [fit] easily in her forechains

MAIN (SHROUDS) a. 10. antedates 1748

1636 The travels of Peter Mundy in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 11, 12 mayne shrowdes of a side

(BASTARD) GALLIASS not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 17 [English] bastard galleasses had a keel length three-and-a-half times their greatest breadth

WINE(-TON) sb.1 9.a. not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 24 The `wine ton' unit of measurement [of ships] consisted of two casks with a combined capacity of approximately 225 gallons.

(MR) BAKER'S (OLD WAY) not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 24 For `Mr Bakers old way, as the Elizabethan [tonnage-]measuring system later came to be known, the primary measurement was the keel length, excluding the stempost and sternpost. The second measurement was the breadth at the main beam, inside the planking. The third was the depth, measured from the lower edge of the main beam to the upper edge of the keel. The product of these three figures (in English feet) was divided by 100, and gave the ship's freight capacity (`tons burden'). To obtain the tonnage, you added one third of the freight capacity to this.

(HIGH-)CHARGING sb. not in OED (naut.)

a1618 W. Raleigh R. Navy 13 in OED2 s.v. leeward, The high charging of ships it is that brings them all ill qualities

note: cf. charged ppl. a. 2.

1618 in M. Oppenheim A history of the administration of the Royal Navy 205 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 29 double galleries and too lofty upperworks which overcharge many ships

note: = to make top-heavy (AHH)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 35 in England during the Elizabethan period..a grouping of ships into larger, medium-sized and smaller types. First came the galleons, as ships; then barks (smaller, pure merchant ships); then the oared pinnaces.

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 36 This fourth mast, which later became a characteristic feature of large galleons, was already known as the bonaventure mast in Henry VII's time

ibid. 38 By 1640 the bonaventure mast had completely disappeared from the English fleet.

SPRITSAIL (TOPMAST) 2.a. not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 40 a mast on top of the bowsprit (the spritsail topmast) with the spritsail topsail yard was officially introduced...[W]e know from pictures that masts and sails like this had appeared on some ships around 1600.

ROUND (AFT) v.1 not in OED (naut.)

c1600 A treatise on shipbuilding 52 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 45 The Shetes serve to round aft the saile..

note: = haul aft; cf. round v.1 5.d. & 7.a. (AHH)

ROUNDING (AFT) vbl. sb.1 not in OED (naut.)

1627 J. Smith A sea grammar 42 Rounding in, or rounding aft the sail

note: = hauling aft. This passage is also cited s.v. round v.1 7.a. (AHH)

LEECH sb.3 new var.

c1600 A treatise on shipbuilding 52 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 45 The Martnets hale the outer Litch of the sayle with the shetes and Tackes close up to the yeard.

CLEW-GARNET antedates 1626

c1600 A treatise on shipbuilding 52 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 45 The Clewgarnets hale up the Clew of the sayle close to the yeard.

BUNTLINE antedates 1627

c1600 A treatise on shipbuilding 52 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 45 The Buntlines hale up the Bunt of the sayle close to the yeard.

HARPINGS sb. pl. 2. antedates 1626

c1600 A treatise on shipbuilding 52 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 45 The Catharpins serve to set the shroudes stiffe..

(RIGHT TO) BELL(S) sb.1 not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 48 The `Right to Bells'.. allowed an artillery officer to demand the local bells when a fortress capitulated

note: referring to England under Henry VIII

PORT(-PIECE) sb.3 def.

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 54 Smaller stone-firing models were known as portpieces, fowlers and slings. They were all breech-loaders with several interchangeable chambers..A portpiece was a gun with an internal barrel diameter of 51/2in, and a chamber of 31/2in.

note: reference to English ships c1600

HALL1 new meaning

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 54 The barrel of guns like these [small breech-loading ship's-guns] was known as the hall, after the main room in houses of the Tudor period;

CUTT new meaning (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 59 At the beginning of the eighteenth century the terms cutt and butt (shortened culverins and sakers) disappeared completely from English usage

note: ref. is to naval gunnery

BUTT sb. ? new meaning (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 59 At the beginning of the eighteenth century the terms cutt and butt (shortened culverins and sakers) disappeared completely from English usage

note: ref. is to naval gunnery

PEAK v.3 b. antedates 1836

c1626 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 65 they [a Maltese galley] stopped and piked half their oares

WINDERMOST antedates 1622

1617 (W. Raleigh) in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 68 the windermost ship or ships of an enemy

BREADTH(-LINE) 6. def.

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 116 The shipbuilders of old used three classic rising lines to determine the shape of a ship's hull...The breadth line was about halfway up, where the ship's hull had its maximum breadth.

