ÿWPCWJ /›UìT9Ö‹m•¥½5ƒñ¦½jôH-l@î¬MÌ“í°Jr|É ~,=±¿Òä5œÉœ¯*ý_~ΩG )-*GnR°2Ž'¡¦ã‘ûHêE/õ+*%>¥._—ÍÙGÖÆpà 4&¥¸Ë&/ú„Óg¨šÏ¹Ò¹‰”š pÄ߸4jƒÞ2þk­Ãy TBWTvŠl]ü³w?êj2ùó nÌ*OT…6ÿHÎÆæÑw”ê”aµ´-ó‡·õçëéwuÓ½Ø}Ï et`¶Ócr°ç3µ<±ƒ ´i ¢TQ»ßO9~lGwçæƒ‡rûQŸÁHܽ¦B´ÜœtÚû¾5¡‰ŸÞBsˆCÚK¡qjß¼Ø"þb¨Ü[BûàUr¦’S_k¿%&n;ÿ4"½-ÌD¦ømý(S#@òK^þ”À|Ò¯¦ÐdZR0Fà£Äª$7ïO•MHÀB1|à¾é—@#NCÍ0ÉêÍ$u8¿y“ÑS6H¬þ–† å8oе”˜ ë|!ËÉŒ ¾DK˜”b(5â{bò #Zr¶+¾o =9Å-9Æ\€¢MrdFŠ ÇL¹l9°Ú6»Öuï‹™ M®pGQ<,ÅÐngH´!#ÉÎU N— %å 0:ë 0~% 1u£ 0  0D¸NüNþNNNNNN N N 0Ï<ßa |N…N‡N‰N‹N 0´ 0ÇC 0Û  0ïå 72Ô^~d" 0—â# 0»y$N4% 0N6%Æ„% 0DJ&NŽ'Æ'ÆV(Æ)Æâ)%ƨ*Nn+Np+Nr+Nt+Nv++x+`£0 0c5 0wf5 0ŠÝ5^ g6ws64w6‹6š6 mœ6N³6Nµ6N·6N¹6N»6N½6N¿6ÆÁ6 1s‡7 72ú7 72,8 72^8 1Õ8 72e9—9 72±9¥ã9õˆ> 72}@ܯ@ 1_‹B 72êB 72CENC 72PC 72‚C B´C 72ÑC 72DDDDDDDD 725D¥gD 72 E 72>E¬pENF6FFFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTF9\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F\F=•G…ÒH˜HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(.(3Ä($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó( …^Òà$ÈÈÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` àòòÔ  ÔÚƒ.Ú3Ú  Ú:Û€.ÛÔ à0xÔóó 2Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is€an€idealization€of€my€experience,€naturally.€€I€struggle€with€many€unreconciledÐ ° ÐGoods,€e.g.,€my€desire€to€play€Baldurððs€Gate€(a€video€game)€instead€of€doing€any€of€the€above. WÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is€not€a€necessary€part€of€role€theory,€however,€and€without€knowing€role€theoryÐ ° Ðvery€well,€I€still€assume€that€many€role€theorists€do€focus€on€peopleððs€degree€of€adherence€to€roleÐ œì Ðexpectations. ÿÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMy€thanks€to€Uwe€Stuecher€for€calling€my€attention€to€the€possible€confusions€with€thisÐ ° Ðterm.€€I€welcome€suggestions€for€better€terms.(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#ài) TÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€bit€of€family€history€or€lore:€€My€father€told€me€that€when€he€worked€late€on€a€problem,Ð ° Ðhe€knew€it€was€time€to€leave€when€he€could€no€longer€remember€his€telephone€number.€€MaybeÐ œì Ðthis€sounds€dreadful,€but€I€donððt€think€it€is,€and€I€donððt€think€he€experienced€it€that€way.€€Rather,Ð ˆØ Ðhe€enjoyed€his€work€so€much€that€as€quitting€time€came€and€went,€all€his€waning€blood€sugar€wasÐ tÄ Ðfocused€on€the€problem€at€hand.€€ð ðForgetting€his€telephone€numberðð€was€simply€his€personalÐ `° Ðmarker€of€when€it€was€time€to€stop€playing.€€My€guess€is€that€anyone€who€has€a€passion€forÐ L œ Ðanything€has€this€same€pattern€of€focus.€€Certainly€I€do. tÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIððm€not€recommending€this€as€a€standard€therapeutic€practice.€€It€is€useful€and€in€the€endÐ ° Ðnecessary,€I€believe,€but€careful€groundwork€has€to€be€laid€to€ensure€that€both€parties€are€clearÐ œì Ðabout€the€purpose€of€such€suggestions.(7V¿$ÆÆÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€óóÔ ò Ôó ó( q^Hê$ÇÇÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚEÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÔ à0dÔó ó(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5WOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header6 !Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLest€this€be€taken€as€merely€a€recital€of€my€own€psychopathology,€I€note€that€the€sameÐ ° Ðtechnique€is€used€in€advertising.€€Hereððs€what€I€find€on€my€Shredded€Wheat€box€(ellipses€as€in€theÐ œì Ðoriginal):Ð ˆØ ÐÌÓ  Óà8  àWhen€you€sit€down€to€a€bowl€of€POST€Shredded€Wheat€itððs€more€than€a€great€wayÐ `° Ðto€start€your€day,€itððs€an€experience.€€Breaking€each€crunchy€biscuitð8ðmaybe€addingÐ L œ Ðsome€fruitð8ðpouring€the€milkð8ðtaking€your€first€delicious€bite.€€Knowing€that€whatÐ 8 ˆ Ðyouððre€doing€is€so€good,€so€right.×Ã5T×× C ×Ð$ tÐ Ð  ÐÓjÓÌNotice€how€this€text€tries€to€evoke€and€bring€to€awareness€as€many€personas€as€possible€that€areÐ ü L  Ðpositively€attached€to€the€product.€€ð ðStarting€your€day€wellðð;€€the€tactile€and€kinesthetic€feel€ofÐ è 8  Ðcrunchiness;€€the€child„like€pleasure€of€playing€with€food€(ð ðbreaking€it€upðð);€€the€love€of€fruitÐ Ô$  Ðand/or€of€the€basic€cereal€&€milk€formula;€€the€taste;€€health;€€morality.€€All€of€this€in€a€mere€fiftyÐ À  Ðwords. VÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFound€on€my€box€of€Shredded€Wheat€in€Feb2001.€€Here€is€another€example:€€If€IððmÐ ° Ðhungry€for€a€sweet€roll,€then€at€least€at€that€moment,€one€of€my€personas€is€focused€on€that€sweetÐ œì  Ðroll€as€if€nothing€else€mattered€in€the€world.€€For€this€persona,€the€sweet€roll€is€all.€€In€thatÐ d Ðpersona,€I€look€at€the€sweet€roll;€€I€smell€it€and€focus€on€the€smell;€€my€stomach€starts€churning€inÐ Pì Ðanticipation;€€my€mouth€starts€watering;€€I€measure€the€distance€to€it;€€I€imagine€the€route€Iððll€takeÐ <Ø Ðto€it,€and€how€Iððll€grasp€it,€and€how€it€will€feel,€and€how€big€a€bite€Iððll€take,€and€how€it€will€tasteÐ ( Ä Ðand€feel€in€my€mouth,€and€so€on.€€Notice€that€there€is€nothing€inhuman€about€this€persona€exceptÐ  ° Ðits€focus.€€This€is€an€actual€life€I€could€lead€(for€a€moment).€€Probably€all€of€us€have€in€factÐ  œ Ðexperienced€that€persona€when€we€were€really€hungry.(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àM²%- Cuú,(WSd"‚3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ¼Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOr€even,€more€specifically,€in€view€of€the€specific€game€plan€decided€on€ahead€of€time.3•Ñ37=CIOW_e®®I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)i)S( G1)0vÝC¡¥©­±¹ÁÇHeadOfSecFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a)KIntroductionS(  ›Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNote€somewhere€in€here€that€actors€are€said€to€lose€themselves€in€their€roles.€€This€has€aÐ ° Ðdouble€meaning:€€first,€their€ability€to€focus€their€whole€being€on€the€role€as€they€play€it,€andÐ œì Ðsecond,€the€risk€they€take€in€bringing€in€this€new€persona€into€their€psyche.€€The€latter€can€causeÐ ˆØ Ðthem€great€stress,€since€the€new€persona€can€bring€yet€another€sense€of€the€Good€to€theÐ tÄ Ðbargaining€table,€so€to€speak.€€And€yet€there€is€really€something€both€courageous€and€noble€in€thisÐ `° Ðenterprise€of€acting:€€courageous,€in€their€willingness€to€put€their€very€personality€structure€at€risk,Ð L œ  Ðand€noble,€in€their€refusal€to€ignore€the€experience€of€another€human.