WPC' VZJ-&ͪe RSӤz$ @p^F`    8   ` !Scottoline(1993:348),   ..Hesstillinsideme.Iwouldntslanderhim.    ButInolongerhavehimtoexplainhissenseoftheRightortojustifyit.Ifhesupported | slavery,K| #  3      ׀allIcandoisapologizetohim,sayingthatIthinkhewouldchangehismind.Imstill T consideringhim,stilltakinghissenseoftheGoodintoaccount,butintheenditisIwhohasto , decide. h #     #2.VII  .ۀ  RelatingtoRocks?#253  3Ԍ " Ќ  The rockobjection:Idontempathizewitharock,andifIdo,Illchange.H #  4       #   8:)/012367(x3 ":%N"  :%N3523  0    Matt:Soyouresayingthatwehavearesponsibilitytowardrocks?:%N35`5݌%d"(#(# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N/623  0    Steve:No.Whyonearthwouldwe?:%N/6\6݌d(#(# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N723  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Well,Icouldseethatrockswouldntwanttogetsmashedapart,sowhydoesnt < yourperspectivemeanthatweshouldntsmashrocks?:%N757݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N823  0    0` (#(#  Steve:BecauseIdontempathizewiththemand,infact,Icantimaginethatanyoneelse   capableofempathy(andexpressingit)doessoeither,soitseemstobeanormthat  ` isvalidbothformeandtherockaloneandforsocietyandrocksgenerally.:%N88݌8 ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N:23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Isntthatjustarbitrary?Youdecideyoudontempathizewiththerock,soyouget t  todowhateveryoulike?Whathappenedtotherock!orme!havingsomesay L  sohere?AndwhatifIdecidethatIdontempathizewithyou!isito.k.thenfor $ metotreatyouhoweverIwant?:%N::݌` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N<23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:ItwouldindeedbearbitraryifallImsayingisthatIchoosenottoempathize. p Thatwouldputthecartofmoralitybeforethehorseofempathy.ButIdontmean H that.WhenIsaythatIdontempathize,ImeanthatnomatterhowItry,Icant   findapointofconnectionwiththerock.Iveneverbeenarock.Ifarockhas \ anythinganalogoustonervesorabrain,Idontknowofthemorwhatthey 4  respondto.ForallIknow,rockslikebeingsmashedtobits!maybegetting  " smashedislikegoingtothechiropractorforthem.Ormaybenot!whocantell? #  Icantfindanyonewhocanhelpmeempathize(Imeansomeonewithbetter %X" informationthanme).Sointheend,Ijustdonthaveanythingtogoonexcept '0!$ thatIwanttosmashtherock.IshouldaddthatImopentofindingoutabout l)#& rockssensibilities,justasIhopethatevenifyoudontempathizewithme,you D+$( arestillopentofindingoutenoughaboutmetobeempathetic.:%N<<݌-&*` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NdB23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Well,whydontyousimplyaskhowyouwouldfeelbeingsmashed?Afterall,your d wholeperspectiveisabouttreatingothersaswellasyoutreatyourself.:%NdBB݌<` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NC23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:AsIseeit,empathymeansunderstandingtheotherssenseoftheGood,not   substitutingyoursenseoftheGoodfortheirs.ItisntempathyifIwanta   hamburgerandthenassumethatmyHindufriendwantsonetoo.Now,ifIsaw  ` _someonehungryandofferedthemhalfofmyhamburger,thatwouldbeempathy, 8  sinceIknowwhatitistobehungry,andasbestIcantell,everyonefeelshunger t  asIdo.ButitwouldonlybeempathyuntilIfoundouttheywereHindu,atwhich L  pointitwouldbedistinctlyabusivetocontinuetopressthehamburgeronthem.:%NC D݌$` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NG23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Nevertheless,yourperspectivestilldemandsempathyinordertograntmoral  standing.Soitisatleastarbitraryinthatway.Itdoesntseemrighttohavea p moralitybasedontheaccidentsofyouremotionalreactions(ormine,oranyones).:%NGG݌H` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N "  :%NI23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Hmm.Letstakealookatyourargument.AmIrightinthinkingthatyouare   seekingsomerationallydeterminable(oratleastintersubjectivelyaccepted)system \ ofgrantingmoralstanding,sothatmoralitycanbebasedonsomethingmorethan 4  onessubjective,idiosyncratic,emotionalstate?:%NII݌ "` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N "  :%NK23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Right.:%NK L݌# ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N "  :%NL23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Andthatprobablygoesnotjustfordeterminingwho/whathasmoralstandingbut %X" alsohowwearetofigureoutwhatismoralinthesituation.Itwouldbeniceto '0!