ÿWPC¨ â D>Ät}Tʼ bÚÒÄ‹Ö ¤?à¾<{›SýdnòCÛì½Óìýrí:9¬ÊÌ$’è˜ãÒž=“£6Þÿ(+õÜ\I›µì ÓlŸAȵg)?Ã9pˆ<Ç«ä" ØðÑ·ñÝ75TCÚ쵘¦üÇ©a@?¯ê†ŽMåØ'/„~³[£sä—m?]sL#•39ÅŸÑЃ(i+øz1lßo¿ü}ÀíQŸyej˜’A«Y)(JîJ4˜òï~óš4ûëZ@‘õîˆU=ö=0Ÿ×Ò¤‘H¹rXØ_Eø·F›`QÂLa¢dql$|ÔÈæ6e$‡ së4‰cûü ÈV^-ÄnL½âPmÄ:ž~BYë-Ô6{ÛÚŒÿƒOïMÚÏQ9è ³6„ñ·+eš~ ½‚tJ½l÷Š!‚j'ËLÇfrez(À,އ®‘2Cïdjmk;}ƒ ç©5>*Kõe¨cHjÂø³=.QÛŠÚάøjSìÊhuŒ]a•›|^Xн®<Àr«Æ ž7Ѩʌ1¼7é\ÈNV¡ÄÇÜ“Å5„‰úOWíš²¯½¬âcn Âí†Áˆ?«=¥ÏšRÓzÿJ2˜ÎeIbï #ɶU]N %Í 0:Ó^ w41@ mB 0'DY 0~U0> 1uY 72Î 0Z­Z« 72²²Näääääääääää 0´æ 0Çš 0Ûa 0—< 0"»Ó 0ïŽŽŽŽ 0D}}ÆÁ"‡‡%Æ© 1_o o Î Î Î Î Î 0c^" 0=wÁ" 0Š8# 0 Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â#Â# Bb$b$b$b$b$b$b$b$b$k$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0Uê' 0U?(?( 0U”(”(”( 0Ué( 0U>) 0(“) D+») AQæ) B 7*7* BT* Cq*q*q*q*q*q*q*q*q*q*{‹* ..²1]Ã2l 7ƒŒ:.@&=@)cBöŒCŒCÿ‚DFEÄÇH­‹M8OQRReS·Wr¼Z›.\ŸÉ\fh]âÎ^f°_ÎaaŸäafƒba…b>™bð×c|ÇeChChCh€[jÛoÛ÷ohÒqÒq:v:vEIwIw‚KwuÍyÍy9B{{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|{|ÚŽ~Ž~@h€˜HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,ÔLvP- œ<7-:\3|x*ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(.(3Ä($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóô\  `‹&Times New Roman3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(_e™$ÈÈà0  àòòÔ  ÔÔ à08Ôóó £Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú36Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔE.g.,€in€the€essay€on€animal€rights€in€Chilton€(forthcoming). ¡Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔI€do€condemn€them,€of€course,€but€not€because€they€are€imperfectð!ð€when€is€a€humanÐ ° Ðinstitution€ever€perfect?ð!ð€but€because€we€already€know€many€ways€to€reduce€their€imperfections.€Ð œì ÐBut€of€course€their€very€imperfections€make€it€difficult€to€correct€those€imperfections./) (ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(7V¿$ÆÆÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€óóÔ ò Ôó ó( q^Hê$ÇÇÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚEÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÔ à0dÔó ó(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ ÙƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  d.S. G-oWOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header66789 !"%s+t37;?CGKOS°°-*+x †Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðThousandsðð€understates€my€demand,€of€course:€€I€have€not€included€doctors€to€keep€theÐ ° Ðrepair€people€healthy,€and€so€on,€which€puts€the€number€in€the€tens€or€hundreds€of€millions,€if€oneÐ œì Ðtraces€everything€out.€€But€I€need€not€press€the€point.(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à d aÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú35Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òòòó óóóThese€questions€were€posed€by€various€discussants€at€two€presentations€of€this€paper,Ð ° Ðthe€first€on€June€14,€2002€at€PUCRS€(Pontifcia€Universidade€Catð;ðlica€do€Rio€Grande€do€Sul,Ð œì ÐPorto€Alegre,€Brazil),€and€the€second€on€June€27,€2002€at€the€Centro€de€tica€e€Filosofia€daÐ ˆØ ÐMente,€UFRJ€(Universidade€Federal€do€Rio€de€Janeiro,€Brazil).€€I€appreciate€the€discussants€andÐ tÄ Ðaudience€members€who€pressed€me€on€these€issues,€particularly€Wilson€Mendon a,€Nythamar€deÐ `° ÐOliveira,€Fernando€Rodrigues,€Marcelo€de€Souza,€and€Rodrigo€G.€Nunes.€€Please€let€me€know€if€IÐ L œ Ðhave€misunderstood€the€point€of€your€comment(s)€so€I€can€correct€it€(them).(-2†æ$¨¨Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(-2†æ$§§Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(-2†æ$©©Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(-2†æ$¢¢Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(-2†æ$££Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$””'dxd+·¸¹ºCþÿ<< cÿÿöÿ dûÿO Odÿÿÿÿÿd qÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóEn€portugus:€€ð ðAbra ando€a€Tens o€Dialectical€na€Autenticidade,€na€Moralidade,€e€na€JustciaÐ ° ÐSocialðð€[but€for€the€conferences€at€which€this€work€was€presented€it€was€entitled,€ð ðAutenticidade,Ð œì ÐMoralidade€e€Justi a€Social:€€Enfrentando€a€Violnciaðð]€€I€would€like€to€express€my€deepÐ ˆØ Ðappreciation€for€Profs.€Paulo€Krischke,€Nythamar€de€Oliveira,€Wilson€Mendon a,€and€severalÐ tÄ Ðpanel€discussants,€whose€invitation€and€comments€allowed€me€to€develop€and€refine€this€article.€Ð `° ÐThanks€also€to€Gia€Hamilton€for€her€outstanding€editing€work.€€Finally,€this€work€would€not€haveÐ L œ Ðexisted€if€it€were€not€for€the€many€friends,€including€the€above,€who€had€faith€in€it€and€me. Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóMore€complete€information€can€be€accessed€through€the€essays€available€for€downloading€onÐ ° Ðà  àhttp:/www.d.umn.edu/~schilton/_Ô_ÔWORWWWÔ_Ô/_Ô_ÔWOR.htmlÔ_ÔÐ œì ÐThat€page€lists€all€the€essays€that€(will€eventually)€make€up€my€book,€òòWays€of€Relatingóó,€and€youÐ ˆØ Ðcan€download€the€individual€essays€from€there€in€either€WordPerfect€or€pdf€format.€€Or€at€any€rateÐ tÄ Ðyou€can€download€those€essays€which€have€progressed€enough€for€me€to€post€them,€even€if€theyÐ `° Ðare€incomplete€or€in€draft€form.€€The€work€itself€is€still€in€progress. ¨Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóóð ðconstituted€inðð€=€ð ðconsisting,€ontologically,€ofðð.€€For€a€discussion€of€dialectical€systems,€see€theÐ ° Ðessay,€ð ðThe€Logical€Structure€of€Dialectical€Systemsðð€in€Chilton€(forthcoming).€€(Available€inÐ œì Ðdraft€at€http://www.d..umn.edu/~schilton/_WORWWW/LogicOfDialecticalSystems.htm.) SÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóNote€that€authenticity€is€different€from€(and€prior€to)€sincerity€or€ð!ð€Habermasððs€term€ð!ðÐ ° Ðtruthfulness€(òòwahrhaftlichkeitóó).€€These€latter€terms€refer€to€your€dealings€with€others,€i.e.,€whetherÐ œì Ðthey€can€rely€on€what€you€say.€€Authenticity,€however,€is€whether€òòyouóó€can€rely€on€your€decisions.€Ð ˆØ ÐIn€the€ways€of€relating€perspective,€sincerity€is€seen€not€as€a€unitary€validity€claim€but€rather€as€theÐ tÄ Ðresult€of€two€more€basic€validity€claims:€€authenticity,€so€that€I€myself€am€able€to€stand€behindÐ `° Ðwhat€I€tell€you,€and€truth„telling,€so€that€I€tell€you€what€I€actually€experience€within€myself.€€Or€toÐ L œ Ðput€this€in€the€reverse€sense,€I€can€be€insincere€for€either€of€two€reasons:€€the€most€commonÐ 8 ˆ Ðreason€ð!ð€I€am€choosing€to€lie€to€you,€or€the€less€well€recognized€reason€ð!ð€I€myself€am€incapable€ofÐ $ t Ðmaintaining€a€consistent€point€of€view. bÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOf€course€no€agreement€can€foresee€all€future€situations;€€all€agreements€are€contingent€toÐ ° Ðsome€degree.€€I€am€speaking€of€inauthenticity€in€the€sense€that€promises€are€broken€withoutÐ œì Ðanything€unusual€having€happened.€€If€Goof„off€Steve€delays€finishing€this€paper€in€order€to€playÐ ˆØ Ðvideo€games€until€3a.m.€tonight,€promising€that€I€will€work€extra€hard€tomorrow€to€finish€it,Ð tÄ Ðwhen€tomorrow€comes€I€will€be€too€tired€to€ð ðwork€extra€hardðð€and€so€will€break€my€promise€toÐ `° Ðmyself.€€But€I€break€this€promise€not€because€of€anything€unusual€or€unexpected€but€only€becauseÐ L œ Ðof€a€completely€foreseeable€problem€that€Goof„off€Steve€chose€to€ignore. yÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ €Ð ÔImmediately€after€I€wrote€this€sentence,€Goof„off€Steve€took€a€break€and€picked€up€the€mostÐ ° Ðrecent€issue€of€òòThe€New€Yorkeróó€(May€6,€2002).€€On€page€6€there€was€a€cartoon€of€a€womanÐ œì Ðsaying€to€a€man,€ð ðI€never€had€to€choose€between€a€baby€and€a€careerð"ðIððm€a€surrogate€mother.ðð€Ð ˆØ ÐThis€illustrates€precisely€the€point€I€was€trying€to€make:€€that€the€personas€are€not€inherently€inÐ tÄ Ðconflict€but€rather€are€simply€unable€to€figure€out€a€way€to€satisfy€all€of€their€disparate€desires.€Ð `° ÐSometimes,€as€with€the€cartoon€mother,€we€can€find€unexpected,€Ô €Ð Ôcreative€solutions.€€This€paperÐ L œ Ðprovides€its€own€example:€€since€I€actually€enjoy€writing€it,€both€Goof„off€Steve€and€Slave„driverÐ 8 ˆ ÐSteve€(usually)€agree€on€writing€it.Ð $ t Ðà  àFinding€the€cartoon€like€this,€by€the€way,€is€an€example€of€synchronicityÔ €ï Ô€ð!ð€unexpected€butÐ  ` Ðmeaningful€coincidences.€€They€signal€to€me€that€Iððm€on€the€right€track€of€something.€€Itððs€as€if€theÐ ü L  Ðuniverse€is€giving€me€a€little€wave,€saying,€ð ðThings€are€in€better€shape€than€you€may€immediatelyÐ è 8  Ðperceive.ððCreativeReconciliation Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóI€donððt€want€to€over„emphasize€compromise€as€opposed€to€agreement.€€First,€as€indicated€in€noteÐ ° ÐÕ=ƒÐ.CreativeReconciliation=Õ6Õ  Õ,€creative€solutions€may€be€able€to€reconcile€all€voices.€€Second,€compromise€connotes€aÐ œì Ðgrudgingness,€which€may€be€unwarranted.€€If€all€voices€recognize€that€some€agreement€isÐ ˆØ Ðnecessary,€then€it€loses€that€grudgingness. Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLike€old€family€arguments,€the€same€conflicts€arise€year€after€year,€the€same€things€getÐ ° Ðsaid,€the€same€old€wounds€are€opened,€the€same€emotions€get€felt,€and€so€on. ìÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€song€is€said€to€come€from€South€America,€so€perhaps€readers€of€this€journal€will€beÐ ° Ðbetter€aware€of€it€than€I. õÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIf€it€is€accurate,€it€will€also€help€others€(friends,€therapists)€recognize€and€develop€waysÐ ° Ðto€deal€with€your€discomforts. <Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€recognition€need€not€be€immediate,€of€course.€€Without€going€into€the€complexitiesÐ ° Ðof€the€philosophy€of€science,€I€will€say€only€that€even€true€theories€can€appear€false€by€virtue€ofÐ œì Ðbad€understanding€of€their€empirical€implications,€bad€experimentation,€and/or€bad€interpretationÐ ˆØ c Ðof€the€results.€€The€same€is€true€of€accounts€of€our€internal€processes,€even€though€the€testingÐ d Ðconsists€of€our€self„recognition€of€the€supposed€processes.€€None€of€this€implies€that€theoriesÐ Pì Ðcannot€be€tested,€of€course;€€it€just€implies€that€most€theories€are€incapable€of€instant,€decisiveÐ <Ø Ðproof€or€falsification. ºÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€differentiation€between€ð ðoneððs€ownðð€voices€and€those€of€others€created€someÐ ° Ðconfusion€when€I€presented€this€work,€so€I€want€to€clarify€it€here.€€I€am€not€claiming€that€such€aÐ œì Ðdistinction€can€be€maintained.€€It€might€be,€for€example,€that€my€sense€of€myself,€and€the€differentÐ ˆØ ÐGoods€that€I€pursue,€is€born€in€the€same€moment€as€(or€even€after)€my€sense€of€others€and€theirÐ tÄ ÐGoodsð!ð€that€we€are€entirely€socially€created€animals.€€I€donððt€think€this€is€so,€but€my€argumentÐ `° Ðdoes€not€depend€on€a€separation€of€the€voices.€€I€use€the€concept€of€authenticity€in€this€paper€onlyÐ L œ Ðto€introduce€the€concepts€of€personas,€the€conflict€among€personas,€Goods,€and€so€on.€€When€weÐ 8 ˆ Ðlive€with€other€people,€we€can€have€no€authenticity€distinct€from€morality.€€All€of€the€voicesð!ð€ourÐ $ t Ðown€and€othersððð!ð€speak€simultaneously.€€I€am€indebted€to€Prof.Wilson€Mendon a€and€one€of€hisÐ  ` c Ðstudents€for€pressing€me€on€this. £Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€noted€cynic,€whose€name€I€have€temporarily€forgotten,€said€that€someone€who€heardÐ ° Ðof€a€flood€that€had€killed€thousands€of€people€on€the€other€side€of€the€Earth€would€sleep€well,€butÐ œì Ðwould€toss€and€turn€all€night€if€he€knew€his€little€finger€were€to€be€cut€off€in€the€morning. Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóThe€situation€is€more€complex€than€this,€of€course.€€Others€might€object€to€this€murder€on€theÐ ° Ðgrounds€that€they€will€also€be€affected:€€it€is€not€always€clear€when€someone€(e.g.,€Sergio)€is€trulyÐ œì Ðagreeing,€and€so€it€is€risky€to€oneððs€own€life€to€agree€to€a€society€in€which€murder€is€allowed.€€ButÐ ˆØ Ðthis€is€an€exception€that€proves€the€rule.€€My€point€is€that€agreement€determines€morality,€and€theÐ tÄ Ðabove€objection€is€simply€that€others€who€are€affected€might€not€agree.€€So€indeed,€it€is€agreementÐ `° Ðthat€determines€morality,€not€some€transcendental€injunction€against€such€things€as€murder. Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlbertððs€conclusions€are€why€Habermas€turns€to€justification€through€inescapability.€€SeeÐ ° ÐHabermas€(1983/1990:7,€43„115€[specifically€p.79]). HÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔChilton(1998)€was€originally€presented€at€the€conference,€òòJusti a€como€Eqidade:€Ð ° ÐFundamenta o€e€interlocu es€polmicas€(Kant,€Rawls,€Habermas)óó€[Justice€As€Equality:€Ð œì ÐFoundations€and€Debates€(Kant,€Rawls,€Habermas)],€held€in€Florianð;ðpolis€in€1997.€€I€am€happy€toÐ ˆØ Ðbe€able€to€pursue€these€issues€once€more€in€the€country€where€I€originally€laid€them€out.Ð tÄ Ðà  àI€would€now€treat€the€subject€somewhat€differently,€because€the€theoretical€groundingÐ `° Ðpresented€hereð!ð€particularly€my€clearer€understanding€of€the€discourse€among€personasð!ð€call€forÐ L œ Ðsome€changes.€€However,€those€changes€are€relatively€minor,€and€since€I€donððt€have€the€space€orÐ 8 ˆ Ðtime€here€to€re„structure€and€re„present€the€original€argument,€I€will€let€it€pass.€€The€appropriatelyÐ $ t Ðrevised€version€will€appear€as€an€essay€in€Chilton(forthcoming). ûÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is€particularly€true€for€those€issues€that€are€the€subject€of€ð ðfundamentalistðð€religiousÐ ° Ðbeliefs,€whether€the€foundation€be€the€Koran,€the€Bible,€the€Pope,€or€any€other€authority€seen€asÐ œì Ðsuperior€to€ordinary€human€judgment.€€But€religions€are€not€the€only€source€of€suchÐ ˆØ Ðfundamentalism;€€all€sorts€of€fascisms€advance€similar€claims.Ð tÄ Ðà  àPlease€note€that€I€am€not€arguing€either€that€these€religionsðð€conclusions€are€wrongð!ð€IÐ `° Ðcanððt€know€thatð!ð€or€that€all€religious€(or€political)€views€are€fundamentalist/€absolutist€in€nature. hÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€oppressed€are€also€sometimes€denied€life€itself,€whether€by€hunger,€disease,€officialÐ ° Ðviolence,€or€the€violence€of€their€fellow€oppressed.€€But€of€course€the€denial€of€life€itself€is€theÐ œì Ðultimate€denial€of€meaning. ‘Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú37Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôhttp://www.d.umn.edu/schilton/_WORWWW/PICdP •Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú38Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôhttp://www.d.umn.edu/schilton/_WORWWW/_WOR.html \Ý ƒ±†æ(ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ @ ÑÑ @ ÑÓB.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓ߀»áZJFzlxé p€ €@X@ÿE°°xéxì °˜éßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °(#°(#°±°±â ØÝ ƒ·†æ"ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓB.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÑ @ ÑÓ  ÓÚ  Ú42Ú  ÚÔB  ÔÔC  ÔÐ  Ð \Ý ƒ²†æ'ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ @ ÑÑ @ ÑÓB.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓ߀»ãZJFzlxé p€ €@X@ÿE°°xéxì °˜éßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °(#°(#°±°±â ÄÝ ƒ·†æ"ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓB.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÑ @ ÑÓ  ÓÚ  Ú42Ú  ÚÐ  Ð •Ý ƒ´†æ)ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ @ ÑÑ @ ÑÓB.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓTable_A 4Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔI€am€leaving€out€the€issues€arising€from€dissociation€from€othersðð€voices.€€But€as€I€haveÐ ° Ðindicated€in€the€section,€ð ðTherapeutic€Discourseðð,€such€dissociation€is€not€inevitable. æÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHow€can€I€make€ð ðbasic€fairnessðð€a€prior€moral€condition€when€I€only€allow€moral€normsÐ ° Ðthat€have€been€agreed€upon?€€The€explanation€is€too€long€to€put€here,€but€its€basic€elementsÐ œì Ðappeared€in€Chilton€(1998),€to€be€refined€and€clarified€in€the€essay,€ð ðA€Second€Moment€of€MoralÐ ˆØ ÐReasoningðð,€in€Chilton€(forthcoming). rÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðIf€no€one€speak€the€Word,€even€the€rocks€would€speak€it€forth.ðð€€I€cannot€find€theÐ ° Ðspecific€citation€for€thisð!ð€I€believe€it€comes€from€the€Bible,€but€maybe€elsewhereð!ð€or€maybe€I€justÐ œì Ðdreamed€it.€€But€itððs€the€image€I€want€to€focus€on,€not€the€source.€€There€is€a€power€to€a€trueÐ ˆØ Ðvoice€that€inheres€not€in€the€speaker€alone€but€in€the€hearts€of€all€who€hear€it,€and€even€in€theÐ tÄ Ðresistence€of€those€who€donððt€want€to€hear€it. Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔI€am€following€Hannah€Arendt€here,€who€lumped€all€forms€of€imposed€injustice€togetherÐ ° Ðas€ð ðviolenceðð,€reserving€the€term€ð ðpowerðð€for€the€action€of€a€people€united€in€their€belief€inÐ œì Ðsomething.€€I€will€not€use€ð ðpowerðð€in€her€way,€because€I€believe€it€has€too€much€baggage€to€beÐ ˆØ Ðuseful,€but€the€broad€meaning€of€ð ðviolenceðð€seems€natural€to€me. vÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDuring€the€few€days€I€was€drafting€this€section,€I€was€also€updating€my€address€book,Ð ° Ðpart€of€the€general€restructuring€of€my€surroundings€that€Iððve€been€doing€since€returning€fromÐ œì Ðsabbatical.€€The€only€name€I€erased€was€that€of€ð ðAmbroseðð,€one€whom€I€had€never€particularlyÐ ˆØ Ðliked€and€whom€I€expected€never€to€see€again.€€That€very€night€I€had€a€long,€involved€dream€inÐ tÄ Ðwhich€Ambrose€was€helping€me€in€ways€that€told€me€something€about€his€meaning€to€me.€€Now,Ð `° Ðthereððs€nothing€especially€mysterious€about€this€coincidence;€€people€frequently€dream€aboutÐ L œ Ðevents€from€the€previous€day€or€two.