€€But€these€qualities€do€notÐ d Ðpertain€to€actors€who€simply€ð ðplay€themselvesðð€(or€who€have€developed€a€single€stage€personaÐ Pì Ðand€only€play€that€personað!ð€which,€having€been€made€a€part€of€themselves,€is€now€the€same€asÐ <Ø Ðplaying€oneself). ëÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBizarre€sexuality?€€Politically€incorrect€politics?€€Unacceptable€emotions?€€Drugs?€Ð ° ÐChoice€of€friends?€€A€secret€marriage?€€Religious€conversion?€€Preferring€Bach€to€Brahms?€Ð œì ÐKleptomania?€€Bank€robbery?€€All€of€the€above?€€Something€else?€€Ô_ÔHehÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhehÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhehÔ_Ô.i) ÒÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€other€words,€it€can€change,€but€not€like€a€ping„pong€match€in€either€speed€orÐ ° Ðstructure.€€Iððve€changed€my€views€on€abortion€several€times€in€my€life,€but€as€a€result€of€deeperÐ œì Ðconsideration,€not€just€reversing€field,€and€the€changes€took€place€over€a€matter€of€months€orÐ ˆØ Ðyears,€not€days€or€minutes.678sÒ¦37;?CGKOS°°-*+xi)S( i)S(  di)S( S(  ›Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔI€appreciate€Don€Kurtz€for€pointing€out€this€problem.i)S(  ¢Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMy€thanks€to€Don€Kurtz€for€suggesting€this€characterization.AdvertisingAndAuthenticity  /Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAs€always,€good€questions€are€more€important€than€good€answers,€because€the€questionsÐ ° Ðare€harder€to€come€by.€€I€appreciate€Vera€Erickson,€xx,€and€xx€for€pressing€me€on€these€issues. 3Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSee€Ô4‚i˜ÔÝ‚&ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôð ðAdvertising€and€AuthenticityððÔ6iÔÝ‚&ÍO}óóÔÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ70«Ô. {Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€concept€of€ð ðtestimonyðð€is€discussed€in€Gutmann€&€Thompson€(1997:136„137),€usingÐ ° Ðas€an€example€Sen.€Carol€Moseley€Braunððs€speech€on€the€Confederate€flag.€€Gutmann€&Ð œì ÐThompson€cite€hooks€(1990:27),€as€cited€in€Sanders€(1993:27).Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ ý ÑÑ8€û¿XXdìdÈ8ÑSeptember€5,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ° Ðà€xxB(#àÔÿÔò òLEVEL:€€8ó óÔÿÚԈРœì Ðò òÔ‡„Îõ„XXÔ[Chapter€1]Ô#†Xû¿X„„Îõ&#Ôó óÐ ˆØ Ðò òÔ‡°! °XXû¿Ôà0  àà ° àòòPersonas,€IROGs,€and€AuthenticityóóÔ#†Xû¿X°°! Ž#Ôó óÐè8(#(# Ð[URL:€€Authenticity]Ð ¸  ÐÌÓ€ K(vÝ03ÓSECTIONS€(&€perhaps€subsections):Ð  à ÐÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€Problem€of€Pursuing€Multiple€Goods݃7é;?ÝŒÐ| Ì` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€Concept€of€a€Persona݃7é;AÝŒÐh ¸` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é; Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝPersonas€Are€Fully€Human݃7é; 6ÝŒÐT¤ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;ÿÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWhat€Sort€of€Reality€Do€Personas€Have?݃7é;ÿ,ÝŒÐ@ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€Problems€of€Having€a€Multiplicity€of€Goods€and€Personas݃7é;/ÝŒÐ,| ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  Ýà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` àReconciling€Conflicting€Goods€through€IROGs€[Internal€Reconciliations€of€theÐ h  ÐGood]݃7é;FÝŒÐT ¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;| Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝIROGs€Are€Non„rational€and€Contingent݃7é;| © ÝŒÐð@` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é; Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVIIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€Concept€of€Authenticity݃7é; ¬ ÝŒÐÜ,` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚8·¤"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚8·¤y Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚAÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝInternal€authenticity݃8·¤y ¦ ÝŒÐȸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚8·¤"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚8·¤~ Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚBÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝExternal€authenticity݃8·¤~ « ݌д¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;ƒ Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIXÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝCase€Study:€€Why€Be€Authentic?€€The€Good€of€Authenticity݃7é;ƒ ° ݌Рð` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚8·¤ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚8·¤˜Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚAÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝTwo€ways€to€understand€the€question݃8·¤˜Å݌Ќܸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚8·¤ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚8·¤«Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚBÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝšAn€unsatisfactory€answer;€€a€different€questionššÝƒ8·¤«ØÝŒÐxȸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚8·¤ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚8·¤ÍÝà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚCÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝThe€lived€experience€of€authenticity€and€inauthenticity݃8·¤ÍúÝŒÐd´¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà0  àQUESTIONS€&€ANSWERSÐP (#(# ÐÌßA€YV) °°xd±tE°'xAßÐ (x ÐÓÓÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8  àThere€is€as€much€difference€between€us€and€ourselves€as€between€us€and€others.Ð_Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð"ð€Montaigne€(found€at€http:\\www.addall.com)ÐýMÐ Ð  ÐÓ¨ÓÓœÓÌAt€the€intrapersonal€level,€we€are€authenticð!ð€to€ourselves,€at€least,€and€potentially€to€othersð!ð€inÐ Ã! Ðthe€integration€of€all€our€personas,€each€having€its€own€sense€of€the€Good,€each€having€its€allottedÐ ›#ë! Ðplace€and€time,€each€willingly€subordinated€to€the€whole€(or€at€least€acquiescing€in€its€part€in€theÐ s%à # Ðwhole).€€Our€authentic€self€is€that€overall€sense€of€the€Good.Ð K'›"% Ðà  àThis€sense€of€the€Good€is€malleable.€€Oneððs€encounters€with€the€world,€or€even€simpleÐ #)s$' Ðself„reflection,€may€change€elements€or€relations€among€elements,€necessitating€a€restructuring€ofÐ û*K&) Ðthe€overall€organization€of€oneððs€sense€of€the€Good.€€This€kind€of€change€is€necessary;€€in€myÐ Ó,#(+ý Ðexperience,€people€who€donððt€change€spend€increasing€psychic€energy€resisting€change.