Here is a list of published work on subliminal effects and related areas. Please contact me with additional references I should add to this list via e-mail at rvaidyan@d.umn.edu.
Adams, J. K. (1957). Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness. Psychology Bulletin, 54, 383-405.
Anastasi. A. (1964), "Subliminal Perception,"in Fields of Applied Psychology, A. Anastasi, New York: McGraw Hill.
Appelo, T. (1993). If metal could kill. Entertainment Weekly, December 24, 72.
Associated Press. (1983, February 4). Satan songs.
Aylesworth, Andrew, Ronald C. Goodstein, and Ajay Kalra (1999), "Effect of Archetypal Embeds on Feelings: An Indirect Route to Affecting Attitudes?" Journal of Advertising, 28 (Fall), 74-81.
Bagley, G. S., & Dunlap, B. J. (1980). Subliminally embedded ads: A turn on? Southern Marketing Proceedings, 296-298.
Baker, L. E. (1937a). The pupillary response conditioned to subliminal auditory stimuli. Psychology Monographs, 50(3).
Baker, L. E. (1937b). The influence of subliminal stimuli upon verbal behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 8499.
Balay, J., & Shevrin, H. (1989). SPA is subliminal, but is it psychodynamically activating? American Psychologist, 44, 1423-1426.
Banks, R. K. (1959). Prior reinforcement as a determinant of recognition threshold perception. Motor Skills, 9, 51-54.
Barkoczi, I., Sera, L., & Komlosi, A. (1983). Relationship between functional asymmetry of the hemisphere, subliminal perception and some defence mechanisms in various experimental settings. Psycholigia, 26 (1), 1-20.
Beatty, S. E., & Hawkins, D. (1989). Subliminal stimulation: Some new data and interpretation. Journal of Advertising, 18 (3), 48.
Bevan, W. (1964). Subliminal stimulation: A pervasive problem for psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 61(2), 81-99.
Bevan, W.(1964). Contemporary Problems in Adaptation Level Theory. Psychological Bulletin, 61 (no. 3), 161-187
Birnbaum, M. (1981). Thinking and Feeling: A Skeptical Review. American Psychologist, 36 (no. 1). 99-101.
Blen, B. (1992). To hear or not to hear: A legal analysis of subliminal communication technology in the arts. Rutgers Law Review, 44, 871-921.
Bliss, Thomas A. (1983). Subliminal projection: History and analysis. COMM/ENT Law Journal, 5, 419-441.
Block, Martin P. and VandenBergh Bruce C. (1985). Can you sell subliminal messages to consumers? Journal of Advertising, 14(3), 59-62.
Blum, G. S. (1955). Perceptual defence revisited. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 51, 24-29.
Boardman, W. K. (1957). Utilization of word structure in precognition responses. Journal of Personality, 25, 672-685.
Bornstein, R. F. (1990). Exposure and affect: Overview and metaanalysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265-289.
Bornstein, R. F., Leone, D. R., & Galley, D. J. (1987). The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects: Influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 53 (6), 1070-1079.
Bricker, P. D., & Chapanes, A. (1953). Do incorrectly perceived tachestoseopic stimuli convey some information? Psychology Review, 60, 18-88.
Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. New York: Pergamon
Bruner, J., & Goodman, C. C. (1947). Value and need as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 42, 33-44.
Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1947a). Emotional selectivity in perception and action. Journal of Personality, 16, 69-77.
Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1947b). Tension and tension release as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Personality, 16, 300-308.
Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1948). Symbolic value as an organizing factor in perception. Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 203-208.
Bryant-Tuckett, R., & Silverman, L. H. (1984). Effects of the subliminal stimulation of symbiotic fantasies on the academic performance of emotionally handicapped students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31 (3), 295-305.
Buchenroth, Michael Leroy (1977). Subliminal Advertising Effects in Magazine Advertisements. A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, The Ohio State University. Online at http://www.infinet.com/~mike/thesis.html.
