1. Remember Oliver Cox, Class, Caste, and Race: racism as the product of European colonialism and its later connection with economic advantage... conscious recruitment of ethnically diverse labor force in Hawaii
2. "We worked like machines."
3. Japanese strike of 1909... held out for four months before forced to return to work
a. employers eliminated differential wage by ethnicity
b. employers imported Filipino workers in large numbers
4. 1919: Filipinos went on strike, eventually joined by Japanese
5. "Plantation" housing pattern? p. 261
6. Role of "pidgin" English
7. Japanese families and the education of their children (p. 265)
1. Very much a racial minority: 2% in 1920
2. Much anti-Japanese sentiment..eventually, in 1924, an immigration reform prohibiting the entry of "aliens ineligible to citizenship"
3. Initially employed in agriculture, railroad construction, canneries
4. Excluded from industrial work by the hostility of the white working class.... thousands became small farmers, who soon benefited in growing and marketing their products from irrigation and the refrigerated railroad car
| Immigrant Group | School Enrollment, 2003-4 | Estimate of Population |
| Latino | 38,643 | 175,000 |
| Hmong | 21,613 | 60,000 |
| Somali | 5,734 | 25,000 |
| Vietnamese | 2,910 | 25,000 |
| Russian | 2,346 | 12,500 |
| Laotian | 2,258 | 13,000 |
| Cambodian | 1,718 | 7,500 |
| Ethiopian | 1,329 | 7,500 |
1. Original theory from Leon Festinger: Simultaneously holding two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent creates an internal pressure to reduce the dissonance.
2. Modification by Elliot Aronson: "When a person is involved in a situation where he might consider himself to be stupid or immoral, he engages in self-justifying behavior which involves some form of self-persuasion." Cognitive dissonance particularly strong when:
a. Self-concept is involved
b. Actions are voluntary or nearly so.
c. Individual feels responsible for consequences and they matter.
3. Glass: The Justification of Cruelty--an experiment
a. People were induced to deliver what they thought was a series of shocks to other people who had supposedly also been recruited as volunteers.
b. As part of the process, research subjects were tested for self-esteem.
c. As part of the debriefing, subjects were questioned about their impressions of the volunteers who had been shocked.
d. These "victims" were consistently derogated, and those with the highest self-esteem did it the most.
e. Cognitive dissonance in this experiment: If I see myself as a basically good and decent fellow, how do I justify what would otherwise seem to be cruelty on my part? (Individual version of what Myrdal called "An American Dilemma."
4. Sociological dimension: the stereotypes and rationalizations that justify mistreatment are not individually created but socially created... remember the Blumer article... this is a way to link the macro and micro dimensions, or to take a psychological theory and sociologize it.
5. IMPLICATIONS FOR RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS: the worse a group has been treated, the more it will be steretyped and downgraded ... notice the reversal in our normal sense of causality
Muzafer Sherif et al: the Eagles and the Rattlers: Cooperation within groups, competition between groups... situations in which one group benefitted at the other group's expense (e.g., group arriving first for a meal)... even people who had rated each other as best friends coming into camp came to see each other as enemies.
SELF-REPORT SURVEY
Please indicate how often in the past two years you did each act:
| Never | Once | 2-5 times | 6-9 times | 10+times | |
| 1. Stole something worth less than $50 | 68% | 3% | 23% | 3% | 3% |
| 2. Stole something worth more than $50 | 68% | 10% | 3% | 20% | |
| 3. Got drunk (under age) | 10% | 13% | 77% | ||
| 4. Used fake i.d. to access liquor | 50% | 3% | 7% | 40% | |
| 5. Used marijuana | 17% | 3% | 23% | 7% | 50% |
| 6. Used methamphetamines | 94% | 3% | 3% | ||
| 7. Used cocaine/crack | 83% | 7% | 3% | 7% | |
| 8. Been in a fistfight | 64% | 13% | 13% | 3% | 7% |
| 9. Carried a weapon, such as a gun or knife | 74% | 10% | 3% | 13% | |
| 10. Broke into and entered a home or business | 90% | 3% | 7% | ||
| 11.Obtained funds or products using false identification | 97% | 3% | |||
| 12. Gambled illegally | 61% | 3% | 20% | 3% | 13% |
| 13. Hit or threatened a spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend | 90% | 3% | 7% | ||
| 14. Used force to obtain sexual access | 100% | ||||
| 15. Had sex with someone incapacitated by drugs or liquor | 77% | 10% | 3% | 10% | |
| 16. Drove a car while drunk or high | 33% | 17% | 13% | 17% | 20% |
| 17. Sold drugs | 91% | 3% | 3% | 3% | |
| 18. Cheated on income tax | 97% | 3% | |||
| 19. Cheated on exams | 43% | 13% | 33% | 7% | 3% |
| 20. Plagiarized paper | 77% | 13% | 7% | 3% | |
| 21. Cheated on financial aid | 86% |
7% | 7% | ||
| 22. Damaged property worth more than $10 | 53% | 17% | 20% | 7% | 3% |
B. Hagan: Crime and Disrepute (1994): comparison of rates of black imprisonment, South Africa under apartheid vs. United States
United States |
South Africa |
|
| Black male population | 14,625,000 |
15,050,642 |
| Black male inmates | 499,891 |
107,202 |
| Rate of incarceration per 100,000 | 3,370 |
681 |