Meyer and Schartl. 1999. Gene and genome duplications in vertebrates: the one-to-four (-to-eight in fish) rule and the evolution of novel gene functions. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 11:699–704

· What are the 1-2-4 and 1-2-4-8 rules?

· What are the potential benefits of whole gene duplication in the process of evolution?

· Why can it be difficult to discern ancient genome duplications in modern genomes?

· How is phylogenetic construction used to differentiate between gene and genome duplication?