€€As€BradÐ d ÐÔ_ÔBlanton€(personal€communication)€puts€it,€ð ðA€neurotic€is€someone€for€whom€the€world€òòmustóó€beÐ <Ø Ðother€than€it€is.ðð€€This€adaptive€change€in€oneððs€sense€of€the€Good€maintains€oneððs€authenticity;€€itÐ  ° Ðwould€indeed€be€a€foolish€consistency€to€cling€to€something€not€actually€held€as€Good.€€However,Ð ì ˆ Ðthis€sort€of€change€differs€from€the€change€back€and€forth€between€two€competing€senses€of€theÐ Ä ` ÐGood.€€I€cannot€say€who€I€am€if€I€canððt€tell€from€moment€to€moment€which€view€of€the€Good€willÐ œ8  Ðbe€dominant.€€I€personally€vacillate€between€believing€that€I€donððt€work€as€hard€as€I€should€andÐ t  Ðbelieving€that€Iððm€doing€more€than€any€reasonable€person€should.€€So€if€you€were€to€ask€me€how€IÐ Lè  Ðviewed€myself€as€a€worker,€my€answer€would€depend€on€the€mood€I€was€in,€subject€to€changeÐ $À Ðwithout€notice.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àWithin€this€overall,€authentic€sense€of€the€Good,€it€isnððt€really€meaningful€to€speak€ofÐ Ôp Ðseparate,€individual€personas;€€all€exist€in€relation€to€each€other.€€Each€may€perform€individually,Ð ¬H Ðbut€this€performance€is€still€made€in€recognition€of€the€more€general€sense€of€the€Good.€€AÐ „  Ðbasketball€team€provides€an€analogy.€€Even€though€each€of€the€five€players€on€the€court€actÐ \ø Ðindividually,€they€nevertheless€do€so€in€view€of€their€shared€Good€of€winning€the€game.׃F×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€A€certainÐ 4 Ð Ðpersona€may€even€screw€up,€hampering€oneððs€pursuit€of€the€overall€sense€of€the€Good,€but€byÐ  "¨ Ðitself€this€does€not€call€that€overall€sense€into€question.Ð ä#€  Ðâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ ¼%X" ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÝ‚#¿½ÝÚƒ.ÚIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Problem€of€Pursuing€Multiple€Goods݃#¿½%ÝóóÔ ò úԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝIt€often€occursð!ð€indeed,€it€seems€to€be€the€human€condition€itselfð!ð€that€not€all€Goods€can€beÐ <Ø Ðsatisfied€simultaneously.€€This€is€true€both€interpersonally€and€intrapersonally.€€Interpersonally,€itÐ  ° Ðoften€occurs€that€we€canððt€figure€out€any€way€to€satisfy€both€your€sense€of€the€Good€(or€someÐ ì ˆ Ðaspect€of€it)€and€mine.€€You€say€tomÔ‡ôà òXXû¿Ôð]ðÔ#†Xû¿X òôÃ!#Ôto€and€I€say€tomÔ‡ôà òXXû¿Ôð[ðÔ#†Xû¿X òôÃÕ!#Ôto.€€You€want€stores€closed€on€your€holyÐ Ä ` Ðday,€Sunday,€and€open€on€my€holy€day,€Tuesday;€€I€want€the€reverse.€€Intrapersonally,€it€oftenÐ œ8  Ðoccurs€that€a€person€canððt€figure€out€a€way€to€satisfy€all€her€senses€of€the€Good.€€She€wants€toÐ t  Ðclimb€mountains€and€swim€in€the€ocean;€€she€wants€to€keep€the€Sabbath€and€to€go€shopping.€€AsÐ Lè  Ðfinite,€embodied€humans€we€seem€fated€to€spend€our€lives€making€such€choices.€€Intrapersonally,Ð $À Ðwe€need€resolution,€choice,€focus,€self„construction.€€We€need€to€decide€what€Good(s)€to€pursue,Ð ü˜ Ðgiven€the€limits€of€our€circumstances€and€desires.€€Interpersonally,€we€need€to€coordinate€ourÐ Ôp Ðactions€to€achieve€our€disparate€Goods.€€We€need€to€decide€how€to€behave€in€relation€to€eachÐ ¬H Ðother.Ð „  Ðà  àDiscourse€about€senses€of€the€Good€is€a€wooing,€not€an€abduction.€€One€may€legitimatelyÐ \ø Ðinvite€people€to€share€oneððs€sense€of€the€Good,€explain€oneððs€sense€of€it,€tell€of€oneððs€experienceÐ 4 Ð Ðof€it,€ð ðtestifyðð€to€it,׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€model€it€in€oneððs€life,€even€exhort€or€proselytize€on€behalf€of€it.€€However,Ð  "¨ Ðone€cannot€meaningfully€badger,€force,€demand,€or€command€others€to€accept€it.׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€As€with€moralÐ ä#€  Ðdiscourse,€persuasion€in€this€area€can€come€only€from€ð ðthe€unforced€force€of€the€better€argumentðð,Ð ¼%X" Ðto€use€Habermasððs€famous€characterization.€€We€need€not€specify€here€what€constitutes€ð ðanÐ ”'0!$ Ðargumentðð€in€this€domain,€because€it€really€doesnððt€matter.ò òòòó óóóšÐ d ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿…)ÝÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Concept€of€a€Persona݃#¿…)¿)ÝóóÔ ò ¤)ԌР ° ÐŒó óÝ  ÝIn€general,€people€pursue€many€Goods.€€As€I€write€this,€for€example,€my€consciousness€flashesÐ ì ˆ Ðback€and€forth€among€the€desire€to€write€(and€hence€the€behavior€of€writing€this),€my€awarenessÐ Ä ` Ðof€others€in€this€public€space€(and€hence€my€behavior€of€pulling€the€cuffs€of€my€pants€down€overÐ œ8  Ðmy€socks),€the€desire€to€finish€other€work€I€have€with€me,€and€so€on.€€Taken€together,€theseÐ t  Ðbehaviors€feel€to€me€not€like€the€random€pursuit€of€unreconciled€Goods€but€instead€like€theÐ Lè  Ðpursuit€of€my€overall,€integrated€Good.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€For€purposes€of€exposition,€however,€I€am€going€to€useÐ $À Ðthe€example€of€a€more€elementary€Good,€namely,€my€desire€to€eat€the€sweet€roll€lying€before€me.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àIn€this€example,€all€of€my€attention€and€activity€is€oriented€to€the€single€end€of€eating€theÐ Ôp Ðsweet€roll.€€This€state€of€being€I€will€call€a€ð ðpersonaðð.€€Because€this€term€has€been€used€in€theÐ ¬H Ðacademic€literature€in€other€ways€and€with€other€connotations,€I€need€to€clarify€it€beforeÐ „  Ðproceeding€with€the€exposition.׃h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€First,€a€persona€is€not€a€personality€fragment.€€In€my€usage,Ð \ø Ðð ðpersonaðð€denotes€a€mere€focusing€of€a€complete€person,€not€a€shard€of€a€shattered€whole.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àI€also€distinguish€the€term€from€[xx€Ô_ÔErvingÔ_Ô?]€Goffmanððs€(19xx)€usage.€€To€Goffman,€aÐ  "¨ Ðð ðpersonaðð€is€a€mask€people€present€to€the€world:€€the€public€persona€as€opposed€to€the€real€personÐ ä#€  Ðbehind€it.€€The€emphasis€in€that€usage€is€on€the€òòlackóó€of€authenticity.€€Goffmanððs€ð ðpersonaðð€doesÐ ¼%X" Ðnot€specifically€assume€that€people€are€hiding€their€real€selves,€since€their€public€and€private€facesÐ ”'0!$ Ðmay€be€the€same,€but€it€highlights€the€possibility€that€the€two€differ,€and€it€carries€no€connotationÐ d Ðthat€the€actor€might€be€distressed€over€a€difference.€€As€used€here,€persona€is€not€about€public€vs.Ð <Ø Ðprivate€faces;€not€until€Chapter€2€will€we€take€up€our€relations€with€others.€€In€the€ways€of€relatingÐ  ° Ðperspective,€the€concept€of€persona€highlights€the€possibility€and€concrete€nature€of€conflictsÐ ì ˆ Ðarising€from€oneððs€pursuit€of€different€Goodsð!