DATE RAPE

1985 KOSS FOUND ONLY 5% OF VICTIMS REPORTED TO POLICE

15% ACKNOWLEDGED INCIDENCE THAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED RAPE

PARROT FOUND 20% ON TWO CAMPUSES WOULD BE CONSIDERED RAPE VICTIMS

EVEN IF NOT DEFINED AS RAPE, VICTIMS SUFFER SAME PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

PSYCHOLOGICAL,
EMOTIONAL,
PHYSICAL PROBLEMS;
CAN'T SLEEP, NERVOUS, ETC.
OFTEN DROP OUT SHORTLY AFTER RAPE TAKES PLACE

IN KOSS'S STUDY 85% OF RAPE VICTIMS KNEW HER ASSAILANT

ONE STUDY FOUND THAT OF THE DATE RAPES 36% WERE ON FIRST DATE OR BY AN ACQUAINTANCE
26% BY AN OCCASIONAL DATE;
31% BY A REGULAR DATING PARTNER
SOME STUDIES FIND THAT IT IS WITH MEN THEY HAVE KNOW AND BEEN DATING FOR AT LEAST A YEAR

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATE RAPE AND STRANGER RAPE:

MORE SUBTLE TYPES OF COERCION
HOLDING VICTIM DOWN OR TWISTING ARM
VERBAL TREATS ARE FEWER, AND DIFFERENT
MANIPULATION
NOT HAVING SEX WOULD CHANGE THE WAY HE FELT ABOUT HER
THREATENED TO END RELATIONSHIP
OFTEN IGNORE PLEAS AND JUST PROCEED
OCCURS BETWEEN 10 P.M. AND 1 A.M. MAY LAST AS LONG AS 4 HOURS;
A NUMBER OF RAPES OVER A PERIOD OF TIME

KOSS FOUND IN 1981 THAT 43% OF MEN SURVEYED ADMITTED USING VIOLENCE

27% USED EMOTIONAL OR PHYSICAL FORCE

IN THE MS SURVEY
42% OF THE WOMEN SAID THEY HAD SEX WITH THE MAN AGAIN

RAPE MYTHS THAT SURROUND DATE RAPE ARE LINKED TO DATING BEHAVIOR ITSELF

WOMEN WHO GET RAPED USUALLY DO THINGS WHICH CAUSE THE ATTACK.
DRESS, ACT, ENTICE, LEAD A GUY ON, AROUSE A MAN TO A POINT OF NO ALTERNATIVE
NO MEANS YES OR MAYBE.
MEN HAVE TO PURSUE, SEDUCE, ETC. IF THE RELATIONSHIP IS GOING ANYWHERE HE MUST INITIATE THE ACTION.

WHAT HAPPENS IF WOMEN TAKE CONTROL IN DATING RELATIONSHIP?

MUEHLENHARD AND McFALL, 1981

MEN ARE LESS LIKELY TO SEE THE ACTION AS RAPE IF:

WOMEN INITIATED DATE
THEY WENT TO THE MAN'S APT.
MAN PAID ALL THE EXPENSES

DOUBTS
HOW COULD IT BE YOUR FRIENDS, DATES OR ACQUAINTANCES? WHAT DOES IT SAY ABOUT YOUR ABILITY TO SELECT FRIENDS?

DATE RAPE IS SCRIPTED INTO NORMAL GENDER RELATIONSHIPS
(BERGER et al., 1989).

PEOPLE WITH LOW SELF ESTEEM ARE MORE VULNERABLE, SELF WORTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHERS,
REFERRED TO AS:
"REFLECTED APPRAISAL"

WE THINK OTHERS OPINIONS OF US ARE MORE IMPORTANT AND MORE ACCURATE THAN OUR OWN, IN FACT, OUR CONCEPTION OF SELF COMES FROM OTHERS (MEAD; COOLY)

FOR WOMEN OUR SOCIETY SAYS IT IS WHO YOU DATE, HIS WORTH THAT REALLY MATTERS (MASTER STATUS OF MARRIED WOMEN),

HE FINDS YOU ATTRACTIVE SO YOU NEED TO PLEASE HIM; IF YOU DON'T AND HE DUMPS YOU, WHAT DOES THIS SAY ABOUT YOU;

YOUNG WOMEN OFTEN TRY TO ASSOCIATE WITH THOSE MORE POPULAR; ESPECIALLY IN HIGH SCHOOL.