€€Nor€is€there€anything€especially€mysterious€about€it€beingÐ 8 ˆ Ðan€example€I€can€use€here.€€It€is€only€slightly€more€mysterious€that€all€three€elements€cameÐ $ t Ðtogether:€€the€erasure,€the€dream,€and€the€relevance€to€this€paper.€€I€mention€it€to€point€out€thatÐ  ` Ðmy€ð ðkillingðð€of€Ambrose,€far€from€removing€him€from€my€life,€brought€him€into€it.€€Thus€do€theÐ ü L  Ðunexpected,€uncontrollable€consequences€of€our€actionsð!ð€even€their€effect€on€ourselvesð!ðÐ è 8  Ðundercut€our€intentions.Synchronicity ÑÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWithout€claiming€he€would€object€thus,€let€me€reference€Honnethððs€(1995)€work,€òòTheÐ ° ÐStruggle€for€Recognitionóó,€as€distinguishing€personal€violence.€€But€I€prefer€to€read€him€as€usingÐ œì Ðthe€concept€of€ð ðrecognitionðð€to€see€the€continuities€between€physical€violence€and€other€forms€ofÐ ˆØ Ðviolence. ^Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔI€will€continue€my€description€of€the€interaction€in€concrete€terms,€because€the€textÐ ° Ðpresents€a€too„rational,€too„easy€account€of€the€process.€€When€Goof„off€Steve€initially€falls€silentÐ œì Ðand€it€becomes€Slave„driver€Steveððs€turn,€S„d.S.€doesnððt€start€off€with€sweet€reason€but€rather€byÐ ˆØ Ðyelling€at€G„o.S.,€telling€him€he€is€a€lazy,€good„for„nothing€bum.€€(S„d.S.€is€an€extremely€criticalÐ tÄ Ðperson.)€€Similarly,€G„o.S.€responds€by€whining,€throwing€tantrums,€and€so€on.€€It€takes€manyÐ `° Ðexchanges€before€these€two€get€tired€of€their€respective€responses€and€the€failure€of€thoseÐ L œ Ðresponses€to€produce€the€desired€result.€€(The€two€have€been€rehearsing€and€replaying€this€conflictÐ 8 ˆ Ðfor€decades,€of€course.)€€It€is€only€then,€when€both€are€emotionally€exhausted,€that€they€canÐ $ t Ðactually€wake€up€and€pay€attention€to€what€they€really€want...€and€to€each€other. Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is€the€relationship€I€call€ð ðsharing€a€moral€universeðð€(Chilton€forthcoming:Ð ° ÐChapter2/€essay€ð ðA€Summary€Formulation...ðð). xÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔI€have€been€taken€to€task€for€using€the€term€ð ðontologyðð€instead€of€ð ðphenomenologyðð.€Ð ° ÐBut€others,€including€he€who€took€me€to€task,€have€been€unable€to€define€and€distinguish€the€twoÐ œì Ðterms€sufficiently€to€show€that€(or€exactly€how)€either€is€better€than€the€other.€€I€donððt€think€theÐ ˆØ Ðterminology€confuses€the€basic€distinction€I€am€trying€to€make€between€a€description€of€theÐ tÄ Ðprocess€of€moral€cognition€and€an€actual€normative€position. kÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMy€dictionary€suggests€that€the€original€meaning€of€ð ðgoodðð€was€akin€to€ð ðfittingðð,Ð ° Ðð ðsuitableðð,€and€ð ðgatherððð!ð€that€is,€a€sense€of€pragmatic€usefulness,€not€an€externally„imposedÐ œì Ðmoral€injunction. /Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóSome€methods€here:€€projective€tests,€free„association,€dream€analysis,€and€so€on,€all€of€whichÐ ° Ðallow€the€counselor€to€see€the€uninhibited€and€often€unspoken€functioning€of€the€various€personas. Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWhatever€specific€techniques€are€used,€good€therapists€work€with€the€intent€of€facilitatingÐ ° Ðthe€dialogue,€and€try€to€avoid€using€any€specific€theory€of€personality.€€Such€theories€are€useful€inÐ œì Ðsuggesting€possibilities€for€the€counselor€to€explore,€but€they€are€harmful€if€they€are€pursued€toÐ ˆØ Ðthe€point€where€they€put€the€counselor€in€opposition€to€the€client. ÐÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is,€by€the€way,€a€major€argument€for€federalist€political€systems.€€By€splitting€societyÐ ° Ðalong€lines€of€natural€affinity€and€then,€insofar€as€possible,€devolving€power€and€legal€authority€toÐ œì Ðthe€lowest€level,€we€attempt€to€ensure€that€decisions€are€made€by€people€most€familiar€with€theÐ ˆØ Ðsituation. 6Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is€not€to€prohibit€tactical€decisions€to€concentrate€on€some€specific€injustice,€as€longÐ ° Ðas€these€decisions€are€always€made€in€light€of€the€overall€goal€of€eliminating€all€injustices.Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ ý ÑÑ8€ý'XXdìdÈ8ÑÑÇÈÑOctober€16,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÓÓÓ  ÓÔ‡°,m°XXÔò òEmbracing€the€Dialectical€Tension€inÐ ˆØ ÐAuthenticity,€Morality,€and€Social€Justiceòò׃É×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†Xý'Xа,mô#Ôó óóóÐ d´ ÐÌÔ‡LCJXXý'Ôò òStephen€ChiltonÐ . ~ ÐDepartment€of€Political€ScienceÐ â 2 ÐUniversity€of€Minnesota€DuluthÐ –æ  ÐDuluth,€€MN€€55812„2496Ô#†Xý'XJLC#Ôó óÐ Jš  ÐÓèÓÌÌÓ  ÓÔ‡„Ë= „XXý'Ôò òAbstractÔ#†Xý'X „„Ë=+#Ôó óÐ Ú*  ÐÓ  ÓÓ?+ °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °œX?Óà8  àI've€been€working€out€a€new€theoretical€perspective€on€the€nature€of€interpersonalÐ =  Ðmorality€and€social€justice,€one€that€also€describes€the€nature€of€personal€authenticity.€Ð +{  ÐThis€perspective€views€these€values€as€a€dialectic€of€different€voices,€both€internal€andÐ i Ðexternal.€€Since€no€one€can€know€ahead€of€time€who€is€ð ðrightðð€€in€any€given€discourseÐ W Ðamong€these€voices,€morality€(etc.)€is€fundamentally€about€how€we/the€differentÐ õE Ðvoices€treat€each€other€in€coming€to€an€agreement€on€what€to€do;€€morality€(etc.)€isn'tÐ ã3 Ðabout€the€actual€content€of€these€agreements.ÐÑ!Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThis€perspective€relies€on€an€understanding€of€these€voices€as€fundamentallyÐ ¿ Ðcooperative,€even€in€disagreement,€and€presents€reasons€to€believe€this.€€Breaking€thusÐ ­ý Ðwith€the€liberal€tradition,€this€perspective€sees€separation€among€the€voices,€not€theirÐ ›ë Ðcooperation,€as€the€phenomenon€that€needs€to€be€understood€and€dealt€with.€€TheÐ ‰Ù Ðpaper€suggests€ways€to€do€this.ÐwÇÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àIf€€the€barriers€to€cooperation€are€removed,€morality€(etc.)€can€be€reconceivedÐ e µ Ðas€an€acceptance€of€the€dialectical€tension€among€the€voices€instead€of,€as€at€present,Ð S!£ Ðthe€specific€norms€held€to€arise€from€the€dialogue.€€The€paper€concludes€by€showingÐ A"‘ Ðthe€practical€implications€of€this€understanding€for€dealing€with€the€problem€ofÐ /# Ðviolence,€both€official€and€criminal.ÓÖÓÐ #$mÐ Ð ý #ÐØØÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÔ& 8 ÔÔ‡°,m°XXý'Ôò òÓ  ÓEmbracing€the€Dialectical€Tension€inÐ ° ÐAuthenticity,€Morality,€and€Social€JusticeÔ#†Xý'X°°,mô #Ôó óÐ ˆØ ÐÓ ÓÓÓÌIn€recent€years€I€have€been€working€out€a€new€theoretical€perspective€on€the€nature€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðinterpersonal€morality€and€social€justiceð!ð€and,€as€it€turns€out,€personal€authenticity.Ô'8 °è Ô€€I€call€it,€forÐ  ` Ðlack€of€a€better€name,€the€ð ðways€of€relatingðð€perspective:€€in€this€paper€I€often€simply€call€it€ð ðtheÐ è 8  Ðperspectiveðð.€€This€perspective€is€natural;€€its€grounds€are€those€of€ordinary€experienceð!ðÐ À  Ðexperience€recognizable€to€all.€€However,€it€differs€in€significant€ways€from€previous€groundingsÐ ˜è  Ðof€morality,€and€so€even€though€it€does€rest€on€ordinary€experience,€it€isnððt€easy€to€explain.€€ThisÐ pÀ Ðpaper€is€therefore€intended€as€a€basic€description€of€the€overall€logical€structure€of€theÐ H˜ Ðperspective,€illustrated€in€the€final€section€by€a€discussion€of€violence.€€I€regret€this€paperððs€limitedÐ  p Ðnature,€and€I€will€do€my€best€to€answer€questions€afterwards.òòÔ_Ô׃Ê×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú2Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ÔóóÐ øH ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿‡ÝÚƒ.ÚIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAuthenticityÔB  ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý';#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'}#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'¿#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'C#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'…#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'Ç#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý' #ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'j#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'¬#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'î#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'0#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'r#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'´#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'ö#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'8#Ôó óAuthenticityŽÔC  ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'K#ÔÔ‡ÕßõÐXXý'Ô݃#‡ÁÝóóÔ ò ¦ÔŒÐ ¨ø ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ#†Xý'XÐÕßõ¸#ÔThe€perspective€sees€personal€authenticity,€interpersonal€morality,€and€social€justice€as€consistingÐ €Ð Ðof€(ð ðconstituted€inðð)€the€dialectical€relationship€among€multiple€voices.