ð€the€possibility€of€conflict€within€oneself.Ð Ä ` Ðà  àI€also€want€to€distinguish€ð ðpersonaðð€from€ð ðroleðð.€€In€role€theory,€the€concept€of€roleÐ œ8  Ðhighlights€the€different€pressures€and€social€expectations€placed€on€people.€€The€concept€is€closeÐ t  Ðto€ð ðpersonaðð€but€is€more€restrictive.€€Roles€arise€from€social€expectations,€but€personas€arise€fromÐ Lè  Ðoneððs€own€sense€of€the€Good,€which€might€not€be€socially€sanctioned.€€Furthermore,€role€tends€toÐ $À Ðtake€for€granted€(or€at€least€focus€our€attention€on)€peopleððs€agreement€with€social€expectations,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ü˜ Ðwhile€the€concept€of€persona€makes€no€assumption€that€peopleððs€sense€of€the€Good€need€notÐ Ôp Ðinclude€adherence€to€any€given€role.€€[xx€Ouch.€€Iððm€sure€thereððs€an€idea€lurking€in€this€last,€but€IÐ ¬H Ðcanððt€now€recall€it.]Ð „  Ðà  àFinally,€these€other€concepts€have€at€least€a€flavor€of€highlighting€behavior€that€is€not€fullyÐ \ø Ðhuman.€€A€role€is€not€a€real€person.€€Goffmanððs€ð ðpersonaðð€is€only€a€mask,€not€a€real€person.€€In€theÐ 4 Ð Ðways€of€relating€perspective,€however,€personas€are€fully€human.€€It€is€to€this€important€aspect€ofÐ  "¨ Ðthe€concept€that€we€now€turn.Ð ä#€  ÐÌâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ ”'0!$ ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿—:ÝÚƒ.ÚIIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝPersonas€Are€Fully€Human݃#¿—:ï:ÝóóÔ ò Ô:ԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝEven€though€personas€are€focused€on€a€single€Good,€there€is€nothing€inhuman€or€even€less„than„Ð <Ø Ðfully„human€about€them.€€Granted,€there€would€be€something€less„than„fully„human€aboutÐ  ° Ðsomeone€whose€entire€life€was€dedicated€to€the€pursuit€of€eating€sweet€rolls,€never€concernedÐ ì ˆ Ðwith€companionship,€or€eating€vegetables,€or€spiritual€life,€or€sleeping,€etc.€€But€there€is€nothingÐ Ä ` Ðreally€inhuman€about€people€getting€wrapped€up€in€something€to€such€an€extent€that€their€wholeÐ œ8  Ðbeing€is€focused€upon€it.׃!×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð t  Ðà  àLetððs€try€a€thought€experiment.€€Imagine€a€sweet€roll€placed€across€the€room€from€you.€Ð Lè  ÐImagine€as€you€read€this€that€you€get€hungrier€and€hungrier,€so€that€you€begin€to€focus€on€thisÐ $À Ðsweet€roll.€€You€can€smell€its€cinnamon€and€its€warm€bread.€€You€can€see€its€details:€€the€folds€ofÐ ü˜ Ðthe€dough,€the€sheen€of€butter,€the€bright€reflections€off€the€glaze,€the€chunks€of€pecans€on€it.€€(OrÐ Ôp Ðare€they€walnuts?ð!ð€look€closely!)€€You€imagine€getting€it:€€the€quickest€way€to€get€out€of€yourÐ ¬H Ðchair€and€stride€over€to€it,€the€danger€that€others€will€appear€to€take€it€(and€how€to€elbow€themÐ „  Ðaside);€€where€to€eat€it€undisturbed.€€You€imagine€how€it€will€feel€in€your€hand:€€the€softness€ofÐ \ø Ðthe€roll,€the€stickiness€of€the€sugar,€the€slight€greasiness€of€the€butter,€the€crackle€as€the€glazeÐ 4 Ð Ðâ âfractures.€€You€ready€your€body:€€your€muscles€tense€and€your€body€shifts,€your€mouth€starts€toÐ  "¨ Ðproduce€saliva,€your€stomach€starts€to€produce€gastric€juices,€your€intestines€start€to€growl.׃4×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ForÐ d Ðâ âthe€moment€in€which€your€attention€is€thus€fixed€on€the€sweet€rollð!ð€for€the€moment€in€which€theÐ <Ø Ðone€persona€has€full€playð!ð€you€are€still€fully€human...€just€a€very,€very€hungry€human.Ð  ° Ðà  àThis€idea€can€be€a€little€frightening,€bringing€insanity€to€mind.€€We€fear€and€reject€theÐ ì ˆ Ðcompulsions€and€fixations€of€serial€killers,€drug€addicts,€child€molesters,€and€so€on.€€Even€whenÐ Ä ` Ðsuch€compulsions€and€fixations€do€not€threaten€others,€we€still€reject€this€image€of€humanness.€Ð œ8  ÐBut€notice€that€the€inhumanness€comes€from€not€from€the€Good€involved€or€our€involvement€withÐ t  Ðit;€€rather,€it€comes€from€a€sense€that€there€is€something€strange€about€someone€living€their€life€soÐ Lè  Ðtotally€focused€on€something.€€And€then€recall€that€the€ways€of€relating€perspective€does€notÐ $À Ðadvocate€living€oneððs€entire€life€as€this€one€persona;€€rather,€the€persona€is€just€something€thatÐ ü˜ Ðflashes€by€as€one€of€many.׃Ox×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ôp ЇÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿(HÝÚƒ.ÚIVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  Ý€What€Sort€of€Reality€Do€Personas€Have?݃#¿(HbHÝóóÔ ò GHԌР<Ø ÐŒó óÝ  ÝIn€what€sense,€if€any,€are€personas€real?€€My€only€claim€here€is€that€they€are€a€useful€metaphor€forÐ  ° Ðhow€I€behave€and€see€others€behaving.€€Perhaps€neurophysiology€will€some€day€show€the€organicÐ ì ˆ Ðbasis€of€this€metaphorð!ð€or€disprove€it€altogether,€perhaps.€€But€recall€that€the€purpose€of€thisÐ Ä ` Ðwork€is€only€to€provide€an€account€of€our€experience€of€authenticity,€morality,€and€social€justice;€Ð œ8  Ðthat€account€can€only€be€tested€on€the€basis€of€whether€it€makes€sense€to€oneself.€€Obviously€theseÐ t  Ðdo€make€sense€for€me.€€I€see€my€personas€speaking€in€the€different€figures€in€my€dreams.€€I€seeÐ Lè  Ðthem€in€the€sorts€of€conflicts€I€experience€and€the€alternatives€between€which€Iððm€forced€toÐ $À Ðchoose.€€I€experience€them€when€I€am€taken€over€by€one€of€themð!ð€like€when€I€fly€into€a€rage€atÐ ü˜ Ðsomeone.€€I€experience€them€when€I€am€able€to€reenact€their€weird€behavior€during€a€counselingÐ Ôp Ðsessionð!ð€in€slow€motion,€so€to€speak.Ð ¬H Ðà  àI€am€not€opposed€to€other€understandings€of€the€dynamics€of€self.€€Every€counselor€andÐ „  Ðpersonality€psychologist€has€such€an€understanding.€€All€I€can€do€is€offer€my€own€understanding€inÐ \ø Ðthe€belief€that€it€will€advance€or€maybe€even€displace€those€other€accounts.Ð 4 Ð Ðâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ  "¨ ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿îNÝÚƒ.ÚVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Problems€of€Having€a€Multiplicity€of€Goods€and€Personas݃#¿îNFOÝóóÔ ò +OԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝXx€[The€point€of€this€section€is€simply€to€point€out€that€it€is€inevitable€and€ordinary€that€wantingÐ <Ø Ðmany€things€creates€problem.]Ð  ° Ð[Note€in€passing€that€this€is€a€more€complex€problem€than€the€economistððs€paradigmatic€problemÐ ì ˆ Ðof€the€interrelationship€among€limited€inputs,€limited€outputs,€and€unlimited€wants.