ࡱ> jliG bjbjَ Mj;;]J J J $n n n n P , n T0 (" " " " " 0000000$R2F4r?0J >?0" "  P" J " 0n n 0k1,vJ 0" d %PCcn n k/`Testing for Spatial Relational Symmetry in Rats Cognitive Maps Christopher G. PrinceNew Iberia Research Center and Center for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana Adam P. FlettrichDepartment of Psychology, University of Southwestern Louisiana  HYPERLINK http://www.cacs.usl.edu/~cgp http://www.cacs.usl.edu/~cgp  HYPERLINK mailto:cgp@cacs.usl.edu cgp@cacs.usl.edu Overview of talk Acknowledgements Introduction Emergent symmetry in the spatial cognition of rats? Systematicity: Proposed theoretical tie for emergent symmetry Experiments 1 and 2 Methods Results Experiment 3 Conclusions & Discussion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Daniel J. Povinelli, Dissertation Advisor Anthony S. Maida, Co-chair Subrata Dasgupta and Claude Cech, Committee Members Jerome Cohen, External Committee Member Istvn Berkeley, David Greenway, Valanne MacGyvers, Rasiah Loganantharaj, Cheryl Lynch, Todd Preuss, Eric Saidel; Francois Dore, Howard Eichenbaum, Sylvain Gagnon, William Roberts, Herb Roitblat, Rob Willson; Kelly Ball, Jennifer Guidry, Kelly Kimball, Corey Porche, Heather Rebardi, Jim Reaux; Kristin Andrews, Adam Austin, Nancy Breaux, Daniel Ligas, Carrie Thatcher, Rod Thomas Sigma Xi, partial financial support INTRODUCTION Object-oriented emergent symmetry Training forward if-then relations if HORIZONTAL LINES then RED if VERTICAL LINES then BLUE Testing backwards or symmetry relations if RED then HORIZONTAL LINES if BLUE then VERTICAL LINES Emergent symmetry Immediate performance on symmetry relations INTRODUCTION Emergent symmetry: Humans & animals ( Emergent symmetry: positive results in humans ( Generally negative results in nonhumans rats monkeys chimpanzees pigeons sea lions baboons parakeets INTRODUCTION Relational symmetry ( Relational symmetry & cognitive capacities Asch & Ebenholtz (1962): Associative symmetry Sidman & Tailby (1982) : Emergent symmetry Fodor & Pylyshyn (1988): Systematicity Singley & Anderson (1989): Procedural-declarative Hurford (1989): Saussurean sign Horne & Lowe (1996) ( Fodor & Pylyshyn (1988): Systematicity Representation of one proposition implies the ability to represent a series of related propositions INTRODUCTION Systematicity ( Hadley (1994): Connectionist models systematicity requires generalization generalization as a way to test for different degrees of systematicity (e.g., weak, quasi, strong) strong systematicity (p. 250-251) example: Prior linguistic knowledgeTrainingTestingJane loves John.Fred loves Mary.Fred is a cook.Mary is an engineer INTRODUCTION Emergent symmetry Prior knowledge, e.g., symmetry ruleTrainingTestingIf A then BIf B then AIf C then DIf D then C ( Emergent symmetry shares features with systematicity both require: learning about component terms and relations immediate application or use of prior learned rules to prior learned component terms and relations INTRODUCTION Spatial cognition in rats locations & relations ( good abilities with locations ( apparently good abilities with relations between locations Spatial emergent symmetry ( Four locations: E.g., SOUTH, WEST, NORTH, EAST PhaseRelations TrainingIf food WEST then food is next SOUTHIf food NORTH then food is next EASTTesting If food SOUTH then food is next WESTIf food EAST then food is next NORTH INTRODUCTION Question ( Does the spatial domain provide rats with an advantage on tests of emergent symmetry? Theoretical motivation ( Emergent symmetry as related to systematicity METHODS Subjects ( Groups of 12 rats (male, Long-Evans, Rattus norvegicus); food motivated (85% of free feeding weights) ( Different group of rats for each experiment Apparatus ( Experiments 1 & 2 An eight arm radial maze Doors Distal landmarks METHODS Structure of experiments Habituation to apparatus Training phase - Forward relations trained 3) Testing phase Backward relations tested Same procedure as in training METHODS Stimuli Individual rats used four of the eight maze arms Relations have equal numbers of LEFT and RIGHT turns Sessions had eight trials, balanced METHODS Trial types: Experiment 1 (examples) Trainingif WEST then SOUTH if NORTH then EAST Testingif SOUTH then WEST if EAST then NORTH  METHODS Trial types: Experiments 2 & 3 (examples) PhaseTrial typeIncorrectTrainingIf WEST then SOUTHEASTIf WEST then SOUTHNORTHIf NORTH then EASTSOUTHIf NORTH then EASTWESTTestingIf SOUTH then WESTNORTHIf SOUTH then WESTEASTIf EAST then NORTHWESTIf EAST then NORTHSOUTH METHODS  METHODS Procedure: Experiment 2 & 3 ( Both start and correct response locations baited ( Rat goes on maze once per trial ( Different trial types baited with different food types (Frootloops & Cocoa Puffs) ( Trial procedure: (1) rat placed in center, start door is opened, and runs to the start location food cup (2) response doors opened, rat allowed exactly one response choice METHODS Experiment 1: Procedure differences from Experiment 2 ( only correct response arm baited ( only Frootloops used ( rat placed initially on start arm (20 s confinement) ( center confinement for 2 s after start arm RESULTS Experiment 1 ( 5 rats tested (7 rats did not learn forward relations) ( 242 trials (average) in training (to 88% correct) ( No emergent symmetry RESULTS Experiment 2 ( All 12 rats tested (all learned forward relations) ( 11 of 12 rats 90 trials (average) in training (to 88%) ( No emergent symmetry EXPERIMENT 3 Motivation negative results to date rats dont navigate using only distal cues perhaps proximal & distal cues in combination can increase emergent symmetry performance New apparatus both proximal & distal cues four feeding sites - two water sites (NORTH, EAST) - two wood chip sites (WEST, SOUTH) Procedure of Experiment 2 CONCLUSIONS & DISCUSSION Experiments 1 & 2 No advantage for rats on spatial domain tests of emergent symmetry Cognitive maps in rats If emergent symmetry is a relevant feature of cognitive maps then Rats maps do not appear cognitive Relevant feature: emergent symmetry is related to systematicity and systematicity is necessary for cognitive maps No emergent symmetry in animals across domains General difference in human vs. animal cognition? 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