HOLLOW (KEEL) a. 7. not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 118 the keel plank did not meet the rabbet at right angles, but was led upwards at a gentle angle (hollow keel).

note: refers to a drawing in ms. Fragments of ancient English shipwrightry, c1600, attrib. to Matthew Baker

TENDER(-SIDED) a. C. antedates 1891

a1648 The autobiography of Phineas Pett 75-6 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 128 Her depth is too great and her side too upright, so that of necessity she must be tender sided and not able to bear sail.

note: ref. to a ship being built in 1609 on the Thames

TENDER a. 10.e. antedates 1722

a1648 The autobiography of Phineas Pett 75-6 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 128 Her depth is too great and her side too upright, so that of necessity she must be tender sided and not able to bear sail.

note: ref. to a ship being built in 1609 on the Thames

a1648 The autobiography of Phineas Pett 75-6 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 128 Her Harpings [breadth line] are too round and lie too low..

CLING sb.1 3. (?) antedates 1664

a1648 The autobiography of Phineas Pett 75-6 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 128 Her Harpings [breadth line] are too round and lie too low, which maketh a cling at the after end of it, and makes the bow flare off..

note: I'm not sure the word has here the same meaning as given in OED2 (AHH)

MIDSHIP (BEND) c. antedates 1805

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 164 The Breadth of the Beam at the Middship bend

note: this page in Kirsch is a photo-reproduction of the first page of the ms. (AHH)

1604 G. Waymouth in M. Oppenheim A history of the administration of the Royal Navy 186 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 129 [ships which are] too high out of the water, crank, and cannot carry their canvas

STEER v.1 2.b. antedates 1627

1604 G. Waymouth in M. Oppenheim A history of the administration of the Royal Navy 186 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 129 [ships which are] too high out of the water, crank, and cannot carry their canvas or work their guns in a seaway; that they will not steer

SEAWAY 3. antedates 1840

1604 G. Waymouth in M. Oppenheim A history of the administration of the Royal Navy 186 in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 129 [ships which are] too high out of the water, crank, and cannot carry their canvas or work their guns in a seaway; that they will not steer

PERPENDICULAR sb. C. 2. def.

1961 R. de Kerchove International maritime dictionary (2d. ed.) s.v.

Forward Perpendicular. A vertical line through the intersection of the load waterline with the fore side of the stem.

ibid. s.v. After Perpendicular. A vertical line through the intersection of the load water line with the after side of the rudder post.

note: the term as used in shipbuilding has a specific meaning not deducible a priori and so should be given a separate def. in OED3 (AHH)

BEST ANCHOR sb. ? not in OED (naut.)

1990 P. Kirsch The galleon 152 The largest anchor [of a galleon] was the sheet, or best anchor...An English document from the 1580s gives a weight of 20 hundredweight..11lb for a best anchor

COMPASS(-TIMBER) sb.1 D. antedates 1686

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 164 Timber [for shipbuilding] is of three Sorts Streight Timber Compass or Crooked Timber and Knee Timber

note: this page in Kirsch is a photo-reproduction of the first page of the ms. (AHH)

KNEE(-TIMBER) sb. 14. not in OED (naut.)

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 164 Timber [for shipbuilding] is of three Sorts Streight Timber Compass or Crooked Timber and Knee Timber

note: this page in Kirsch is a photo-reproduction of the first page of the ms. (AHH)

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 164 The Length is meant of the Keel excluding the rack of the Stem & Sternepost

note: this page in Kirsch is a photo-reproduction of the first page of the ms. (AHH)

MIDSHIP (BEAM) c. antedates 1692

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 164 the depth of the Hold is Taken from the Middship Beam to the upper edge of the Keel

note: this page in Kirsch is a photo-reproduction of the first page of the ms. (AHH)

FLOOR(-TIMBER) sb.1 14. antedates 1627

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 164 the flore Timbers

note: this page in Kirsch is a photo-reproduction of the first page of the ms. (AHH)

SPIRKET2 antedates 1711

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 167 the sprickett wales

PLANESHEAR antedates 1711

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 172 plainsers

CEILING vbl. sb. 4.b. antedates 1633

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 172 seeling

FOREPEAK antedates 1693

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 173 fore pyeke

SCEND v.2 ? antedates a1625

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 176 scend

SIRMARK new var.

antedates 1664

c1620 A treatise on shipbuilding in P. Kirsch The galleon (1990) 192 sine marks

note: this form is used repeatedly in the Treatise. In a footnote, Kirsch says "Later, on f. 95v [p 197], the manuscript reverts to the more usual form, `surmarks'. In the old system of whole moulding these points are sine marks in the proper sense. It is tempting to assume that surmark is a corrupted form of the word."