€€In€the€ways€ofÐ Ä ` Ðrelating€perspective,€Goods€are€not€seen€as€of€infinite€extent,€and€are€not€reduced€to€purelyÐ œ8  Ðconsumption€goods,€and€are€limited€by€the€arbitrary,€variable,€contingent€complexities€of€humanÐ t  Ðlife€and€desires.]Ð Lè  Ð[Repression€is€not€really€an€option,€or€at€least€I€view€it€as€not€a€healthy€one.€€Maybe€this€is€where€IÐ $À Ðshould€go€into€the€issue€about€how€empathy€(in€the€intrapersonal€sense)€is€automatic?€€And€doesÐ ü˜ Ðthis€tie€into€the€issue€of€the€important€thing€being€where€one€focuses€oneððs€attention?]Ð Ôp Ð[But€recall,€as€I€said€earlier€(in€ð ðThe€Sense€of€the€Goodðð,€last€ðð)€that€this€conflict€doesnððt€makeÐ ¬H Ðone€Good€Ô_ÔgoodÔ_Ô€and€the€other€bad.€€The€issue€isnððt€that€the€two€Goods€are€in€conflict€but€just€thatÐ „  Ðwe€canððt€figure€out€a€way€to€reconcile€them.€€No€moral€judgment€yet;€€no€others€considered€here.]Ð \ø ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ÅUÝÚƒ.ÚVIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝReconciling€Conflicting€Goods€through€IROGs€[Internal€Reconciliations€of€the€Good]݃#¿ÅUÿUÝóóÔ ò äUԌР "¨ ÐŒó óÝ  Ý[THIS€NEEDS€ELABORATION.]Ð ä#€  Ð[Nevertheless,€must€resolve€in€the€here€and€now.€€Embodiedness;€€thrownness;€€contingency.€€OrÐ ¼%X" Ðmaybe€Iððve€already€said€thisð!ð€or€òòneed€toóó€say€thisð!ð€in€Section€IV.]Ð ”'0!$ Ð[IROGs€then€become€Goodsð!ð€but€higher„order€Goodsð!ð€in€themselves.]Ð l)#& Ðà  àThe€usual€means€of€resolution€is€to€create€a€hierarchical€system:€€choice€òòamongóó€goals;€Ð D+à$( Ðsubordination€of€one€goal€to€another:€€tolerance€of€uncertainty€of€choice.€€Result:€€a€higher„orderÐ -¸&* Ðsystem€that€is€quasi„stable.׃R×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Even€if€at€one€moment€Iððm€preoccupied€with€one€Good,€that€isnððt€allÐ d Ðof€who€I€am.Ð <Ø Ð[Somewhere€in€here€note€the€usefulness€of€talking€to€oneselfð!ð€putting€one€personaððs€out€thereÐ  ° Ðwhere€other€personas€can€take€a€look€at€it.€€The€same€with€writing€oneððs€thoughts€down.€€òòTheÐ ì ˆ Ðwritten€is€a€way€to€overcome€dissociation.óó]Ð Ä ` ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿y[ÝÚƒ.ÚVIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝIROGs€are€Non„rational€and€Contingent݃#¿y[³[ÝóóÔ ò ˜[ԌРt  ÐŒó óÝ  ÝxxÐ Lè  ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÝ‚#¿—\ÝÚƒ.ÚVIIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Concept€of€Authenticity݃#¿—\á\ÝóóÔ ò ¶\ԌРü˜ ÐŒó óÝ  ÝThe€reconciliation€among€personas€enables€one€to€be€authentic€within€oneself€and€sincere€/Ð Ôp Ðtruthful€to€others.€€Authenticity€within€oneself€means€a€recognition€of,€acceptance€of,€andÐ ¬H Ðreconciliation€among€all€oneððs€personas,€so€that€actions€one€takes€are€actions€of€an€undivided,Ð „  Ðcoherent׃g@×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€self,€not€temporary€victories€of€different€warring€personas.€€I€distinguish€this€from€whatÐ \ø ÐHabermas€terms€ð ðtruthfulnessðð€[òòWahrhaftigkeitóó],€because€authenticity€is€a€necessary€but€notÐ 4 Ð Ðsufficient€condition€for€truthfulness.€€To€tell€the€truth€about€oneððs€knowledge,€understandings,Ð  "¨ Ðbeliefs,€sense€of€the€Good,€intentions,€etc.ð!ð€in€short,€to€faithfully€report€oneððs€internalÐ ä#€  Ðexperienceð!ð€requires€that€one€know€them€in€the€first€place.€€If€I€have€no€self€but€only€warringÐ ¼%X" Ðpersonas,€then€each€of€those€personas€will€have€its€own€tale€to€tell€and€can€make€promises€onlyÐ d Ðfor€itself.€€To€be€truthful€requires€one€knows€the€truth€of€oneself.€€However,€truthfulness€alsoÐ <Ø Ðrequires€that€the€authentic€self€choose€to€reveal€itself€to€the€other.€€To€use€Habermasððs€terms,Ð  ° Ðeven€in€my€authenticity€I€might€choose€strategic€action€over€communicative€action.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àLet€me€note€that€use€of€THE€TERM€ð ðauthenticityðð€implies€the€existence€of€someÐ Ä ` Ðknowable,€absolute€ð ðAUTHENTIC€selfðð,€reached€at€the€end€of€the€process€of€reconciliationÐ œ8  Ðamong€personas.€€The€term€thus€subordinates€the€process€of€òòcoming€to€coherenceóó€to€the€end€stateÐ t  Ðsought,€while€in€fact€the€only€thing€we€can€know€is€the€FORMER.€€While€a€moment€of€apparentÐ Lè  Ðstability€may€occur€in€the€midst€of€that€process,€it€may€be€only€a€way„station€on€a€longer€trip.€€WeÐ $À Ðcan€never€know€whether€we€have€reached€the€end.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àMy€use€of€the€term€ð ðauthenticityðð€may€lead€you€to€believe€that€I€am€proposing€a€ð ðfascismÐ Ôp Ðof€reconciliationðð,€that€is,€the€dominance€of€the€way„station€and€the€subordination€of€theÐ ¬H Ðprocess.׃d×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Every€sense€of€self€is€contingent.€€We€have€no€alternative€but€to€live€our€lives€as€if€itÐ „  Ðwere€an€absolute€truth,€but€the€potential€always€exists€that€conflicts€will€arise€that€require€a€new,Ð \ø Ðmore€stable€sense€of€self.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  à[xx€Iððm€not€sure€that€I€need€to€include€any€of€the€rest€of€this€section.€€But€here€is€what€IÐ  "¨ Ðhad€previously:]€€For€me€to€be€ð ðauthenticðð€means€for€me€to€have€a€clear€Sense€of€€the€Good,€soÐ ä#€  Ðthat€my€pursuit€of€my€various€specific€Goods€fit€together.€€€€Lacking€authenticity,€Iððm€unable€toÐ ¼%X" Ðsay€what€Iððm€doing€at€any€particular€point:€€sometimes€I€act€to€pursue€a€Good,€sometimes€I€actÐ ”'0!$ Ðagainst€itð!ð€and€I€have€no€idea€how€to€reconcile€these€various€behaviors.Ð l)#& Ðà  àAuthenticity€has€two€faces:€€internal€and€external;€€these€are€each€described€below.Ð D+à$( ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê'kÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚAÚ  Ú.Û€. ÛÝ  ÝInternal€authenticity݃$Hê'kNkÝÔ à0kÔŒÐ<Ø` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝInternal€authenticity€means€one€experiences€oneself€as€a€unity.€€Different€Goods€come€and€go;€Ð  ° Ðdifferent€opportunities;€€but€all€handled.€€Not€all€Goods€òòachievedóó,€but€agreement€among€theÐ ì ˆ Ðpersonas€on€how€they€are€to€be€òòpursuedóó.Ð Ä ` Ðà  àThe€opposite€here€is€the€ð ðchildishðð€conflict;€€inability€to€choose€a€path.€€Different€personasÐ œ8  Ðcanððt€agree,€and€get€into€fights;€€who€wins€is€contingent,€accidental,€not€experience€as€under€oneððsÐ t  Ðcontrol,€not€oneððs€choice.€€The€experience€of€cognitive€dissonance.€€Piagetððs€genetic€epistemologyÐ Lè  Ðand€the€drive€for€equilibration.€€Also€repression€of€one€persona€by€an€other€or€others.Ð $À Ðà  àThe€solution€is€the€hierarchy€of€Goods.