Byrne, D. (1959). The effect of a subliminal food stimulus on verbal responses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43 (4), 245-252.
Caccavale, J. G., Wanty, T. C., & Edell, J. A. (1981). Subliminal implants in advertising: An experiment. In A. A. Mitchell (Ed.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 9). (proceedings of Association for Consumer Research, 1981 Conference).
Calvin, A. D., & Dollenmayer, K. S. (1959). Subliminal perception: Some negative findings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43, 187-188.
Carr. T. and V. Bacharach (1976), ''Perceptual Tuning and Conscious Attention,'' Cognition, 4 (no. 3). 281-302.
Champion, J., & Turner, W. W. (1959). An experimental investigation of subliminal perception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43, 382-384.
Cheesman, J. and P.M. Merikle (1986). Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 343-367.
Cooper, Candy (1989). Subliminal messages, heavy metal music and teen-age suicide. San Francisco Examiner, September 29.
Cousins, N. (1957). ''Smudging the Subconscious,'' Saturday Review, 40 (October 5).
Coyne, J. W., King, H. E., Zubin, J., & Landis, C.(1943). Accuracy of recognition of subliminal auditory stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33, 508.
Cox News Service (2000). Preacher says Pokemon leads kids into occult. Duluth News Tribune, February 12, 5B.
Cuperfain, S., & Clark, T. K. (1985). A new perspective of subliminal perception. Journal of Advertising, 14 (1), 36-41.
Dauber, R. B. (1984). Subliminal psychodynamic activation in depression: On the role of autonomy issues in depressed college women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93 (1), 9-18.
Davis, J. M. (1959). Personality, perceptual defense and stereoscopic perception. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 58, 398-402.
Dee, J. (1994). Subliminal lyrics in heavy metal music: More litigation anyone? Communications and the Law, September, 3-24.
DeFleur, M. L., & Petranoff, R. M. (1959). A televised test of subliminal persuasion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 23, 168-180.
DiLollo, F. (1971). Temporal integration in visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 109, 75-97.
Dixon, N. F. (1958). The effect of subliminal stimulation upon autonomic and verbal behavior. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 57, 29-36.
Dixon, N. F. (1971). Subliminal perception: The nature of a controversy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dixon, N. F. (1981). Preconscious processing. London: Wiley.
Easley, J. A. (1983, September 20). Hidden Words. Kitchener-Waterloo Record.
Erdelyi, M. H. (1974). A new look at the new look: Perceptual defense and vigilance. Psychological Review, 81 (1), 1-25.
Ericksen, C. W., & Johnson, H. J. (1964). Storage and decay characteristics of nonattended auditory stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68 (1), 28-36.
Figueroa, M. (1989). Comments on the subliminal psychodynamic activation method. American Psychologist, 44, 1421-1422.
Foulke. E. and I. G. Sticht (1969). Review of Research on the Intelligibility and Comprehension of Accelerated Speech. Psychological Bulletin, 72 (no. 1), 50-62.
Fritzler, D. (1968), Visual Evoked Response Correlates of Unconscious Mental Processes. Science, 161 (no. 19). 295-298.
Fudin, R. (1987). Response to Weinberger's comments on 'Subliminal psychodynamic activation: Mommy and I are not yet one.' Perceptual & Motor Skills, 64, 639-642.
Fuhrer, M. J., & Ericksen, C. W. (1960). The unconscious perception of the meaning of verbal stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 61, 432-439.
Fullerton, G. S., & Cattell, M. (1982). On the perception of small differences. University of Pennsylvania Publication, Philos. Serv., No. 2.
Gable, M., Wilkens, H., Harris, L., & Fernberg, R. (1987). An evaluation of subliminally embedded sexual stimuli. Journal of Advertising, 16 (1), 26-30.
Galbraith, G. G., & Tachsman, C. S.(1969). Homophone units: A normative and methodological investigation of the strength of component elements. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 737-744.