òò׃Ì×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú3Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×óó€€I€can€explain€this€mostÐ X ¨ Ðeasily€by€starting€with€a€description€of€authenticity,€the€simplest€case.€€Authenticity€refers€to€theÐ 0"€ý Ðinternal€unity€of€oneððs€psyche,€so€that€oneððs€decisions€at€one€time€do€not€change€wildly€orÐ d Ðarbitrarily€at€later€times€according€to€the€play€of€stray€impulses.òò׃Í×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú4Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×óó€€I€use€the€term€ð ðauthenticityðð€notÐ <Ø Ðas€a€normative€term€(despite€its€normative€connotation:€€we€ð ðshouldðð€be€authentic)€but€simply€toÐ  ° Ðdescribe€the€internal€organization€of€a€personality.€€To€use€myself€as€an€example:€€life€would€be€aÐ ì ˆ Ðlot€easier€for€me€if€I€didnððt€have€these€internal€conflicts,€but€Iððm€not€òòmorally€obligatedóó€to€becomeÐ Ä ` Ðauthentic.Ô‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÐ œ8  Ðà  àThe€only€question€of€authenticity€is€how€I€deal€with€myself.€€In€my€own€psyche,€forÐ t  Ðexample,€I€have€two€conflicting€voices€telling€me€what€to€do:€€ð ðGoof„off€Steveðð€and€ð ðSlave„driverÐ Lè  ÐSteveðð.€€Goof„off€Steve€loves€to€play€and€believes€that€Slave„driver€Steve€wildly€overstates€howÐ $À Ðmuch€work€is€required.€€Goof„off€Steveððs€basic€assumption€is€that€he€has€already€done€plenty€ofÐ ü˜ Ðwork€and€deserves€to€play.€€He€therefore€dismisses€and€disregards€Slave„driver€Steveððs€concerns.€Ð Ôp ÐSlave„driver€Steve,€on€the€other€hand,€believes€that€there€is€an€overwhelming€amount€of€importantÐ ¬H Ðwork€to€be€done,€and€he€believes€that€Goof„off€Steve€would€do€nothing€but€play.€€Slave„driverÐ „  ÐSteve€therefore€ignores€or€dismisses€Goof„off€Steveððs€concerns.Ð \ø Ðà  àMost€people€have€these€two€voices,€of€course,€but€the€voices€are€not€usually€as€disparateÐ 4 Ð Ðas€they€are€in€me,€and€the€contrast€will€illustrate€an€important€point.€€In€other€people€(or€so€IÐ  "¨ Ðimagine),€these€two€voices€are€fairly€well€reconciled€to€one€another,€i.e.,€the€voices€have€workedÐ ä#€  Ðout€a€mutually€acceptable€arrangement;€€they€òòdecideóó€and€òòagreeóó€(rather€than€fight)€about€whetherÐ d Ðto€work€or€play.€€In€fact,€in€most€cases€their€mutual€understanding€already€tells€them€whether€toÐ <Ø Ðwork€or€play,€so€that€any€decision€has€already€been€made€long€ago.€€With€me,€however,€the€choiceÐ  ° Ðis€almost€always€a€fight,€and€not€just€the€initial€choice€but€at€every€moment€thereafter,€so€that€evenÐ ì ˆ Ðif€one€voice€is€in€the€saddle,€so€to€speak,€the€other€one€is€running€alongside€trying€to€push€the€firstÐ Ä ` Ðone€off.€€So€my€promises€are€always€problematic.€€If,€in€my€Slave„driver€Steve€persona,€I€say€IÐ œ8  Ðwill€do€some€task,€it€might€happen€that€Goof„off€Steve€seizes€control€and€refuses€to€do€it.€€If,€inÐ t  Ðmy€Goof„off€Steve€persona,€I€agree€to€go€to€a€movie€with€you€tomorrow,€by€tomorrow€Slave„Ð Lè  Ðdriver€Steve€may€refuse€to€spend€his€time€in€such€an€unproductive€way.€€In€these€circumstances,Ð $À Ðwho€is€the€ð ðIðð€that€is€promising?€€This€is€what€I€mean€by€my€lack€of€authenticity:€€I€can€neverÐ ü˜ Ðpromise€people€anything€in€good€faith.€€It€isnððt€that€Iððm€lying;€€itððs€just€that€my€various€personasÐ Ôp Ðhavenððt€worked€out€a€reliable€accommodation€with€each€other€so€that€they€can€speak€with€a€singleÐ ¬H Ðvoice.Ô#†Xý'XX Xý'è#Ô׃Î×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð „  Ðà  àI€believe€everyone€has€these€and€many€other€distinct€voices,€each€representing€somethingÐ \ø Ðwe€want€ð!ð€work,€play,€sleep,€health,€food,€whateverð!ð,€or€want€to€beð!ð€a€good€father,€president€ofÐ 4 Ð Ðthe€garden€club,€and€so€on.€€I€call€these€voices€ð ðpersonasðð.€€This€term€reminds€us€that€each€ofÐ  "¨ Ðthese€is€a€òòhumanóó€voice.€€Some€of€them€express€desires€that€we€may€be€uncomfortable€with€or€mayÐ ä#€  Ðchoose€not€to€act€on,€but€each€is€nevertheless€a€real€desire.€€For€example,€if€I€were€hungry€orÐ ¼%X" Ðsleepy€now,€I€wouldnððt€act€on€these€desiresð!ð€but€I€acknowledge€them€as€genuine€voices.€€InÐ d Ðaddition,€there€is€no€inherent€conflict€among€the€voices.€€We€may€not€be€able€to€find€a€way€toÐ <Ø Ðsatisfy€all€these€voices,€but€that€comes€from€the€limits€of€time,€space,€history,€and€ourÐ  ° Ðimagination.òò׃Ï×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú6Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×óóÐ ì ˆ Ðà  àIn€a€healthy€personality,€all€the€personas€have€their€voices€heard,€and€somehow€(Iððm€beingÐ Ä ` Ðdeliberately€vague€about€the€process)€they€reach€an€understanding€among€themselves,€anÐ œ8  Ðagreement,€an€accommodation,€a€compromise,€a€balance,€a€òòmodus€vivendióó.€€This€can€be€changedÐ t  Ðby€further€reflection,€by€the€advent€of€new€voices,€or€by€new€circumstances,€but€it€exists€at€theÐ Lè  Ðinstant.€€To€pursue€my€earlier€example,€Slave„driver€Steve€and€Goof„off€Steve€would€agree€on€theÐ $À Ðappropriate€balance€in€their€life€between€work€and€play,€so€that€I€wouldnððt€experience€the€constantÐ ü˜ Ðargument€between€the€two.òò׃Ѡ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú7Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×óó€€Slave„driver€Steve€would€be€happy€even€while€Iððm€playing,€knowingÐ Ôp Ðthat€I€will€in€fact€take€time€for€doing€the€necessary€work.€€Goof„off€Steve€would€be€content€evenÐ ¬H Ðwhile€Iððm€working,€knowing€that€his€desire€for€play€is€recognized€and€respected,€even€if€it€is€notÐ „  Ðbeing€met€at€this€particular€moment.€€Each€may€regret€that€he€canððt€have€all€his€desires€satisfied€allÐ d Ðthe€time,€but€they€both€recognize€that€the€limitations€donððt€come€from€each€other€but€from€theÐ <Ø Ðcurrent€limits€of€human€invention€and€existence.Ð  ° ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê>0Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚAÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝThe€Nature€and€Consequences€of€Conflict€Among€PersonasÔ‡ÕßõÐXXý'Ô݃$Hê>0e0ÝÔ à0§0ÔŒÐÄ `` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝÔ#†Xý'XÐÕßõ*1#ÔAt€root,€then,€inauthenticity€is€a€matter€of€personas€being€ignored€or€even€silenced€instead€ofÐ œ8  Ðbeing€heard.€€However,€fortunately€or€unfortunately,€there€is€no€such€thing€as€true€silencingð"ð€forÐ t  Ðinstance:Ð Lè  ÐÓ€ /6789 !"%)(+ts3ÓÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;S3Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWe€have€the€phenomenon€of€ð ðFreudian€slipsððð!ð€slips€of€the€tongue€in€which€peopleÐ $À Ðsay€inadvertently€what€they€have€repressed.݃7é;S3€3ÝŒÐü˜` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;¶4Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝPeople€also€sabotage€themselves€by€such€actionsð!ð€or€inactionsð!ð€as€forgettingÐ Ôp Ðappointments,€not€paying€attention,€failing€to€prepare€for€what€they€supposedlyÐ ¬H Ðintend€to€do,€doing€tasks€wrongly,€and€so€on.݃7é;¶4ã4݌Є ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝWhen€such€things€happen€we€say€that€the€person€has€ð ðdissociatedðð,€so€that€one€persona€doesnððtÐ \ø Ðknow€(or€pay€attention€to)€what€the€other€persona€is€doing:€€one€persona€claims€to€be€in€charge,Ð 4 Ð Ðbut€another€persona€takes€over€whenever€the€opportunity€arises.Ô‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÐ  "¨ Ðà  àThere€are€still€other€ways€in€which€ignored€or€silenced€personas€make€themselves€heard:Ð ä#€  ÐÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;U8Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝIn€some€cases€the€silencing€takes€the€form€of€neurosis€or€gives€rise€to€chronicÐ ¼%X" Ðanxiety,€anger,€and/or€depression.€€It€seems€likely€that€these€internal€conflictsÐ ”'0!$ Ðamong€personas€can€exacerbate€(or€even€create)€such€diseases€as€lupus,€ulcers,Ð l)#& Ðhypertension,€irritable€bowel€syndrome,€and€so€on.݃7é;U8‚8ÝŒÐD+à$(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;~:Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'©7#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔAt€the€furthest€extreme€of€dissociation€we€have€the€phenomenon€of€DissociativeÐ -¸&* ÐIdentity€Disorder€(DID),€formerly€termedÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'(;#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'Ô€Multiple€Personality€Disorder€(MPD),€inÐ d Ðwhich€different€personas€take€over€for€substantial€periods€of€time,€frequentlyÐ <Ø Ðwithout€the€conscious€knowledge€of€other€personas.݃7é;~:«:݌Р°` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ& ˆ Ôà  àI€list€these€psychological€phenomena€to€suggest€how€conflicts€among€personas€work€andÐ ì ˆ Ðin€particular€to€suggest€that€conflicts€among€personas€cannot€be€handled€by€silencing€of€oneÐ Ä ` Ðpersona€by€another.