€€Thatððs€what€was€latent€in€my€earlier€remarks.Ð ü˜ ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêÝoÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚBÚ  Ú.Û€. ÛÝ  ÝExternal€authenticity݃$HêÝopÝÔ à0FpԌЬH` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝAgain,€two€meanings,€depending€on€whether€we€take€strategic€action€into€account.Ð „  Ðà  àOne€meaning€is€ð ðstrategic€external€authenticityðð.€€I€might€be€deceptive€in€communicatingÐ \ø Ðto€you€my€sense€of€the€Good.€€This€gets€into€the€issue€of€interpersonal€morality,€so€Iððll€delay€itÐ 4 Ð Ðuntil€the€next€chapter.€€The€other€meaning€is€what€I€call€ð ðsimple€external€authenticityðð.€€This€is€aÐ  "¨ Ðreflection€of€internal€authenticity.€€You€can€know€who€I€am,€because€I€know€who€I€am.€€A€massÐ ä#€  Ðof€battling€personas€vs.€an€overall€presentation.€€You€may€not€understand€how€I€reconcile€theÐ ¼%X" Ðvarious€parts,€but€I€do,€and€if€I€think€long€enough,€I€can€probably€explain€how.Ð ”'0!$ Ðâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ l)#& ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿1tÝÚƒ.ÚIXÚ  ÚÛ€. Û€Ý  ÝIROGs€are€Non„rational€and€Contingent݃#¿1t‰tÝóóÔ ò ntԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  Ý[xx€I€need€to€note€that€Iððm€not€advocating€the€fascism€of€pseudo„authenticity.€€Problems€remainÐ <Ø Ðaround€the€issue€of€what€happens€when€the€personas€donððt€agree.€€I€will€not€address€that€untilÐ  ° ÐChapter4,€because€the€issue€is€better„understood€as€a€conflict€between€people.€€But€the€solutionÐ ì ˆ Ðapplies€to€personas€as€well.]€€[I€appreciate€Don€Kurtz€for€calling€this€issue€to€my€attention.]Ð Ä ` Ð[xx€From€earlier,€somewhat€confused€notes:€€ð ðSometimes€I€eat€carrots,€sometimes€sweet€rolls;€Ð œ8  Ðand€Iððm€not€compulsive€either€way.€€The€important€thing,€however,€is€that€I€òòacknowledgeóó€them.€Ð t  ÐWe€will€return€to€this€in€xx€essay.ðð]Ð Lè  ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ZxÝÚƒ.ÚXÚ  ÚÛ€. Û€Ý  ÝCase€Study:€€Why€Be€Authentic?€€The€Good€of€Authenticity݃#¿Zx”xÝóóÔ ò yxԌРü˜ ÐŒó óÝ  ÝWhy€be€authentic?€€This€is€a€slippery€question,€one€worth€clarifying.Ð Ôp ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêÌyÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚAÚ  Ú.Û€. ÛÝ  ÝTwo€ways€to€understand€the€question݃$HêÌyóyÝÔ à05zԌЄ ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝTo€begin€with,€even€though€the€question€is€directed€at€you,€asks€an€answer€of€you,€it€does€notÐ \ø Ðmake€clear€who€the€speaker€is€or€what€kind€of€answer€is€sought.€€Is€this€(i)a€question€one€can€askÐ 4 Ð Ðonly€of€oneself,€or€is€it€(ii)a€question€others€can€ask€of€you?€€In€the€first€case,€the€questionÐ  "¨ Ðcontemplates€a€situation€in€which€one€is€choosing€whether€to€pursue€a€path€leading€to€authenticityÐ ä#€  Ðor€to€some€other€good.€€In€the€second€case,€the€question€contemplates€a€situation€in€which€othersÐ ¼%X" Ðwant€you€to€justify€to€them€your€pursuit€of€authenticity.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àThese€two€cases€also€contemplate€two€different€sorts€of€answers.€€In€the€first€case,€theÐ l)#& Ðquestion€asks€you€to€assess€for€yourself€alone€the€merits€of€choosing€authenticity.€€One€simplyÐ D+à$( Ðasks€oneself€whether,€in€oneððs€own€estimation,€authenticity€is€one€of€oneððs€Goods€and€of€what€itsÐ -¸&* ÐGood€consists.€€Is€it€an€absolute€Good,€sufficient€unto€itself?€€Is€it€an€IROG,€deriving€itsÐ d ÐGoodness€from€its€facilitation€of€more€primary€Goods?€€In€the€second€case,€the€question€asks€youÐ <Ø Ðto€provide€a€reason€why€the€questioner(s)€òòshouldóó€be€authentic.€€The€questioner€isnððt€asking€you€toÐ  ° Ðassist€her€in€thinking€out€her€response€to€the€issue€of€authenticity,€i.e.,€helping€her€answer€theÐ ì ˆ Ðquestion€in€its€first€sense,€but€rather€is€asking€you€to€provide€an€interpersonally€valid€argument,Ð Ä ` Ðone€that€will€force€her€(even€if€that€force€is€only€Habermasððs€ð ðunforced€force€of€the€betterÐ œ8  Ðargumentðð)€to€choose€authenticityð!ð€or€at€least€to€feel€morally€would€to€do€so,€whatever€herÐ t  Ðactual€choice€in€the€event.Ð Lè  Ðà  àThe€two€views€of€the€question€we€can€term€the€ð ðintrapersonalðð€and€the€ð ðinterpersonalðð/Ð $À Ðð ðmoralðð,€whether€we€are€considering€who€the€speaker€is€or€what€sort€of€answer€is€contemplated.€Ð ü˜ ÐNow,€there€are€certainly€ways€in€which€oneððs€internal€authenticity€affects€other€people,€e.g.,€inÐ Ôp Ðoneððs€ability€to€make€binding€commitments.€€If€I€have€no€authenticity,€then€any€agreementÐ ¬H Ðbetween€us€I€make€is€really€only€between€you€and€one€of€my€personas€and€thus€may€be€abrogatedÐ „  Ðwhen€any€other€persona€takes€command.€€You€canððt€depend€on€my€word.€€However,€such€issuesÐ \ø Ðof€interpersonal€morality€are€not€raised€until€the€next€chapter,€where€the€question€then€becomesÐ 4 Ð Ðnot€ð ðwhy€be€authentic?ðð€but€rather€ð ðWhy€be€moral?ðð€€In€this€chapter€we€are€dealing€with€theÐ  "¨ Ðintrapersonal€only,€and€we€are€concerned€only€with€the€first€view€of€the€question:€€oneððs€askingÐ ä#€  Ðoneself€in€what€way€authenticity€is€part€of€oneððs€Good.Ð ¼%X" Ðà  àGiven€that€oneððs€Good€is€individual,€there€seems€little€more€to€be€said€here.€€One€couldÐ ”'0!$ Ðsuggest€general€considerations€for€making€personal€decisions,€but€in€the€end€those€are€prettyÐ l)#& Ðbanal:€€ð ðConsider€the€consequences€of€choosing€authenticity€and€the€consequences€of€notÐ D+à$( Ðchoosing€it.ðð€€Duh.€€ð ðAsk€yourself€€how€you€would€feel€if€you€choseð8ððð€etc.ð!ð€things€that€aÐ -¸&* Ðnondirective€therapist€might€ask.€€For€that€matter,€let€the€therapist€be€directive,€presenting€one€theÐ d Ðissue€as€she€sees€it,€as€long€as€it€is€always€recognized€that€here€views€are€simply€to€stimulateÐ <Ø Ðthought,€not€to€impose€her€perspective.׃"×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€the€end,€or€so€is€implicit€in€the€question,€one€figuresÐ  ° Ðout€the€extent€to€which€authenticity€is€part€of€oneððs€Good,€chooses€accordingly,€and€thatððs€that.Ð ì ˆ ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÝ‚$Hê‹Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚBÚ  Ú.Û€. ÛÝ  ÝAn€unsatisfactory€answer;€€a€different€question݃$Hê‹E‹ÝÔ à0‡‹ÔŒÐœ8 ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝI€find€that€answer€unsatisfactory,€and€I€hope€you€do€as€well.€€It€leaves€me€with€a€sense€of€havingÐ t  Ðmissed€something,€as€if€I€were€playing€with€empty€formalities€rather€than€real€people.