A.

Psychoemotional Theories

1.

Fundamental Notions: psychological trauma, emotional disturbance or personality disturbance cause stuttering

2.

Anxiety

a.

Anxiety as a cause of stuttering events vs. anxiety as a consequence of stuttering

b.

State and trait anxiety

c.

Yairi & Seery's conclusions (p. 130)

3.

Temperament (Jerome Kagan) "Communication Disorders & Temperament"

a.

Temperament, personality, and mood?

b.

Biology of a reactive temperament

c.

Lateralization of emotions

d.

Research on children who stutter p. 131

B.

Psychobehavioral Theories

1.

Fundamental notions

a.

Stuttering is acquired as a response to something in the environment i.e. it is learned

b.

Learning through classical conditioning (Pavlov and his dog)

c.

Learning through operant condition (Skinner and his rats)

2.

Reactive Avoidance Theory (Diagnosogenic Theory) Wendell Johnson

a.

In a nutshell: stuttering is caused by parents reacting adversely to a child's normal disfluencies

b.

The paradigm

c.

Table 6.1 Johnson's evidence and corresponding counter-evidence

3.

Demands-Capacities Model (Starkweather & Gottwald)

a.

In a nutshell: stuttering occurs when demands on the fluency system chronically outweigh the capacity of the fluency system

b.

Capacities : internal

c.

Demands: internal and external

4.

Question from Valerie

C.

Psycholinguistic Theories

1.

Fundamental notions

a.

Definition of "psycholinguistic"

b.

Psycholinguistic processes for normally fluent speech

c.

Breakdown somewhere in the chain causes stuttering

2.

Covert-Repair Hypothesis

a.

In a nutshell: an error occurs in phonological encoding (phase 2) and the person tries to repair it

b.

Assumption: a deficit in phonological encoding; Organic?

c.

Possible connection to Demands-Capacities?