PERHAPS THIS IS ALSO WHY 18 YEARS OF AGE IS THE AVERAGE AGE OF VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS OF DATE RAPE?

WHAT IS NORMAL SEX IN A DATING RELATIONSHIP?

OFTEN BOTH MEN AND WOMEN BELIEVE THAT ONCE BEHAVIOR HAS GONE PAST SOME STAGE CONSENT TO INTERCOURSE HAS ESSENTIALLY HAPPENED.

THIS LEADS TO MEN CONFUSED ABOUT WHY SHE IS NO LONGER HERSELF, CALLS IT RAPE, ETC.

ALSO, HELPS TO ACCOUNT FOR WHY SO MANY WOMEN FEEL THAT IT WAS NOT RAPE, NOT CON SENSUAL SEX, BUT NOT RAPE, AND CONTINUE TO DATE THE MAN, 42% HAD SEX AGAIN WITH THE MAN (AFTER FURTHER EPISODES WOMEN TYPICALLY BREAKUP WITH THE MAN)

EVEN THOUGH MEN ARE IN CONTROL, WOMEN ARE SUPPOSE TO CONTROL THE INTERACTION IN THE RELATIONSHIP, GATEKEEPERS

THUS IF SEX OCCURS IT MUST BE SOMETHING SHE DID OR DIDN'T DO

TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES AND ASSAULT

A. MEN WHO ACCEPT TRADITIONAL ROLES FOR WOMEN SEE RAPE AS LESS SERIOUS, ESPECIALLY DATE RAPE
B. MEN WHO BELIEVE IN TRADITIONAL MALE GENDER ROLES ARE MORE LIKELY TO ACCEPT RAPE MYTHS AND APPROVE OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION
C. THESE MEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO USE OTHER EXPLOITATIVE TECHNIQUES; E.G. GETTING WOMAN DRUNK; FALSELY PROFESS LOVE; SHOWING PORN OR SEXY MOVIE

WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO AVOID RAPE WHEN:

IT IS STRANGER RAPE
VICTIM USES MULTIPLE STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDANCE
ATTACK IS OUTSIDE
PRIMARY CONCERN OF VICTIM IS TO AVOID RAPE

ATTACKS ARE LIKELY TO END IN RAPE WHEN:

VICTIM KNOWS OFFENDER
ONLY DEFENSE STRATEGY IS TALKING OR PLEADING
WHEN ASSAULT IS IN WOMAN'S HOME
WHEN WOMAN IS PRIMARY CONCERNED WITH AVOIDING DEATH OR BEING MUTILATED
WHEN ASSAILANT USES FORCE OR THREAT OF FORCE