€€InÐ Lè  Ðparticular,€the€idea€of€ð ðchoosingðð€between€authenticity€and€inauthenticity€seems€false.€€Let€meÐ $À Ðmake€an€analogy€to€Piagetððs€conservation€experimentsð!ð€say,€the€ð ðpouring€waterðð€experiment.€Ð ü˜ ÐCould€one€meaningfully€ask€the€child€to€choose€between€the€recognition€that€the€amounts€ofÐ Ôp Ðwater€are€the€same€and€the€conviction€that€they€are€different?€€To€my€mind,€the€question€answersÐ ¬H Ðitself.€€If€the€choice€is€to€be€meaningful,€then€the€child€must€fully€understand€both€possibilities.€Ð „  ÐBut€once€having€recognized€that€(and€why)€the€water€is€conserved,€she€cannot€then€will€herself€toÐ \ø Ðbe€ignorant€of€it.€€Some€external€force€may€be€able€to€force€her€to€deny€her€knowledge,€asÐ 4 Ð ÐSmedslund€(19xx)€famously€showed,€or€to€dissociate€(one€persona€knowing€the€water€isÐ  "¨ Ðconserved€and€other€personas€failing€to€recognize€it).€€But€such€denials€and€dissociations€areÐ ä#€  Ðnecessarily€a€response€to€externally€applied€forceð!ð€or€at€least€I€canððt€think€of€any€other€reason€forÐ ¼%X" Ðher€to€ignore€what€is€plain€to€her.€€So€if€we€return€to€the€original€issue€of€authenticity,€it€seems€toÐ ”'0!$ Ðme€that€the€question€assumes€an€impossibility:€€that€authenticity€is€something€to€be€chosen.€€AsÐ l)#& Ðwith€the€conservation€experiment,€external€forces€may€force€one€into€inauthenticity€(or€at€least€toÐ d Ðbehave€so),€but€intrapersonally,€at€least,€one€cannot€choose€it.Ð <Ø ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê—“Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚCÚ  Ú.Û€. ÛÝ  ÝThe€lived€experience€of€authenticity€and€inauthenticity݃$Hê—“¾“ÝÔ à0”ÔŒÐì ˆ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝI€consider€the€above€a€satisfactory€formal€resolution€of€the€problem€of€dealing€with€the€question,Ð Ä ` Ðð ðWhy€be€authentic?ðð€€But€I€donððt€want€to€leave€it€there,€because€formalism€risks€distorting€actualÐ œ8  Ðexperience.€€I€will€therefore€end€this€section€and€chapter€by€talking€about€the€lived€experience€ofÐ t  Ðauthenticity€and€inauthenticity.€€This€will€reveal€something€of€why€the€issue€is€so€important€to€me.€Ð Lè  ÐI€want€to€caution€you€against€the€so„called€ð ðgenetic€fallacyððð!ð€believing€that€because€oneÐ $À Ðunderstands€the€origins€of€an€idea,€the€idea€itself€can€be€discounted.€€I€may€have€òòcome€toóó€myÐ ü˜ Ðunderstandings€through€experiences€different€from€yours,€but€that€doesnððt€make€theÐ Ôp Ðunderstandings€wrong.€€Nor€does€it€make€them€right,€of€course.€€As€I€said€in€the€Ô4‚M ¬ÔÝ‚&ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔIntroductionÔ6q˜ÔÝ‚&ÍO…˜straÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7inŒ!³˜Ô€toÐ ¬H Ðthis€work,€I€cannot€force€you€into€agreement.€€All€I€can€do€is€describe€things€so€clearly€that€youÐ „  Ðrecognize€them€within€yourself.€€Perhaps€at€first€blush€you€recognize€them,€but€not€in€anyÐ \ø Ðimmediate€way:€€ð ðWell,€yes,€I€can€see€that€one€might€think€that€way€and€how,€given€yourÐ 4 Ð Ðexperience,€Steve,€you€might€find€it€important€to€believe€that€way.€€But€I€just€donððt€find€it€asÐ  "¨ Ðimportant.€€Even€if€your€analysis€is€true€in€some€sense,€describing€well€something€inside€me,€IÐ ä#€  Ðhave€other€truths€I€also€need€to€consider,€truths€leading€in€directions€contrary€to€your€largerÐ ¼%X" Ðproject.ðð€€All€I€can€assert€is€that€in€the€end,€due€to€the€understandings€presented€here€andÐ ”'0!$ Ðelsewhere€in€this€work,€you€will€come€to€accept€this€perspective€as€the€only€one€making€sense€toÐ l)#& Ðyou.€€And€in€best€dialectical€fashion,€if€you€do€not€arrive€at€this€perspective,€then€discourse€willÐ D+à$( Ðhelp€us€correct€our€perspectives€to€whatever€respective€extent€seems€necessary.€€Until€then,Ð -¸&* Ðhowever,€I€must€claim,€even€recognizing€that€I€have€no€lock€on€the€Truth€and€inviting€discourse,Ð d Ðthat€you€will€in€the€end€agree€with€me.€€As€Habermas€says,€we€are€always€already€in€the€positionÐ <Ø Ðof€making€assertions€absolutely€from€what€is€only€a€contingent€position.Ð  ° Ðà  àO.k.ð!ð€on€to€the€human€experience.€€Just€two€days€ago€from€writing€this€I€received€aÐ ì ˆ Ðdocumentary€film,€ð ðTreading€Waterðð€(Lee&Mikkelson2001),€produced€by€a€former€student€ofÐ Ä ` Ðmineð!ð€Dawn€Mikkelsonð!ð€about€what€it€is€like€to€be€queer€in€Northern€Minnesota.€€One€strikingÐ œ8  Ðpart€of€the€film€was€the€paired€grief€and€joy€expressed€by€several€of€the€people€interviewedð!ð€joyÐ t  Ðfrom€the€liberation€they€are€experiencing€after€coming€out€as€queer,€and€grief€at€the€years€of€beingÐ Lè  Ðcloseted,€of€hiding€their€sexuality,€of€having€to€sneak€around,€of€constant€fear€of€exposure,€ofÐ $À Ðconfusion€and€unhappiness€from€their€denial€of€their€real€selves.€€I€was€particularly€struck€by€theÐ ü˜ Ðportrayal€of€ð ðxxðð,€who€had€turned€from€a€shy,€uncertain€man€to€a€man€emotionally€secure,€self„Ð Ôp Ðpossessed,€articulate,€on€the€marchð!ð€literally€on€the€march€too,€since€the€film€showed€himÐ ¬H Ðorganizing€and€participating€in€a€gay€pride€march.Ð „  Ðà  àAlso€striking€were€peopleððs€descriptions€of€what€the€Main€Club€meant€to€them.€€(TheÐ \ø ÐMain€Club€was€a€gay€&€lesbian€bar€in€Duluth„Superior,€and€a€political€and€social€hub€of€the€gayÐ 4 Ð Ðcommunity€in€the€region.)€€ð ðMeantðð€as€in€the€past€tense,€since€it€had€been€destroyed€seven€yearsÐ  "¨ Ðearlier€by€a€fire€of€undetermined€origin.€€What€the€interviewees€spoke€of,€and€what€brought€tearsÐ ä#€  Ðto€their€eyes,€was€the€sense€of€safety€they€experienced€there.€€Everyone€needs€a€place€of€safety€toÐ ¼%X" Ðtake€off€their€armor€and€scratch;€€the€Main€Club€was€one€such€placeð!ð€for€many€of€them€the€onlyÐ ”'0!$ Ðplace,€it€appears.€€I€got€a€renewed€understanding€from€those€tears€of€what€heavy€armor€they€hadÐ l)#& Ðto€wearð!ð€not€from€their€complaints€about€the€Evils€of€Gay€Oppression€but€simply€from€how€muchÐ D+à$( Ðthat€place€of€safety€meant€to€them,€that€place€where€they€could€be€themselves,€that€place€ofÐ -¸&* Ðauthenticity.Ð d Ðà  àMy€own€experienceð8ð€well,€let€me€situate€what€I€say€before€I€say€it.€€To€begin€with,Ð <Ø Ðwhatever€I€recount€about€my€hard€time€as€a€child€is€a€statement€of€my€experience,€not€an€attack.€Ð  ° ÐNo€one€has€the€parents€or€the€childhood€that€all€children€should€have:€€not€me,€not€you,€not€myÐ ì ˆ Ðex„wives,€not€my€parents,€not€my€daughter,€not€her€daughter.€€And€no€parent€intends€to€be€a€badÐ Ä ` Ðparent;€€we€are€all€doing€the€best€we€can€while€in€the€midst€of€the€conflicts€among€our€personas.