Ô'ˆì )=Ô€€The€ignored/€silenced€persona(s)€never€goes€away,€although€it€might€revealÐ œ8  Ðitself€only€in€disguise.€€Furthermore,€the€attempt€to€silence€the€subordinate€persona€affects€theÐ t  Ðdominant€one:€€the€energy€required€for€the€silencing€is€subtracted€from€the€energy€the€dominantÐ Lè  Ðpersona€can€devote€to€its€own€concerns;€€also,€more€subtly,€the€silencing€causes€the€efforts€of€theÐ $À Ðdominant€persona€to€go€awry.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àLet€me€be€specific€about€these€costs.€€In€my€own€experience,€Goof„off€Steve€doesnððt€enjoyÐ Ôp Ðhis€playtime€as€much€as€he€might,€because€a€substantial€part€of€the€energy€that€would€otherwise€beÐ ¬H Ðdevoted€to€playing€has€to€be€diverted€to€silencing€Slave„driver€Steveð"ð€if€I€am€watching€a€movie,Ð „  ÐI€find€it€hard€to€pay€attention€because€my€mind€is€filled€with€persistent€thoughts€of€the€work€IÐ \ø Ðought€to€be€doing.€€In€addition,€my€goals€are€skewed.€€For€example,€I€find€that€my€playtime€isÐ 4 Ð Ðrestricted€to€recreation€close€to€my€house€and€recreation€that€only€takes€a€short€time,€becauseÐ  "¨ ÐSlave„driver€Steve€simply€wonððt€allow€me€to€take€enough€time€to,€say,€spend€an€entire€day€goingÐ ä#€  Ðto€an€amusement€park€100€kilometers€away.€€And€so€at€various€times€in€my€life€I€have€foundÐ ¼%X" Ðmyself€playing€endless€games€of€Minesweeper:€€readily€available,€no€individual€game€taking€a€lotÐ ”'0!$ Ðof€time...€and€yet€not€very€interesting€compared€to€what€I€could€do€if€Slave„driver€Steve€reallyÐ l)#& Ðgave€me€permission€to€take€a€day€off.Ð D+à$( ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÐ -¸&* ÐÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê EÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚBÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝTherapeutic€DiscourseÔB  ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'ôE#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'6F#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'xF#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'ºF#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'üF#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'>G#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'€G#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'ÂG#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'õ;#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'FH#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'ˆH#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'ÊH#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý' I#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'NI#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'I#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'ÒI#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'J#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'VJ#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'˜J#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'ÚJ#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'Ôó óTherapeutic€DiscourseŽÔC  ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'H#ÔÔ‡ÕßõÐXXý'Ô݃$ EFEÝÔ à0ˆEÔŒÐd` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ#†Xý'XÐÕßõ‚K#ÔHow€are€we€to€deal€with€such€psychological€distresses?€€The€standard€way,€which€I€think€lies€atÐ <Ø Ðthe€root€of€almost€all€psychological€treatment,€is€to€help€these€voices€talk€to€one€another€toÐ  ° Ðrelease€whatever€painful€emotion€separates€them,€and€to€work€out€a€true€agreement.€€SomeÐ ì ˆ Ðcounselors€use€massage€or€hypnosis€or€teach€mediation€to€promote€the€relaxation€necessary€forÐ Ä ` Ðthis€internal€discourse.€€Some€may€try€to€hold€up€the€shadow€(repressed)€persona€so€that€the€clientÐ œ8  Ðcan€examine€it;€€some€may€work€with€one€persona€to€find€out€the€source€of€its€rigidityð"ð€i.e.,€theÐ t  Ðreason€the€persona€feels€it€necessary€to€battle€instead€of€talk€and€listen.òò׃ú×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú8Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×óóÔ#†Xý'XXXý'K#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'Ô€€Some€may€offer€aÐ Lè  Ðpotential€reconciliation€for€consideration.€€Some€may€use€the€Gestalt€Therapy€technique€calledÐ $À Ðð ðthe€empty€chairðð.׃ûh×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ü˜ Ðà  àI€can€describe€ð ðempty€chairðð€therapy€by€creating€a€hypothetical€counseling€session€on€myÐ Ôp Ðdistress€around€working€and€playing:€€I€go€to€see€Brad€(Blanton,€my€counselor€twenty€years€ago)Ð ¬H Ðand€complain€about€how€I€canððt€seem€to€work€ð!ð€or€to€play,€for€that€matter.€€Brad€and€I€talk€aboutÐ „  Ðthis,€and€he€discovers€the€existence€of€Goof„off€Steve.€€Brad€does€not€take€sides€in€the€conflictÐ \ø Ðbetween€the€two€Steves;€€instead,€he€invites€me€in€my€(say)€Goof„off€Steve€persona€to€sit€in€aÐ 4 Ð Ðchair,€to€imagine€that€Slave„driver€Steve€is€sitting€in€the€(empty)€chair€facing€me,€and€to€talk€toÐ  "¨ Ðhim.€€So€I€explain€to€Slave„driver€Steve€that€I€am€sick€of€being€unable€to€play,€I€talk€about€all€theÐ ä#€  Ðthings€Iððd€like€to€do,€I€talk€about€feeling€anxious€all€the€time,€and€so€on.€€I€talk€like€this€until€myÐ ¼%X" ÐSlave„driver€Steve€persona€starts€to€get€angry€and€silences€Goof„off€Steveð"ð€I€mean€ð ðsilenceððÐ d Ðliterally,€because€I€find€myself€simply€unable€to€say€more€in€my€Goof„off€Steve€personað"ð€I€seeÐ <Ø ÐSlave„driver€Steve€scowling€at€me,€and€I€feel€increasingly€guilty€and€ashamed€in€front€of€him,€untilÐ  ° Ðfinally€I€canððt€go€on€but€just€sit,€head€down,€silent.€€At€that€precise€point€Brad€tells€me€to€switchÐ ì ˆ Ðchairs,€where€in€my€Slave„driver€Steve€persona€I€can€talk€back€to€Goof„off€Steve,€saying€how€IÐ Ä ` Ðtoo€feel€anxious€at€the€work€not€being€done,€anxious€at€the€last„minute,€panicked€scrambles€toÐ œ8  Ðfinish€projects,€and€so€on׃ñ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€...€until€once€again€I€fall€silent,€switch€chairs€again,€and€continue€likeÐ t  Ðthat€back€and€forth€until€the€two€personas€can€finally€hear€and€talk€to€each€other.€€At€that€point,Ð Lè  Ðhaving€a€genuine€understanding€of€each€other,€they€are€able€to€work€out€a€settlement€they€bothÐ $À Ðcan€honorð"ð€though€this€happy€ending€may€not€arrive€for€hours,€weeks,€or€years€of€suchÐ ü˜ Ðdiscourse.Ð Ôp Ðà  àTo€borrow€Habermasððs€(1983/1990)€terms,€the€empty€chair€acts€in€this€dialectic€as€aÐ ¬H Ðð ðstand„inðð€or€ð ðplace„holderðð€for€the€temporarily€enshadowed€persona.€€Counseling,€in€this€view,Ð „  Ðbasically€consists€of€allowing€the€different€personas€to€speak€to€each€other,€each€trusting€that€itsÐ \ø Ðreal€concerns€will€be€heard,€treated€with€respect,€and,€insofar€as€possible,€met.€€This€is€why€it€is€soÐ 4 Ð Ðâ âdifficult€to€counsel€oneself:€€it€is€too€hard€to€keep€oneððs€attention€balanced€among€the€variousÐ  "¨ Ðpersonas,€and€also€too€hard€to€generate€fresh€perspectives€on€oneððs€familiar€internal€conflicts.׃Ò×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Рd Ðâ âThis€is€also€why€overly€directive€counseling€does€not€work:€€as€soon€as€persona€X€comes€toÐ <Ø Ðperceive€the€counselor€as€a€supporter€of€personaY,€the€counselorððs€words€are€ignored€just€asÐ  ° ÐpersonaYððs€are.€€In€the€end,€only€the€client€can€truly€make€an€agreement€with€himself;€€onlyÐ ì ˆ Ðthrough€internal€discourse€can€true€agreements€be€reached.Ð Ä ` ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hêœ^Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚCÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝAuthenticity€as€Ontology€vs.€Prescription݃$Hêœ^Ã^ÝÔ à0_ÔŒÐt ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝThis€conception€of€authenticity€is€an€ontology,€not€a€prescription.׃÷h×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Iððm€not€trying€to€prove€thatÐ Lè  Ðyou€ought€to€be€authentic,€either€for€your€own€sake€or€for€mine.€€Iððm€merely€describing€whatððsÐ $À Ðgoing€on€in€my€head€and,€I€believe,€yours;€€Iððm€giving€an€account€of€moral€cognitive€functioning.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àThis€account€has€meaning€to€you€only€to€the€extent€it€is€an€account€of€òòyouróó€functioning.€€IfÐ Ôp Ðit€is€accurate,€it€helps€you€to€recognize€the€origins€of€some€of€your€discomforts€and€to€developÐ ¬H Ðways€of€dealing€with€them,׃ÕË×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€and€proof€of€its€accuracy€consists,€in€the€end,€in€your€recognition€ofÐ „  Ðyour€own€functioning.