NATIONAL COLLEGE WOMEN SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION

Series of laws passed or amended starting in 1990 resulted in NCWSV
National Sample of 4,446 women at 2 or 4 yr. institutions
School in 1996, survey done in 1997
schools stratified by size (1,00-2,499; 2,500-4,999; 5,000-19,000; 20,000 or more)
also by urban, suburban, rural
trained female interviewer
response rate of 85.6% (this is very good)
to avoid criticism of NCVS, used behaviorally specific screen questions such as:
- "Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone made you have sexual intercourse by using force or threatening to harm you or someone close to you? Just so there is no mistake, byintercourse I mean putting a penis in your vagina.
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone made you have oral sex by force or threat of harm? By oral sex, I mean someone's mouth or tongue making contact with your vagina or anus or your mouth or tongue making contact with someone else's genitals or anus.
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone made you have anal sex by force or threat of harm? By anal sex, I mean putting a penis in your anus or rectum.
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone ever used force or threat of harm to sexually penetrate you with a foreign object? By this, I mean for example, placing a bottle or finger in your vagina or anus.
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone attempted but not succeeded in making you take part in any of the unwanted sexual experiences that I have just asked you about? For example, did anyone threaten or try but not succeed to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex with you or try unsuccessfully to penetrate your vagina or anus with a foreign object or finger?
- Not counting the types of sexual contact already mentioned, have you experienced any unwanted or uninvited touching of a sexual nature since school began in fall 1996? This includes forced kissing, touching of private parts, grabbing, fondling, and rubbing up against you in a sexual way, even if it is over your clothes.
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone attempted but not succeeded in unwanted or uninvited touching of a sexual nature?
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone made or tried to make you have sexual intercourse or sexual contact when you did not want to by making threats of nonphysical punishment, such as lowering a grade, being demoted or fired from a job, damaging your reputation, or being excluded from a group for failure to comply with requests for any type of sexual activity?
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone made or tried to make you have sexual intercourse or sexual contact when you did not want to by making promises of rewards, such as raising a grade, being hired or promoted, being given a ride or class notes, or getting help with coursework from a fellow student if you complied sexually?
- Since school began in fall 1996, has anyone made or tried to make you have sexual intercourse or sexual contact when you did not want to by simply being overwhelmed by someone's continual pestering and verbal pressure?"
2.8% victims of rape or attempted or 27.7 per 1000
incident rate is higher, some are victims more than once, 22.8% were multiple-rape victims.
5% of women would be victims in a given year
1/5 to 1/4 of college women would be victims in a 5 year college career
Is it rape?
Of the completed rapes, 46.5% said yes, 48.8% no; 4.7% don't know
Those who experienced other sexual victimizations; 3.4% yes; 1.1% don't know
9 of 10 offenders were known to victim
Who is the offender? 35.5% classmate for completed rapes (43.5% for attempted); 34.2% friend (24.2% attempted); 23.7% boyfriend or ex (14.5% attempted); 2.5% acquaintance (9.7% attempted) and 4% other
12.8% of rapes were on dates; 35% of attempted; 22.9% of threatened rapes
Time - 51.8% after midnight; 36.5% between 6 p.m. and midnight; 11.8% between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.
Place - 60% in living quarters of those on campus, 31% in other living quarters on campus, 10.3% in fraternity.
Off campus mainly in living quarters; sexual contact often takes place in settings like bars etc.
most women try to protect themselves, however; victims of completed acts of rape or victimizations were less likely.
about 1 in 5 victims of rape or attempted reported other injuries
Risk factors: 1) "frequently drinking enough to get drunk, 2) being unmarried, 3) having been victim of a sexual assault before the start of the current school year, 4) living on campus (for on-campus victimization only)
Reporting: fewer then 5% reported to police; 2/3 told someone else - mostly friends

Most Current national data

HOW DO YOU PREVENT DATE RAPE?

ALCOHOL IS ASSOCIATE WITH DATE RAPE; AVOID THOSE SITUATIONS

JUST WHAT THE RELATIONSHIP IS BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND RAPE IS UNCLEAR. A SIGNIFICANT STUDY SHOWED THAT MALES ACTED SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE IF THEY BELIEVED THEY WERE DRINKING ALCOHOL EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE NOT!
DATE RAPE DRUGS HAVE BECOME POPULAR SINCE THE 1990S, BUT MAY BE DECLINING Rohypnol and GHB
AVOID MISCOMMUNICATION
TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS
SELF DEFENSE ASSOCIATED WITH AVOIDANCE
LOCATION IS A PROBLEM (HAPPENS ALMOST ANYWHERE) AGAIN, TRUST YOUR FEELINGS

The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.