€Ð œ8  ÐSo€Iððm€not€whining€about€this;€€I€am€at€peace€with€my€childhood€and€my€family.Ð t  Ðà  àNor€am€I€claiming€a€uniquely€difficult€childhood.€€I€never€went€hungry,€always€had€clothes,Ð Lè  Ðhad€parents€who€loved€me€(within€the€above„noted€limits€imposed€by€their€distresses,€of€course).€Ð $À ÐAll€Iððm€saying,€I€suppose,€is€that€this€òòwasóó€my€experience,€and€as€such€is€the€human€testimony€IÐ ü˜ Ðhave€as€much€right€as€anyone€to€give.€€Some€aspects€are€specific€to€me,€obviously,€but€I€write€inÐ Ôp Ðthe€belief€that€you€will€recognize€the€nature€of€the€underlying€struggle€within€yourself.Ð ¬H Ðà  àFinally,€as€is€argued€by€so€many€contributors€to€Queen€&€Schimelððs€(1997)€òòPoMoSexualsóó,Ð „  Ðincluding€Carol€Queen€(1997)€herself,€and€as€is€conveyed€by€the€very€structure€of€thisÐ \ø Ðkaleidoscopic€book,€sexual€categories€are€meaningless,€at€least€when€they€serve€only€asÐ 4 Ð ÐProcrustean€beds€for€our€understandings€of€each€other,€categories€that€obstruct€our€understandingÐ  "¨ Ðof€each€other€rather€than€facilitate€it.€€So€both€to€maintain€my€own€privacy€and€to€emphasize€thatÐ ä#€  Ðcategorizations€arenððt€the€point€here,€Iððm€not€going€to€discuss€the€specifics€of€how€my€authenticÐ ¼%X" Ðself€coped€(or€didnððt€cope)€with€childhood.Ô_Ô׃P×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€Whatððs€important€to€understand€is€that€in€myÐ ”'0!$ Ðfamilyððs€culture,€certain€things€were€simply€not€acceptedð!ð€and€determinedly€not€spoken€of,€soÐ l)#& Ðthat€I€could€not€even€conceive€of€certain€issues€òòasóó€issues,€i.e.,€as€sites€of€reasonable€contention.€Ð d ÐOurs€was€a€ð ðliberalðð€family,€or€so€the€story€went,€and€in€fact€many€areas€were€open€to€free€debate,Ð <Ø Ðareas€where€childrenððs€opinions€and€choices€had€some€weight.€€But€that€very€openness€contributedÐ  ° Ðin€its€own€way€to€repression,€much€as€Marcuse(1965)€described€it€in€his€essay,€ð ðRepressiveÐ ì ˆ ÐToleranceðð.€€The€openness€in€some€areas€made€it€hard€for€me,€at€least,€and€at€least€as€a€child,€toÐ Ä ` Ðunderstand€that€there€was€repression€going€on.€€After€all,€if€my€parents€werenððt€willing€to€confrontÐ œ8  Ðwho€I€was,€even€though€they€were€Very€Tolerant,€that€must€mean€that€I€was€truly€awful€forÐ t  Ðdoing/€thinking/€being€who€I€was.€€So,€like€the€people€in€ð ðTreading€Waterðð,€I€spent€a€lot€of€myÐ Lè  Ðlife€with€an€important€part€of€me€convinced€I€was€a€bad€person:€€hiding;€€lying;€€being€sneaky€andÐ $À Ðmean;€€and€unable€to€have€real€friends,€since€being€a€friend€means€both€interest€in€the€other€as€s/heÐ ü˜ Ðreally€is€and€willingness€to€be€real€oneself.€€I€spent€much€of€my€life€living€out€ð ðthe€philosophy€ofÐ Ôp Ðthe€subjectðð:€€calculating,€individualistic,€strategic,€alienated€from€others.€€Only€since,€say,€1998ð!ðÐ ¬H Ðto€pick€the€year€of€an€important€event,€albeit€one€with€its€own€historyð!ð€have€I€come€to€recoverÐ „  Ðmyself.€€I€could€not€have€written€this€work€before€now,€because€my€basic€justificationð!ð€that€myÐ \ø Ðreal€task€is€simply€to€present€something€that€òòyouóó€come€to€recognize€and€agree€with,€not€anÐ 4 Ð Ðargument€to€force€you€into€agreementð!ð€would€have€been€inconceivable€to€me,€since€I€believed€IÐ  "¨ Ðhad€no€worth€and€therefore€only€impersonal€logic€made€me€worth€listening€to.€€Thatððs€whyÐ ä#€  Ðauthenticity€means€so€much€to€me,€because€inauthenticity€was€hell.€€Not€logic€alone,€but€mostÐ ¼%X" Ðcentrally€my€lived€experience,€have€led€me€to€this€perspective.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àMy€sense€is€that€my€experience€is€a€common€one,€although€you€will€have€had€a€differentÐ l)#& Ðspecific€experience.€€Metaphorically,€each€of€us€is€queer.€€Many€people€fear€to€be€discoveredð!ðÐ D+à$( Ðoften€with€reason,€given€the€narrowness€of€our€societyððs€toleranceð!ð€and€flee€to€the€security€of€anÐ -¸&* Ðoutward€conformity.€€Many€people€make€their€compromises€so€early€that€they€forget€why€(or€evenÐ d Ðthat)€they€made€them,€so€that€their€hidden€personas€reveal€themselves€only€in€dreams€and€otherÐ <Ø Ðsub/unconscious€behavior.€€Many€people€are€thus€threatened€by€difference€not€because€they€fearÐ  ° Ðthe€difference€òòper€seóó€but€rather€because€they€fear€the€hidden€personas€that€respond€to€it.€€TheseÐ ì ˆ Ðpersonas€were€frightened€into€hiding€by€some€external€repression,€and€it€is€understandable€thatÐ Ä ` Ðwhen€those€personas€are€recalled€to€themselves€by€the€calling€of€the€other,€it€feels€enormouslyÐ œ8  Ðthreatening.€€Thus€the€adage€that€the€most€homophobic€people€are€those€with€the€strongest€(andÐ t  Ðthus€most€repressed)€homosexual€feelings.Ð Lè  Ðà  àÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔWhileÔ_Ô€òòmyóó€experience,€òòmyóó€family,€òòmyóó€fears€and€repressions€are€unique€to€me,€having€them€isÐ $À Ðcommon€to€us€all.€€It€takes€some€bravery€to€face€these€repressions.€€It€can€be€terrifying€to€seeÐ ü˜ Ðissues€as€oneððs€own€conflicts€instead€of€other€peopleððs€Evil.€€But€in€the€end,€both€ways€are€hard.€Ð Ôp ÐOne€can€live€the€terror€of€confronting€oneððs€own€fossilized€fears,€or€one€can€live€the€terror€ofÐ ¬H Ðexisting€in€a€world€filled€not€with€other€humans€but€with€demons.€€Which€is€more€terrifying?€€IððmÐ „  Ðnot€sure€thereððs€any€difference€really;€€one€is€the€mirror€image€of€the€other.€€Which€is€a€moreÐ \ø Ðaccurate€picture€of€the€world?€€Which,€in€the€end,€allows€one€to€live€better?€€I€have€my€answer€toÐ 4 Ð Ðthat,€and€I€am€writing€this€because€I€believe€that€once€all€the€issues€and€their€internal€relationshipsÐ  "¨ Ðare€clear,€it€will€be€yours€as€well.Ð ä#€  ÐÌßA€YV) °°xdE°“'xAßÐ ”'0!$ Ðâ âÐ ²'N!& ÐÔ& 0 Ôâ âò òԇîXXû¿ÔQUESTIONS€&€ANSWERS:׃Š×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†Xû¿XîwÃ#Ôó óÐ d ÐÌQ:€€My€colleague€Vera€L.€Erickson€asks€about€the€possibility€of€authenticity€being€the€memory€ofÐ ” 0 Ða€preexisting€ð ðGod€selfðð.€€The€ways€of€relating€perspective€sees€authenticity€as€the€contingentÐ l  Ðworking€out€of€several€conflicting€personas.€€Upon€reflection,€which€of€these€interpretations€is€toÐ Dà Ðbe€preferred?€€It€is€possibility€that€these€are€merely€two€isomorphic€ways€of€thinking€about€theÐ ¸  Ðsame€thing;€€if€so,€what€exactly€is€the€isomorphism?€€Or€it€might€be€that€the€former€interpretationÐ ô  Ðis€simply€unknowable,€untestable.€€If€so,€is€the€latter€interpretation€any€stronger?€€And€even€if€theÐ Ìh  Ðformer€interpretation€is€weaker€logically,€might€there€not€be€an€advantage€in€thinking€of€things€inÐ ¤@ Ðthat€way?Ð | Ðà  àA:€€xxÔ'0d^ÃÔÐ Tð Ð