George, S. G., & Jennings, L. B. (1975). Effect of subliminal stimulation on consumer behavior: Negative evidence. Perceptual Motor Skills, 41, 847-853.
Gerard, E. O. (1960). Subliminal stimulation in problem solving. American Journal of Psychology, 73, 121-126.
Gilchrist, J. C., Ludeman, J. F., & Lysok, W. (1954). Values as determinants of word recognition thresholds. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 423-426.
Giodian, N., & Ericksen, C. W. (1959). Generalization of response biases acquired with and without verbal awareness. Journal of Personality, 27, 104-115.
Globe & Mail (1978) (October 13), 5.
Globe & Mail (1994). Who undressed Jessica Rabbit? March 17, E2.
Globe & Mail (1995). Tracing the winding trails of Disney obscenity rumors. November 7, C5.
Goldberg, F. R., & Fiss, N. (1959). Partial cues and the phenomenon of discrimination without awareness. Perceptual Motor Skills, 8, 243-251.
Goldiamond, I. (1958). Indicators of perception: Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception: An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology. Psychology Bulletin, 56, 475-463.
Goldiamond, 1. (1966). Statement on Subliminal Advertising. in Control of Human Behavior, Volume I, R. Ulrich, T. Stachnik and J. Mabry, eds., Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
Green, D. M. and J. A. Swets (1966), Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics, New York: Wiley.
Green, Judi (1994). Subliminal sex on the supermarket shelf. Marketing, (Mar. 3), 28+.
Greenwald, A.G. (1992). New Look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed. American Psychologist. 47, 766-779.
Greenwald, A., Spangenberg, E., Pratkanis, A., & Eskenazi, J. (1991). Double blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science, 2, 119-122.
Gustafson, R., & H. Kallmen (1990). Subliminal stimulation and cognitive and motor performance. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 71, 87-96.
Hardaway, R. (1990). Subliminally activated symbiotic fantasies: Facts and artifacts. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 177-195.
Harris, R. J., T. M. Dubitsky and S. Thompson (1979). Learning to Identify Deceptive Truth in Advertising. in Current Issues and Research in Advertising, J. H. Leigh and C. R. Martin, eds., Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Research.
Hawkins, D. (1970). The effects of subliminal stimulation on drive level and brand preference. Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 322-326.
Heilbrun, K. S. (1980), Silverman's Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: A Failure to Replicate. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89 (no. 4), 560-566.
Henley, S. (1975). Cross-modal effects of subliminal verbal stimuli. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 16, 30-36.
Henley, S. (1984). Unconscious perception re-visited: A comment on Merikle's (1982) paper. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 121-124.
Hochberg, J. (1978), Perception, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hoisington, L. D., & Spencer, C. (1958). Specific set and the perception of "subliminal material." American Journal of Psychology, 7, 265-269.
Holender, D. (1986). Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: a survey and appraisal. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 1-23.
Howes, D., & Solomon, R. L. (1950). A note on McGinnies "Emotion and perceptual defense." Psychological Review, 57, 235.
Jackson, J. (1983). Effects of subliminal stimulation of oneness fantasies of manifest pathology in male versus female schizophrenics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171 (5), 280-289.
Jacoby, L & Witherspoon, D. (1982). Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 300-324.
Kahneman, D. (1968). Method, Findings and Theory in Studies of Visual Masking. Psychological Bulletin, 70 (no. 6), 404-425.
Kelly, S. (1977). Subliminal embeds in print advertising: A challenge to advertising ethics. Journal of Advertising, 2024.
Kelly, S., & Kessler, B. (1978). Subliminal seduction: Fact or fantasy. Southern Marketing Proceedings.
Key. W. B. (1972). Subliminal seduction: Ad medias manipulation of not so innocent America. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Key, B. W. (1973). Subliminal seduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Key, W. B. (1976). Media sexploitation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Key, W. B. (1980). Clam-plate orgy: And other subliminal techniques for manipulating your behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kilbourne, W., Painton. S., & Ridley, D. (1985). The effect of sexual embedding on responses to magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 14, 48-55.