$ havesomethingmorereliablethanemotions.Right?:%NLL݌l)#&` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N "  :%NN23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Youhavenutshelledit,Socrates.:%NNN݌D+$(` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N "  :%NO23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Sothenthemoralsystemwerelookingformustbebasedonreasonorfact -&* insteadofemotion?:%NOO݌d` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NP23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Asever,yourincredibleintelligenceandperspicacityastoundsme.:%NPQ݌<` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N R23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Alas,theMnchhausentrilemmabasicallysaysthatnosuchthingexists.Any   moralsystemyoucomeupwithwillhavesomedegreeofuncertaintyatitscore.:%N R9R݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NS23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Hmm.[Offstage,whispering:]Preparethehemlock!:%NSS݌ `` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NT23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Sotheonlyquestion,really,iswhatouruncertainbasewillbe.:%NTT݌8 ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NU23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Iguessso.Ihadhopedforsomethingbetter.Thosedarnphilosophersimpliedthat t  wecouldfindtheanswerthroughapriorisandreason.:%NUV݌L ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NXW23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Stickwithpoliticalscientists,myboy.Weknownothing!Wepromisenothing! $ Wegloryinourignorance!Weembracelackofreason!:%NXWW݌` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NX23  0    0` (#(#  Matt[sottovoce]:SoImfindingout.:%NXX݌p` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NY23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Whatwasthat?:%NYZ݌H` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NZ23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:IwassayinghowgratefulIamforyourlackofknowledge.:%NZZ݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N[23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Andsoyoushouldbe,myboy.Ithasbeenyearsinthemaking....Letssee, \ wherewasI?:%N[\݌4 ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N*]23  0    Matt[smilinggrimly]:YouweretellingmewhyIwaswrong.:%N*]W]݌ "(#(# Ќ  ":%N"  :%N"^23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Oh,yes!findingafoundationofmorality.Imsayingthatgroundingmoralityon #  empathycapturesthenatureofmoralitybetterthananyothersystem.Inother %X" words,Ithinkitmatchesourmoralintuitionsthebest.Sincemoralityis '0!$ necessarilycontingent,astheMnchhausentrilemmashows,Iwouldmuchprefer l)#& thatthiscontingencycomefromourattemptstoempathizewitheachother.After D+$( all,itseemstomethatourmoralintuitionsderivefromourunderstandingofhow -&* proposednormswillaffectusandothers!thatis,fromourempathy.Soifwe d imaginemoralityasbeingaconstant,dialecticalinterplaybetweenintuitionandits < correctionbyexperience,thatisthesameastheconstant,dialecticalinterplay   betweenourempathyanditscorrectionbyothersreportingofwhattheyarein   factexperiencing.:%N"^O^݌ `` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%Nc23  0    Matt:Butwhatifyourewrong?Howcanweknowthatempathygivesusthebest 8  matchwithmoralintuition?:%Nc>c݌t (#(# Ќ  ":%N"  :%NJd23  0    Steve:Wecant,atleastnotdirectly.AllIcanreallysayisthatIhaventseenabetter L  foundation.Ifoneweretocomealong,Iduseitinstead.:%NJdwd݌$(#(# Ќ  ":%N"  :%Ne23  0    0` (#(#  Matt[wakingup]:SoifIcancapturethenatureofmoralitybetterthanthat,youllhave  toadoptmytheory?:%Nee݌p` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%Ng23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Thatsright.:%Ng@g݌H` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%Nh23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:Imonthecase!:%Nh.h݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N"  :%Nh23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Butinthemeantime,untilyoucreatesomethingbetter...?:%Nhi݌\` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N "  :%N j23  0    0` (#(#  Matt:IguessIllusethewaysofrelatingperspective.Butsay,Steve,whyareyou 4  alwayswinningthesearguments?:%N j6j݌ "` (#` (# Ќ  ":%N!"  :%Nlk23  0    0` (#(#  Steve:Why,itsobvious!Igettowriteyourdialogue.[WhereuponSteveisdragged #  offstage,followedbyamancarryingabeakerofdarkliquid.]:%Nlkk݌%X"` (#` (#   # '0!$       #m.VIII  .ۀ  TheMoralityofCannibalism#mYm  >mԌ d Ќ  Cannibalismwrongnotinherentlybutbecauseofempathy. < #     #jn.IX  . ۀ  EmpathywiththeFetus?(Or:ChiltonRushesinWhereAngelsFeartoTread)#jnn  nԌ   Ќ  [ImnotsureImreallyreadytodealwiththis,however.ButifIcandoso,Iwill.]  ` #     # p.X  . ۀ  Conclusion# pDp  )pԌ t  Ќ  Agreementsarenotnecessaryformorality,butempathyis. L  AYJ) xdExA  & r =XXTaminghorseswiththepoweroftouch#XX=q# F #  5        Shestoodbeforemeskinandbones.'rqԀParoxysmalspasmsgrippedherbody.IdontbelieveIever  sawacreaturesofrightenedinmylife.HernamewasLottie.    IspentaweekattheBitterrootRanchinDuBois,Wyo.,studyingTellingtonTouchfrom  themasterherself,LindaTellingtonJones.Itwasoneofthoserareexperiencesforevermeshed t inspirit.WhatIdiscoveredattheBitterrootRanchwasseparationofself.Puttingoneselfunder b amicroscopeandbeinghonestabouttheresultsisaherculeantask.Why?Becauseitissomuch P easiertosurroundourselvesintheimageweaspiretoratherthanfacebarebonedissolution.  >   Myintentiononthisjourneywastolearnacraft.WhatIfoundwassynchronicity.The !, perfectblendofanimalwithhumanbeing. ~"    FiveArabians,onequarterhorse.Fouryearsofage.Untouchedherdhorses.Ourjob l#! wastogentlethesehorsesusingtheTellingtonTouchmethodforfutureuseontheranch. Z$"   TellingtonTouchorTTouchisaholistictrainingmethodforthemind,bodyandspiritof H%# animals.TTouchiscomprisedofwelldefinedfingercirclesandonepalm(Abalone)touch,20in 6&$ totalandeachnamedafterananimal.Thetouchesareusedinnonhabitualareasoftheanimals $' % bodytosolicitrelaxationinsuchamannerastoimpactneurologicalimpulses.Trustisthe (!& ultimategoal.TTouchisthekey. )"'   Thefirstdaywemerelyobserved.Fivefreshhorseshavingnoideawhatthesehumans )#( hadinstore.Thetension,awareness,curiosityandfrightwerepalpable.Wesimplystoodand d sharedspacetogether. R   Thesecondday,webegan,painstakinglyslowlytotouch,butonlyasthehorseallowed. @ Themomentfearwasexhibited,webackedoff.Amazingly,thehorsesalwaysreturned. .    Therewasneverthesuppositionofwhoisboss,whoshalldominatewhombecauseitwas   simplynotnecessary.Weweretheretoformaworkingrelationshipwiththesehorses.     ThentherewasLottie.Postergirlfortheomegahorse.APolishArabfromfinestock,   Lottiehadsuperblineageandbyallrightsshouldhavebeenatopnotchhorse,butshewasnt.   Shewasterriblyunderweight,highheaded,irregularconfirmation,clearlyfrightenedoftheother  p horsesandshiveringconvulsivelyinthecoolmountainair.IfIhadtodescribethismareinone ^  word?Pathetic. L    Lottiewasliketamingadeer;soflighty,soskittish,sountrustingIcouldnotconceiveof :  herlettinganyonetouchhermuchlessrideher. (    DayFour,IwasassignedtoLottie.IcouldnotimaginewhatIcouldpossiblydotohelp z  thishorse.Iclearedmymind,tookadeepbreathandlookeddeepintoherdarkbrowneyes.I h  caughtsightofsomethingIhadntexpectedtosee.Willingness.Thishorsewantedtoconnect. V  Shewantedtoconquerherfears.Shewantedtobelong.Lottiewasthepoorlittlegirlonthe D playground,allalone,nofriends,noonetotalkto,noonetoliftherspirit. 