׃Öj ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð \ø ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ÔcÝÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Moral€ProcessÔB  ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'~d#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'Àd#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'e#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'De#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'†e#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'Èe#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý' f#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#† Xý'XX Xý'Lf#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XX Xý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'™O#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'Ðf#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'g#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'Tg#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'–g#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'Øg#ÔÔ‡ Xý'XXXý'ÔÔ#†Xý'XX Xý'h#ÔÔ‡Xý'XXXý'Ôó óMoralityŽÔC  ÔÔ#†Xý'XXXý'Žf#ÔÔ‡ÕßõÐXXý'Ô݃#ÔcdÝóóÔ ò ócԌР<Ø ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ#†Xý'XÐÕßõµh#ÔI€have€discussed€authenticity€at€such€length€because€I€believe€the€debate€among€our€internal€voicesÐ  ° Ðis€a€model€for€the€processes€of€moral€reasoning.Ð ì ˆ ÐÓ  Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àòòWhat€we€term€ð ðmoralityðð€(or€ð ðmoral€reasoningðð)€is€not€a€specific€setÐ Ä ` Ðof€norms€or€even€a€specific€means€of€determining€norms.€€It€is,Ð œ8  Ðrather,€the€ongoing,€automatic€process€of€internal€debate€andÐ t  Ðreconciliation€among€multiple€voices€(ð ðpersonasðð),€both€oneððs€ownÐ Lè  Ðinternal€voices€and€the€introjected€voices€of€others,€plus€theÐ $À Ðcorrection€of€those€introjected€voices€by€the€actual€others€they€areÐ ü˜ Ðmeant€to€represent.óóÐÔp` x` x ÐÓjÓà  àLet€me€expand€on€this€definition.€€(Further€expansion€comes€in€the€later€sections.)Ô#†Xý'XXXý'\h#Ô€€ThereÐ ¬H Ðare€similarities€and€differences€between€morality€and€authenticity.€€Their€similarities€are:Ð „  ÐÓ€ /6789 !"%)(+tss/6789 !"%)ÓÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;nÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€ways€of€relating€perspective€views€both€authenticity€and€moralityÐ \ø Ðontologically,€not€normatively.€€It€sees€them€as€ongoing€processes,€not€particularÐ 4 Ð Ðconclusions€(norms)€or€even€particular€means€of€reaching€those€conclusions.݃7é;nJn݌Р"¨` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;óoÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝIt€does€not€presume€to€say€how€people€ð ðoughtðð€to€behave,€either€within€their€ownÐ ä#€  Ðlives€(authenticity)€or€in€relation€to€others€(morality).݃7é;óo p݌м%X"` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;aqÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝIt€does€not€even€presume€to€say€how€people€ought€to€reason€about€such€matters,Ð ”'0!$ Ðwhether€within€their€own€lives€or€in€relation€to€others.€€It€is€not€a€way€of€definingÐ d Ðð ðrationalityðð,€for€example.€€Quite€to€the€contrary,€the€concept€of€rationality€arisesÐ <Ø Ðout€of€and€is€subordinate€to€these€processes;€€rationality€has€no€autonomousÐ  ° Ðexistence.݃7é;aqŽqÝŒÐì ˆ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;ÓsÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝBoth€authenticity€and€morality€involve€reconciliation€among€multiple€voices,€eachÐ Ä ` Ðvoice€having€its€own€view€of€the€Good.݃7é;Óst݌М8 ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;)uÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€ways€of€relating€perspective€also€does€not€presume€to€say€what€people€shouldÐ t  Ðhave€as€their€Goods.׃ø×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×݃7é;)uVuÝŒÐLè ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;ÀvÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝPeople€engage€in€the€processes€of€morality€and€authenticity€because€of€the€GoodsÐ $À Ðinvolved;€€the€motivation€derives€from€the€Goods,€not€vice€versa.݃7é;ÀvívÝŒÐü˜` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;0xÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝBoth€authenticity€and€morality€have€concepts€of€domination,€repression,€falseÐ Ôp Ðconsciousness,€silencing,€compromise,€agreement,€discourse,€and€so€on.݃7é;0x]x݌ЬH` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝMorality€differs€from€authenticity€in€thatÐ „  ÐÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;áyÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€process€of€morality€includes€not€just€the€voices€of€oneððs€own€personas€(as€withÐ \ø Ðauthenticity)€but€also€the€voices€of€introjected€others.׃×T×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€introjection€isÐ 4 Ð Ðautomatic,€a€necessary€part€of€relating.€€Note,€however,€that€the€latter€voices€areÐ d Ðnot€necessarily€true€voices€of€the€other(s)€but€only€oneððs€own€understanding€voicesÐ <Ø Ðof€the€other(s).€€This€is€why€the€definition€of€the€process€of€morality€includes€notÐ  ° Ðonly€the€dialogue€among€oneððs€voices€but€also€the€correction€by€others€of€oneððsÐ ì ˆ Ðown€understandings€of€them.݃7é;áyzÝŒÐÄ `` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝThis€distinction€gives€rise€to€two€additional€ways€in€which€morality€would€seem€to€differ€fromÐ œ8  Ðauthenticity:Ð t  ÐÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;#~Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWe€seem€to€be€separate€from€the€pain€of€others€in€a€way€that€we€cannot€be€fromÐ Lè  Ðthe€pain€experienced€by€our€various€personas.׃Ø|×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Does€this€mean€that€we€donððt€careÐ $À Ðabout€others,€that€we€are€inherently€selfish,€that€others€have€moral€value€to€us€onlyÐ ü˜ Ðto€the€extent€that€we€feel€attached€to€them€or€find€them€useful?€€If€so,€then€theÐ Ôp Ðways€of€relating€perspective€would€seem€to€be€no€more€than€a€mixture€ofÐ ¬H Ðintuitionism€and€selfishness.€€See€ð ðThe€Agreement€Problemðð.݃7é;#~P~݌Є ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é; "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;yÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWhile€one€canððt€truly€silence€oneððs€own€personas,€as€I€discussed€earlier,€might€oneÐ \ø Ðbe€able€to€silence€those€of€others?€€One€can€take€away€their€access€to€public€media,Ð 4 Ð Ðor€trap€them€in€ghettos,€or€terrorize€them€into€silence,€or€shut€them€away€inÐ  "¨ Ðprisons,€orð!ð€the€ultimate€silencingð!ð€kill€them.€€This€goes€to€the€issue€of€moralÐ ä#€  Ðmotivation:€€why€should€I€be€moral€when€I€have€the€option€of€silencing€voices€IÐ ¼%X" Ðdonððt€like?€€See€ð ðThe€Motivation€Problemðð,€below.݃7é;y¦ÝŒÐ”'0!$` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HꇄÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚAÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝThe€Relativism€of€Goods€and€the€ð ðObvious€Evilðð€Problem݃$Hꇄ®„ÝÔ à0ð„ÔŒÐ<Ø` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝOne€common€objection€to€my€refusal€to€judge€anyoneððs€Goods€goes€along€the€following€lines:€Ð  ° Ðð ðWhy€are€you€unwilling€to€make€a€moral€judgment€ahead€of€time€about€(say)€murder?€€If€SusannaÐ ì ˆ Ðwants€to€murder€Sergio,€why€canððt€we€just€rule€out€this€desire€immediately?€€Why€make€so€muchÐ Ä ` Ðof€such€an€obvious€evil?ððÐ œ8  Ðà  àI€have€two€related€answers€to€this.€€First,€even€though€in€this€perspective€we€entertain€theÐ t  Ðpossibility€that€murder€might€be€the€outcome€of€a€moral€process,€we€cannot€actually€decide€it€is€soÐ Lè  Ðunless€all€agreeð"ð€including,€of€course,€Sergio.€€The€immorality€of€murder€derives€from€SergioððsÐ $À Ðunwillingness€to€agree,€not€from€some€transcendental€claim.òò׃Ù×Ý ƒ #ÃÝò…òÚ  Ú18Ú  Úó…óÝ  Ý×  ×óó€€Second,€we€must€be€careful€not€toÐ ü˜ Ðovergeneralize€the€situation.€€The€map€is€not€the€territory;€€ð ðmurderðð€is€just€a€word,€not€a€specific,Ð Ôp Ðconcrete€web€of€action€and€meaning.€€The€term€makes€a€judgment€before€we€know€everythingÐ ¬H Ðabout€the€situation.€€We€canððt€understand€what€issues€are€actually€involved€without€listening€toÐ „  Ðthe€people€actually€involved.€€Perhaps,€having€heard€what€Susanna€has€to€say,€Sergio€will€agree€toÐ \ø Ðbe€killed.€€This€seems€unlikely,€but€we€canððt€know€in€advance€that€it€is€impossible.€€Or€to€turn€theÐ 4 Ð Ðargument€around,€if€it€really€is€impossible€that€Sergio€will€agree,€then€we€have€lost€nothing€byÐ  "¨ Ðallowing€the€morality€of€his€death€to€depend€on€his€consent.Ð ä#€  ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÐ ¼%X" ÐÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$H꼌Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚBÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝThe€Agreement€Problem݃$H꼌÷ŒÝÔ à09ÔŒÐd` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝIf€there€is€no€conflict€of€the€voices,€and€no€corrections€by€others€of€how€they€have€beenÐ <Ø Ðintrojected,€then€the€moral€process€is€finished,€and€we€can€all€act€according€to€our€shared€viewsÐ  ° Ðwithout€any€objection€to€them.