PRE-COLONIAL
(PRIOR TO 1494)
*DIVERSE TRIBAL GROUPS
*OVER 500 LANGUAGES
*VARIED ECONOMIES
*10-75 MILLION INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
(1494-1776)
*VARIED CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES FROM COLONIALISTS=CONFUSION
*DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
*FORMAL TREATIES
*AUTHORIZED CHILD
KIDNAPPING FOR PURPOSES OF ACCULTURATION
THREE DISTINCT FORMS OF EXPLOITATION:
EARLY U.S.-INDIAN RELATIONS (1776-1830)
*U.S. GOVERNMENT “FRIENDLY” RELATIONS POLICY
*FIRST TREATY BETWEEN U.S. AND DELAWARE PEOPLE IN 1778
*1789 CONGRESS ESTABLISHED “OFFICIAL” FEDERAL POLICY BY ASSIGNING ITSELF AUTHORITY TO INVOLVE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN “INDIAN AFFAIRS” =LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES THROUGH TREATY PROCESS
*LOUISIANA PURCHASE=CHANGE IN ATTITUDE AND POLICY
*BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ESTABLISHED 1824 UNDER DEPARTMENT OF WAR
REMOVAL ERA (1817-1850)
*INCREASE IN WHITE SETTLERS= DESIRE FOR ADDITIONAL LANDS
*1830 INDIAN REMOVAL ACT: THOUSANDS OF INDIAN PEOPLE FORCED OFF TRIBAL LAND
*EXCHANGE OF LANDS POLICY
*“ASSIMILATIONIST MOVEMENT”
ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVILIZATION FUND IN 1819 (ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS FROM CONGRESS)
MID-CENTURY: RESERVATIONS AND WARS (1850-1880)
*INCREASE IN FORMAL RESERVATIONS
*1867 REPORT TO CONGRESS STATED THE “NEED” TO SEPARATE INDIAN CHILDREN FROM FAMILIES
*1879 CARLISLE INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL ESTABLISHED
*1880 WRITTEN POLICY ILLEGAL FOR NATIVE LANGUAGES TO BE USED IN FEDERAL BOARDING SCHOOLS
*1884 “PLACING OUT” OF INDIAN CHILDREN TO LEARN “VALUES OF WORK AND THE BENEFITS OF CIVILIZATION”
ASSIMILATION AND ALLOTMENT (1890-1930)
*1890 WOUNDED KNEE
*WIDESPREAD DISEASE
*GENOCIDE OF WHOLE NATIONS (ALL MEMBERS DIED)
*1887 GENERAL ALLOTMENT ACT (DAWES ACT) “CIVILIZED” INDIANS RECEIVED TITLE TO LAND
*1890 MERIAN REPORT
*1910 BONUSES GIVEN TO “KID SNATCHERS”
*1910 INDIAN LAWYERS BAND
**1924 INDIAN “GRANTED” CITIZENSHIP IN U.S.
INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT (1930-1945)
*SHIFT IN FEDERAL POLICY ACKNOWLEDGED RIGHTS OF “TRIBE”
*1934 INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT: ENDED ALLOTMENT ERA
-RESTORATION OF INDIAN LAND
-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
-JOHNSON-O’MALLEY ACT(BROUGHT STATE GOV’T INTO PROVIDING SERVICES TO INDIANS)
TERMINATION PERIOD (1945-1965)
*1943 STUDY RESULTED IN 1949 HOOVER COMMISSION “FULL AND COMPLETE INTEGRATION”
-TERMINATION OF FEDERAL PROTECTION-SHIFT TO STATE
*1953 PL-280
*1956 RELOCATION TO URBAN AREAS
*MULTIPLE ADOPTIONS OF INDIAN CHILDREN
*LOSS OF 2.5 MILLION ACRES
*OVER 100 TRIBES LOST LEGAL STATUS
SELF DETERMINATION (1965-1980)
*POLICY CHANGE UNDER L.B. JOHNSON
*1968 INDIAN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
*1968 AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) FORMED IN MPLS.
*1970 NIXON SUPPORTS SELF DETERMINATION
*INDIAN SELF DETERMINATION AND EDUCATION ACT (638 CONTRACTS)
*1976 STUDY RE: OUT OF HOME CARE FOR INDIAN CHILDREN=
*1978 INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ACT
SELF GOVERNANCE (1980-CURRENT)
*REAGAN SLIPPAGE
*TRIBAL POLITICAL FORCES JOIN=MORE TRIBAL CONTROL
*1990 NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVES PROTECTION AND REPATRIATION ACT
*RISE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ESPECIALLY GAMING
*SUCCESSFUL COURT CASES RE: FISHING AND TREATY RIGHTS
*DUAL CITIZENSHIP
*TRIBES ARE GOVERNMENTS WITH SPECIAL POLITICAL TRUST RELATIONSHIPS WITH FEDERAL GOV’T
*TRIBES RETAIN MOST POWERS OF GOV’TS
*STATES DO NOT HAVE INHERENT POWER (JURISDICTION) ON RESERVATIONS
*CONGRESS DEALS WITH LEGAL INTERACTIONS WITH TRIBES
Priscilla Day, MSW, Ed.D. Copyright, 2005.