Prehistoric Cultures

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1. Units

   • Before 1859: Types -- original, static, and immutable

   • After 1859: Breeding populations -- variable and changing

    

2. Variation

   • Before 1859: Deviations from type -- accidental, anomalous, or pathological

   • After 1859: Genetic variation is basis for change and adaptation by natural selection (differential reproduction)

    

3. Inheritance

   • Before 1859: Blending inheritance

   • After 1859: Particulate inheritance (after Mendelian genetics)

    

4. Relationship of Units

   • Before 1859: Types arrayed hierarchically on a unilinear scale of perfection, that is, as a "Great Chain of Being," or a "Ladder of Perfection" (Scala naturae)

   • After 1859: Variable populations, diverging multi-dimensionally

    

5. Time Depth

   • Before 1859: Recent creation of world (on 23 October, 4004 B.C.)

   • After 1859: Geological eras in millions of years