€€In€most€circumstances,€however,€we€cannot€reach€agreement,Ð ì ˆ Ðeven€though€a€decision€needs€to€be€made,€and€though€further€discussion€of€the€general€issue€isÐ Ä ` Ðcertainly€possible,€the€decision€must€be€made€now,€since€even€the€failure€or€refusal€to€decide€willÐ œ8  Ðbe€a€decision€in€itself.€€What€happens€to€morality€in€such€cases?Ð t  Ðà  àIn€keeping€with€my€focus€on€the€ontology€of€moral€processes€rather€than€on€theirÐ Lè  Ðnormativity,€I€will€argue€that€this€question€is€meaningless.€€Morality€is€a€process,€not€a€decision.€€IÐ $À Ðcan€explain€the€issue€better€by€making€an€analogy€to€authenticity.€€Who€am€I€really,€authentically,Ð ü˜ Ðif€Slave„driver€Steve€and€Goof„off€Steve€remain€unreconciled€to€each€other?€€What€do€I€do€if,€asÐ Ôp Ðis€usually€the€case,€they€donððt€agree€on€what€should€be€done?€€It€should€be€apparent€that€there€areÐ ¬H Ðno€fixed€answers€to€these€questions;€€there€òòcanððtóó€be€fixed€answers,€at€least€not€in€advance.€€WhoÐ „  Ðam€I€really?ð!ð€I€canððt€yet€say.€€What€do€I€do?ð!ð€It€depends€on€the€outcome€of€the€battle€betweenÐ \ø Ðthe€two€personas€in€that€particular€time€and€in€those€particular€circumstances.€€Having€doneÐ 4 Ð Ðwhatever€I€eventually€do,€have€I€done€the€authentic€thing?ð!ð€I€canððt€know.€€But€regardless€of€thisÐ  "¨ Ðuncertainty,€the€fact€remains€that€I€do€act.€€I€listen€to€the€various€voices,€and€in€the€end€I€act€inÐ ä#€  Ðwhatever€way€seems€best€at€the€moment.€€Thatððs€all€I€can€do.€€Does€this€mean€that€there€is€òònoóóÐ ¼%X" Ðmeaning€to€what€I€do,€that€the€very€concept€of€authenticity€is€meaningless?€€Certainly€not.€€Even€ifÐ ”'0!$ Ðsome€of€my€voices€argue€without€conclusion,€the€rest€of€my€voices€are€still€going€about€their€ownÐ l)#& Ðbusiness,€having€greater€success€(I€hope)€in€making€the€necessary€agreements€with€each€other.€Ð D+à$( ÐMoreover,€even€the€voices€that€donððt€agree€are€still€trying€to€understand€each€other€and€come€toÐ -¸&* Ðagreement.€€Authenticity€isnððt€ð ðout€thereðð,€waiting€for€the€various€voices€to€recognize€it.€Ð d ÐAuthenticity€emerges€out€of€the€conflicting€voices€settling€their€differences.Ð <Ø Ðà  àThe€analogy€to€morality€should€be€obvious.€€Even€if€people€donððt€agree,€that€doesnððt€meanÐ  ° Ðthat€the€process€of€morality€has€ended€or€that€it€has€lost€its€powerð!ð€that€anarchy€reigns,€thatÐ ì ˆ Ðnothing€but€self„interest€is€at€work,€that€no€moral€action€is€possible.€€Morality,€if€we€are€to€talkÐ Ä ` Ðabout€it€as€some€fixed€thing€at€all,€is€only€what€emerges€out€of€agreement;€€it€canððt€be€defined€òòaÐ œ8  Ðpriorióó€or€externally.€€The€process€of€morality€is€meaningful,€even€at€those€times€when€it€fails€toÐ t  Ðengender€agreement.Ð Lè  Ðà  àThe€necessity€for€decision€is,€by€and€large,€an€external,€existential€one.€€Try€as€hard€as€weÐ $À Ðcan€to€avoid€it,€we€find€ourselves€in€situations€where€decisions€must€be€reached€but€where,€as€IÐ ü˜ Ðsaid€above,€even€the€refusal€to€decide€is€a€decision.€€In€such€circumstances,€everyone€uses€theÐ Ôp Ðinformation€available€to€them€to€make€the€best€decision€they€canð!ð€in€other€words,€intuitiveÐ ¬H Ðdecisions.€€But€the€ways€of€relating€perspective€differs€from€intuitionism€in€that€such€intuitiveÐ „  Ðdecisions€are€not€seen€as€moral€but€instead€only€as€stand„ins€for€moral€decisions.€€If€one€mustÐ \ø Ðmake€a€decision€without€agreement,€then€one€listens€to€the€various€personas,€both€oneððs€own€andÐ 4 Ð Ðthose€of€introjected€others,€and...€decides.€€But€the€decision€is€not€morality.Ð  "¨ ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$H꥞Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚCÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝSelfishness€vs.€existential€separation݃$H꥞̞ÝÔ à0ŸÔŒÐ¼%X"` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àIt€is€to€be€expected€that€when€time€is€short€and€issues€are€complex,€people€will€tend€toÐ ”'0!$ Ðheed€the€voices€of€those€they€know€best.€€This€doesnððt€mean€that€they€donððt€care€about€others;€€inÐ l)#& Ðâ âmy€perspective,€it€simply€means€that€people€quite€naturally€pay€the€most€attention€to€that€which€isÐ D+à$( Ðclose€to€them.€€Given€the€time€and€resources€to€find€out€more€about€others,€people€will€do€so,׃è×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€soÐ d Ðâ âthat€their€decisions,€even€if€still€intuitive€in€nature,€will€reflect€this€wider€and€more€accurateÐ <Ø Ðunderstanding.׃ h×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  ° Ðà  àThe€institution€of€the€family€shows€both€the€strengths€and€the€limits€of€this€approach.€Ð ì ˆ ÐDecisions€within€the€family€circle€are€usually€regarded€as€private,€in€the€sense€that€no€one€else€canÐ Ä ` Ðor€should€interfere€with€the€agreements,€compromises,€and€settlements€made€by€the€familyÐ œ8  Ðmembers€themselves.€€No€one€else€understands€the€complex€considerations€out€of€which€theÐ t  Ðfamilyððs€arrangements€have€evolved.€€To€the€extent€that€there€is€a€basic€fairness׃éß×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€within€the€familyÐ Lè  Ðabout€whose€voice€gets€heard,€then€these€arrangements€have€to€be€regarded€as€the€best€that€can€beÐ $À Ðpractically€achieved.€€One€gift€of€the€womenððs€liberation€movement€has€been€our€betterÐ ü˜ Ðunderstanding€of€the€inequality€inherent€in€so€many€familiesðð€arrangements,€notably€the€patriarchalÐ Ôp Ðsystem€in€which€the€husband/father€has€more€power€than€others.€€This€power€derives€from€òòbothóóÐ ¬H Ðthe€action€and€inaction€of€the€State.€€The€State€(and€culture)€acts€to€make€men€more€powerful€byÐ „  Ð(for€instance)€weak€child€support€laws,€police€practices,€prohibiting€women€from€voting,€andÐ \ø Ðmany€other€practices.€€The€State€(and€culture)€does€not€act€to€interfere€when,€say,€a€husband€usesÐ 4 Ð Ðphysical€violence.€€So€even€though€it€makes€sense€to€devolve€power€to€the€family€level€insofar€asÐ d Ðpossible,€there€is€still€a€role€for€external€pressure.Ð <Ø ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HꤩÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚDÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝThe€Motivation€Problem݃$Hꤩ˩ÝÔ à0 ªÔŒÐì ˆ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝThis€perspective€solves€the€so„called€ð ðmotivation€problemðð,€also€known€as€the€ð ðcomplianceÐ Ä ` Ðproblemðð€or€ð ðthe€original€questionðð:€€Why€be€moral?€€The€ways€of€relating€perspective€answersÐ œ8  Ðthis€by€saying,€in€effect,€that€everyone€is€already€being€moral.€€The€process€of€morality€is€alwaysÐ t  Ðgoing€on,€even€if€and€even€while€we€disagree€about€the€action€to€take.€€So€as€with€the€agreementÐ Lè  Ðproblem,€this€perspective€sees€the€motivation€problem€as€meaningless.Ð $À Ðà  àI€do€not€mean€this€as€verbal€trickery.€€For€the€motivation€question€to€be€meaningful,€aÐ ü˜ Ðmorality€must€exist€independent€of€your€actual€agreement,€so€that€you€must€be€somehowÐ Ôp Ðmotivated€to€adhere€to€that€morality.€€However,€such€a€morality€must€be€capable€of€justificationÐ ¬H Ðthrough€arguments€that€rest€on€some€other€premises€than€your€agreement.€€But€as€Albert€(1985)Ð „  Ðhas€argued,€with€the€ð ðMnchhausen€trilemmaðð,€no€such€grounding€is€possible.׃Ú×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€the€end,€anyÐ \ø Ðgrounding€rests€on€peopleððs€agreement€with€it.€€Moral€norms€are€always€and€inevitably€contingentÐ 4 Ð Ðupon€such€agreement.€€If,€therefore,€a€morality€pretends€to€a€validity€without€your€consent,€then€itÐ  "¨ Ðòòipso€factoóó€oppresses€you€to€the€exact€degree€that€it€ignores€you.€€Even€if€you€happen€to€agreeÐ ä#€  Ðwith€the€foreseeable€conclusions€of€that€morality,€a€morality€that€ignores€you€creates€a€form€of€lifeÐ ¼%X" Ðin€which€people€can€be€ignored,€something€that€has€far€greater€implications€than€your€òòpost€hocóóÐ ”'0!$ Ðagreement€with€any€particular€norm.Ð l)#& Ðà  àLet€me€return€to€the€issue€I€raised€earlier:€€the€consequences€for€moral€motivation€whenÐ d Ðone€has€the€option€of€silencing€other€voices€instead€of€dealing€with€them.€€My€argument€so€far€hasÐ <Ø Ðbeen€that€moral€motivation€arises€automatically€from€the€dialogue€among€voices;€€how€does€thatÐ  ° Ðargument€change€when€silencing€is€possible?€€Once€again,€the€limits€of€time€and€your€patienceÐ ì ˆ Ðprevent€me€from€providing€a€very€complete€answer.€€But€the€brief€answer€is€that€such€silencing€isÐ Ä ` Ðboth€uncontrollable€and€unlikely.Ð œ8  Ðà  àBy€ð ðuncontrollableðð€I€mean€that€while€one€can€silence€someoneððs€physical€voice€by€killingÐ t  Ðthem,€such€an€action€has€multiple€repercussions€that€the€killers€cannot€control,€repercussions€thatÐ Lè  Ðare€transmutations€of€the€voice,€repercussions€that€cannot€themselves€be€perceived€and€stoppedÐ $À Ðbefore€they€unexpectedly€emerge.