2   ByafternoonLottiewasadifferenthorseandI,achangedwoman.Togetherwebroke   throughmentalbarriers,toredownformidablefences,andblendedourhearts.    Inoneweekourhorseshadonbridlesandsaddles,eachoneamazedusmorethanthelast.    Wedidnothitthem,wedidnotshankthem,wedidnothobblethem,wedidnottiethem.  Wesimplytouchedthem. t   Weacknowledgedtheirfearandgentlyhelpedthemthroughit.Itscalledrespectand b believeitornot,itsmutual. P qAYJ) xdExA , [WhatfollowsisjustsomepreliminarytextIhadfromotheressays,notnecessarilywhatwillgo  " intothefinalversion.] ^"  #     #.XI  . ۀ  AnimalRights#@  %Ԍ &$ Ќ  Whenweexaminetheissueofanimalrightsfromacontractarianposition,werunintodifficulties. '!& Iwillfirstlistthesedifficulties,whilenotingthattheyreallycanbehandledwithinthe )Z#( contractariantradition.However,thecontractarianapproachdoesfinallyfail,andIexplainhow +2%* thewaysofrelatingapproachcanovercometheseproblems. n- ', ЇThefirstobjectiontothecontractarianapproachisthatanimalsarentcapableofadheringto d contracts,sothereisnothingtonegotiateover.Thisisnotaseriousproblemforcontractarians, < however,becausewecanimaginetheoriginalpositioninwhichthenegotiatorsdontevenknow   whatspeciestheyare.Theywillobviouslynotbeabletodecideonprinciplesofjusticetobind   themintheeventthattheywindupnonhuman,becausetheyrecognizeanimalsinabilitytokeep  ` moralcommitments.However,thereisnothingtostopthenegotiatorsfromdecidingon 8  principlesgoverninghowhumansaretotreatanimals. t  Aseconddifficultyarises:howarewetoconceiveofanimalssenseoftheGood?Theideaofa $ lifeplanforanimalsseemsirrational,forexample.Thisisnotaseriousobjection,however,since  wecanbeprettyclearaboutthingsanimalswouldwant(food,shelter,goodhealth,etc.)and p wouldntwant(pain,starvation,etc.).EvenifwecantbecertainoftheirsenseoftheGood, H muchlessofwhattheirsenseoftheGoodwouldbeiftheycouldformlifeplans,wecanstillbe   sureenoughtojustifydoingwhatwecanbasedonourlimitedunderstanding.! #  6       \ Thethirddifficultyisthatweareunsurewhattoincludeinthishypotheticalnegotiation.Must  " theparticipantsconsiderthepossibilitythattheymightbecomebacteria?rocks?thePacific #  crustalplate?Theveryideaofacontractseemstogoawry.=h #  7      _ %X" ЇThewaysofrelatingperspectivehasanaturalwayofhandlingtheissueofanimalrights.We d needtorespectanimalstothedegreethatwecanempathizewiththem.Imaynotknowexactly < whatadogwants,butIknowitfeelspainasIfeelpain.Asahuman,Imightintellectualizethe   pain,makeavirtueofit,recognizeahigherpurposeforit,havekinkysexwithit,butIstillfeel   thesamepain.Idontknowtheneurophysiologyinvolved,butthenervecircuitsaresurelythe  ` same.> #  8      ׀NorwouldItearthewingsoffflies,eventhoughtheneurologicalstructurediffers. 8  Whateverthestructure,itsclearthattheywouldfeeltheequivalentofpain,sincetheycouldnot t  havesurvivedwithouttakingcareoftheirwings.Andtoarguethisfromtheoppositedirection, L  childrenwhoabuseanimalsofanysortwindupabusingtheirfellows;theydontseemto $ distinguish.  Notethatdogslikeworkingwithpeople.Ithinktheyfindusinterestingandenjoythesenseof H purposeandorderwecansupply.Thisdoesntgiveustherighttoabusethem,butitdoesmean   thatwedonthavetoassumethattheonlyjustsolutionistoletallanimalsgofree.?h #  9       \ NotetheworkbyAdamMikl;si(EotvosUniversity,Budapest)intheApril29,2003issueof d CurrentBiologyondogspayingattentiontohumans.Originallyseenreported(secondhand)in < theDNTof7/27/03,p.19A,[re]printinganarticlebyRobSteinintheWashingtonPost. The   dogsgaveupmuchearlier.Theywere,veryquickly,lookingatthehumans,theowners,looking   attheirfaces,Mikl;sisaid.Thatiswhatisinteresting.Thatneverhappenedwiththewolves.  ` Theyjustkeptpulling[onthestring,whichhadpreviouslybeensettogivethemmeatwhenthey 8  pulled].Butthedogs,whattheydidwasbasicallylookattheowners.Ifyouobservethisasa t  human,youwoulddescribeitasanaskingforhelpgesture. L  AYJ) xdE#xA $ Alsonotethework,HardwiredtoConnect:TheNewScientificCaseforAuthoritative  Communities,bytheCommissiononChildrenatRisk.Canbeorderedvia  _http://www.americanvalues.org/html/hardwired.html._