Kolees, P. A. (1957). Subliminal stimulation in problem solving. American Journal of Psvchology, 70, 437-441.
Kotz, H., & Moller, A. (1991). Subliminal stimulation, choice behavior and some personality correlates of subliminal sensitivity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 315-322.
Kretch, D., & Calvin, A. (1953). Levels of perceptual organization and cognition. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 48, 394-400.
Krugman, H. E. (1977). Memory without recall, exposure without perception. Journal of Advertising Research, 17, 7-12.
Kunst-Wilson, W. and R. Zajonc (1980). Affective Discrimination of Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized. Science, 207 (no. 1), 557-558.
Laird, O. N. (1932). How the consumer estimates quality by subconscious sensory impressions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 16, 241-246.
Lazarus, R., Ericksen, L., & Fonda, C. P. (1951). Personality dynamics and auditory perceptual recognition. Journal of Personality, 19, 471-482.
Lazarus, R. R., & McLeary, R. A. (1951). Autonomic discrimination without awareness: A study of subception. Psychological Review, 58, 113-122.
Lee, I., Tyrer, P., & Horn, S. (1983). A comparison of subliminal, supraliminal and faded phobic cine-films in the treatment of agoraphobia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 356-361.
Licklider, J., & Miller, G. (1951). The perception of speech. In S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. New York: Wiley.
Litman, R.E. and Farberow, N.L. (1994). Pop-rock music as precipitating cause in youth suicide. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39, 494-499.
Locke, E.L. (1991). The Vance decision: The future of subliminal communication. Law and Psychology Review, 15, 375-394.
Lowenfeld, J. (1961). Negative affect as a causal factor in the occurrence of repression, subception and perceptual defense. Journal of Personality, 29, 54-63.
Lyman, R. (2000). Film dogged by links to Scientologist. The New York Times, May 11, B1, B6.
Marcel, A. J. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual process. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 238-300.
McCauley, C., C. Parmelee, R. Sperber and T. Carr (1980). Early Extraction of Meaning From Pictures and Its Relation to Conscious Identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6 (no. 2), 265-76.
McClelland, D., & Atkinson, J. W. (1948). The projective expression of needs: The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on perception. Journal of Psychology, 25, 205-222.
McConnell, J. V., Culter, R. L., & McNeil, E. B. (1958). Subliminal stimulation: An overview. American Psychologist, 13, 229-242.
R. Cutter and E. McNeil (1958). Subliminal Stimulation: An overview. American Psychologist, 13 (no. 3), 229-42.
Merikle, P. M. (1982). Unconscious perception revisited. Perception & Psychophysics, 31, 298-301.
Merikle, P.M. (1988). Subliminal auditory tapes: An evaluation. Psychology & Marketing, 46, 355-372.
Merikle, P.M. and Skanes, H. (1992). Subliminal self-help audio tapes: A search for placebo effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 772-776.
Merikle, P.M. and Daneman, M. (1996). Memory for unconsciously perceived events: Evidence from anesthetized patients. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 525-541.
Mellers, B. (1981), Feeling More Than Thinking. American Psychologist, 36 (no. 7). 802-803.
Miller, J. G. (1939). Discrimination without awareness. American Journal of Psychology, 52, 562-578.
Mobley, M., & Boles, J. (1980). Subliminal perception and trust in institutions. Paper presented at the National Popular Culture Association Meeting.
Moore, T. E. (1982). Subliminal advertising: What you see is what you get. Journal of Marketing, 46, 38-47.
Moore, T.E. (1988). The case against subliminal manipulation. Psychology & Marketing, 46, 297-316.
Moore, T.E. (1992a). Subliminal perception: Facts and fallacies. Skeptical Inquirer, 16, 273-281.
Moore, T.E. (1992b). Subliminal messages in recorded auditory tapes, and other 'unconscious learning' phenomena. Leicester, England: British Psychological Society.
Moore, T.E. (1995). Subliminal self-help auditory tapes: An empirical test of perceptual consequences. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27, 9-20.
Moore, Timothy E. (1996). Scientific consensus and expert testimony: Lessons from the Judas Priest trial. Skeptical Inquirer, November.
Murdoc, B. B., Jr. (1954). Perceptual defense and threshold measurements. Journal of Personality, 22, 565-571.
Nation (1957). Diddling the Subconscious: Subliminal Advertising. 185 (October 5), 206.
New York Times (1978) (May 18), c22.
New Yorker (1957), 33 (September 21), 33.
Niedenthal, P. (1990). Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 505-527.
Nisbett, R. E. and T. O. Wilson (1972). Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes. Psychological Review, 84 (no. 3), 231-59.
Ostling, R. (1990). No sympathy for the devil: A Cardinal decries Satanic influence. Time, March 19, 55-56.
Packard, V. (1957). The hidden persuaders. New York: McKay.
Parker, K. A. (1982). Effects of subliminal symbiotic stimulation on academic performance: Further evidence on the adaptation-enhancing effects of oneness fantasies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29 (1), 19-28.
Petersen, L. R., & Kroener, S. (1964). Dichotic stimulation and retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68 (2), 124-130.
Pierce, C. S., & Jastions, J. (1884). On small differences of sensation. Memorial Academy of Science, 3, 73-83.
Poe, A. (1976), Active Women in Ads. Journal of Communication, 26 (no. 4), 185 - 92.
Postman, L. (1953). On the problem of perceptual defense. Psychological Review, 60, 298-306.
Postman, L., Bronson, W. C., & Gropper, G. L. (1953). Is there a mechanism of perceptual defense? Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 48, 215-224.
Pratkanis, A.R. (1992). The cargo-cult science of subliminal persuasion. Skeptical Inquirer, 16, 260-272.
Pratkanis, A.R. and Greenwald, A.G. (1988). Recent perspectives on unconscious processing: Still no marketing applications. Psychology & Marketing, 5, 337-353.
Pratkanis, A.R., Eskenazi, J. and Greenwald, A.G. (1994). What you expect is what you believe (but not necessarily what you get): A test of the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 251-276.
Reece, M. M. (1954). The effect of shock on recognition thresholds. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 49, 165-172.
Ridlehoover, B. (1983, February 6). Turntables turning against some ministers. Arkansas Democrat, p. 1.
Robles, R., Smith, R., Carver, C., & Wellens, A. R. (1987). Influence of subliminal images on the experience of anxieties. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13 (3), 399-410.
Rogers, S. (1993). How a publicity blitz created the myth of subliminal advertising. Public Relations Quarterly, Winter 1992-1993.
Rosen, D. & Singh, S. (1992). An investigation of subliminal embed effect on multiple measures of advertising effectiveness. Psychology and Marketing, 9, 157-173.
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Saegert, J. (1979). Another look at subliminal perception. Journal of Advertising Research, 19 (1), 55-57.
Saegert, Joel (1987). Why marketing should quit giving subliminal advertising the benefit of the doubt. Psychology & Marketing, 4(2), 107-120.
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Silverman, L. H., Lachman, F., & Melich, R. (1984). Unconscious oneness fantasies: Experimental findings and implications for treatment. International Forum for Psychoanalysis, 1 (2), 107-154.
Silverman, L., & Weinberger, J. (1985). Mommy and I are one: Implications for psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 40, 1296-1308.
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Spangenberg, Eric R., Obermiller, Carl and Greenwald, Anthony G. (1992). A Field Test of Subliminal Self-Help Audiotapes: The Power of Expectancies. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 11 (1), 26-36.
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Spence, D. P., & Bressler, J. (1962). Subliminal activation of conceptual associates. A study of "rational" preconscious thinking. Journal of Personality, 30, 89-105.
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Tisdall, P. (1983). Mixed messages. Science '83, 7, 84-85.
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