׃ê×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Murder€leaves€a€trace,€like€the€negative€image€of€a€brightly€litÐ ü˜ Ðscene€that€appears€when€you€turn€your€eyes€to€a€darker€area.€€Such€traces€include€the€socialÐ Ôp Ðmeaning€of€the€absence€of€the€murdered€speaker,€the€memories€of€those€s/he€touched,€the€effectÐ ¬H Ðof€the€murder€on€the€survivors,€even€the€effect€on€the€murderers€themselves.€€HolographyÐ „  Ðprovides€a€good€analogy:€€if€we€record€an€image€holographically,€then€in€a€sense€the€image€isÐ \ø Ðequally€everywhere€on€the€holographic€disk€recording€it.€€The€image€itself€cannot€be€seen€directly;€Ð 4 Ð Ðthe€disk€itself€just€reflects€rainbows€back€to€us€if€we€look€at€it.€€But€despite€this,€the€image€can€beÐ  "¨ Ðreconstructed€from€the€disk€by€reversing€the€recording€process.€€In€fact,€even€if€one€smashes€theÐ ä#€  Ðdisk,€one€can€still€reconstruct€the€image€from€any€shard,€albeit€in€slightly€degraded€form.€€AndÐ ¼%X" Ðthatððs€the€point€of€this€analogy€to€recording€the€image€of€a€speakerððs€voice:€€it€is€not€a€single€thingÐ ”'0!$ Ðattached€to€the€speaker€but€is€instead€something€recorded€all€through€society,€even€ifÐ d Ðunrecognizably,€so€that€the€speakerððs€death€does€not€eliminate€the€voice.€€These€traces€and€theirÐ <Ø Ðeffects€cannot€be€controlled.׃î×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  ° Ðà  àWhen€I€say€that€silencing€by€murder€is€ð ðunlikelyðð,€I€mean€to€emphasize€both€the€likelihoodÐ ì ˆ Ðof€survival€òòandóó,€simultaneously,€the€absence€of€any€guarantee.€€We€live€in€a€world€that€is€moreÐ Ä ` Ðinterconnected€than€we€can€immediately€perceive.€We€can€occasionally€observe€it€directly€whenÐ œ8  Ðwe€encounter€synchronicities€(see€noteÕ+ƒïSynchronicity+Õ6Õ  Õ),€but€for€the€most€part€these€interconnections€remainÐ t  Ðhidden.€€We€can€come€to€make€these€interconnections€explicit,€just€as€we€do€in€studying€ecologyð!ðÐ Lè  Ðthe€science€of€understanding€complex€biological€interactions,€but€generally€all€we€have€is€aÐ $À Ðrecognition€of€the€existence€of€unrecognized€interconnections.€€So€though€the€survival€of€a€voiceÐ ü˜ Ðpast€the€death€of€the€speaker€is€not€guaranteed,€it€is€likely,€and€the€surviving€voice€will€resembleÐ Ôp Ðthe€original€approximatelyð"ð€probably€worse,€but€also€maybe€better.€€So€my€argument,€in€theÐ ¬H Ðend,€is€that€voices€cannot€be€reliably€silenced€in€the€ways€that€the€silencers€intend.Ð „  Ðâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ \ø ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿JÁÝÚƒ.ÚIIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝSocial€Justice݃#¿JÁ¢ÁÝóóÔ ò ‡ÁԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝTo€escape€the€solipsism€of€mere€authenticity,€morality€involves€a€dialectical€interchange€betweenÐ <Ø Ðpeople:€€where€I€interpret€you€in€introjecting€a€persona€representing€you,€and€where€you€interpretÐ  ° Ðmy€interpretation€of€you€and€correct€me€as€appropriate.€€If€this€interchange€of€interpretations€isÐ ì ˆ Ðcarried€out€well,€people€are€able€to€coordinate€their€dealings€with€one€another€through€the€sharedÐ Ä ` Ðway€of€relatingð!ð€the€shared€moral€systemð!ð€constructed€thereby.€€These€interpretations€areÐ œ8  Ðdifficult€even€when€people€are€able€to€form€and€correct€them€face„to„face,€and€yet€people€oftenÐ t  Ðneed€ways€of€relating€to€others€they€cannot€meet.€€Whenever€I€call€a€friend€on€the€telephone,€theÐ Lè  Ðtime€and€energy€of€thousands€of€people€are€necessary€to€accomplish€this:€€those€who€lay€andÐ $À Ðrepair€the€telephone€lines€and€switching€circuits,€those€who€manufacture€the€telephones,€lines,€andÐ ü˜ Ðswitching€circuits€in€the€first€place,€and€so€on.׃1×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€I€will€meet€almost€none€of€these€people,€and€yet€IÐ Ôp Ðdepend€on€them,€just€like€they€depend€on€me.€€Given€our€geographical€and€social€separation,€andÐ ¬H Ðgiven€the€limits€of€the€time€and€energy€we€can€devote€to€working€out€ways€of€relating,€how€canÐ „  Ðwe€relate€to€each€another€in€a€way€that€we€can€all€accept?€€This€is€the€problem€of€social€justice.Ð \ø Ðà  àSocial€justice€is€similar€to€morality€in€that€we€are€aware€of€the€existence€of€these€otherÐ 4 Ð Ðpeople,€we€have€introjected€some€personas€for€them,€and€those€personas€speak€to€us.€€TheseÐ  "¨ Ðpersonas€may€be€fairly€rudimentaryð!ð€Benhabibððs€(1986)€ð ðGeneralized€Otherðð€or€those€seekingÐ ä#€  ÐRawlsððs€(1971)€ð ðbasic€goodsððð!ð€but€their€presence€within€us€is€real€nonetheless.€€However,€thisÐ ¼%X" Ðsimilarity€immediately€points€us€to€two€differences:€€the€weak€voices€with€which€these€personasÐ ”'0!$ Ðspeak,€and€the€difficulty€of€correcting€any€misunderstandings.€€First,€if€I€face€a€decision€in€which€IÐ l)#& ÐI€am€unable€to€find€a€norm€to€which€all€my€personas€can€agree,€the€voices€of€those€distant€fromÐ d Ðme€will€tend€to€be€neglected.€€Cognitively,€of€course,€I€can€appreciate€that€I€should€pay€as€muchÐ <Ø Ðattention€to€those€voices€as€to€more€immediate€ones,€or€perhaps€even€more€attention,€given€thatÐ  ° Ðthese€voices€speak€for€so€many€people.€€Emotionally,€however,€these€voices€lack€the€salienceÐ ì ˆ Ðconferred€by€frequent,€face„to„face,€intimate€contact.€€In€a€world€in€which€I€almost€never€findÐ Ä ` Ðnorms€to€which€all€can€agree€and€in€which€I€am€so€often€forced€to€make€decisions€despite€theÐ œ8  Ðcognitive€dissonance€of€that€disagreement,€the€concerns€of€distant€others€quite€naturally€getÐ t  Ðslighted.€€This€is€not€to€justify€it,€of€course,€but€rather€to€point€out€the€difficulty€of€the€problem.Ð Lè  Ðà  àSecond,€my€rudimentary€understanding€of€these€distant€others,€combined€with€theÐ $À Ðdifficulty€of€the€dialectical€interchange€discussed€earlier,€allows€me€to€convince€myself,€withoutÐ ü˜ Ðfear€of€contradiction,€that€these€others€would€or€should€accept€the€norm€I€prefer.€€For€example,€ifÐ Ôp ÐI€see€a€homeless€man€on€the€street,€I€can€reject€his€need€for€housing€on€any€of€a€dozen€grounds:€Ð ¬H Ðhe€is€an€alcoholic,€so€that€my€pity€and€support€would€be€at€best€wasted€and€at€worst€activelyÐ „  Ðharmful€to€him;€€there€are€perfectly€good€shelters€for€homeless€people€to€which€he€can€go;€€hisÐ \ø Ðfailure€needs€to€be€punished€as€part€of€an€overall€system€of€free€market€competition€designed€toÐ 4 Ð Ðbenefit€us€collectively;€€and€so€on.€€All€of€these€grounds€may€be€untenable€or€even€just€plainÐ  "¨ Ðwrong,€but€the€homeless€man€is€unable€to€challenge€them.Ð ä#€  Ðà  àSo€the€problem€of€social€justice€is,€like€that€of€morality,€one€ofòòóó€òòinformationóó€and€òòvoiceóó.€€WeÐ ¼%X" Ðneglect€those€distant€from€us€both€because€we€lack€concrete€information€about€their€needs€andÐ ”'0!$ Ðcircumstances,€particularly€how€our€own€actions€affect€them,€and€because€their€personas€speak€toÐ l)#& Ðus€so€softly.Ð D+à$( Ðà  àHumans€have€developed€large„scale€institutions€for€dealing€with€these€problems.€€The€freeÐ -¸&* Ðmarket€is€set€up€as€both€a€signaling€mechanism,€in€that€prices€indicate€how€difficult€satisfying€aÐ d Ðrequest€is,€and€a€voice€mechanism,€in€that€everyoneððs€consumption€and€production€count€equally.€Ð <Ø ÐDemocratic,€representative€government€is€set€up€both€as€a€signaling€mechanism,€in€thatÐ  ° Ðrepresentatives€can€tell€each€other€face„to„face€about€the€problems€their€constituencies€face,€and€aÐ ì ˆ Ðvoice€mechanism,€in€that€every€representativeððs€(and€every€voterððs)€vote€counts€equally.€€Well,Ð Ä ` Ðthose€are€the€theories,€anyway;€€in€practice,€both€systems€treat€people€unequally,€distorting€theÐ œ8  Ðinformation€they€wish€to€communicate€and€rendering€unequal€the€power€of€their€voices.€€But€myÐ t  Ðpoint€here€is€not€to€condemn€these€distortions€and€inequalities׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€but€rather€to€note€that€socialÐ Lè  Ðjustice€is€just€as€concerned€as€morality€and€authenticity€with€finding€norms€that€all€the€personasÐ $À Ðcan€accept.€€Human€institutions€are€simply€ways€of€relating€to€each€other;€€they€have€no€authorityÐ ü˜ Ðbeyond€that.€€Institutions€are€supported€by€big€buildings€and€quasi„sacred€rituals€and€symbols,Ð Ôp Ðwhich€lend€them€the€authority€of€success,€satisfaction,€power,€and€inevitability.€€These€should€notÐ ¬H Ðobscure€our€recognition€that€in€the€end€these€institutions€are€simply€an€expression€of€how€we€wantÐ „  Ðto€relate€to€distant€others,€and€that€when€they€no€longer€express€that,€no€buildings,€rituals,€orÐ \ø Ðsymbols€can€validate€them.Ð 4 Ð Ðâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ  "¨ ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ÜÝÚƒ.ÚIVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Problem€of€Violence݃#¿ÜuÜÝóóÔ ò ZÜԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝI€want€to€conclude€by€applying€this€perspective€to€the€problem€of€violence€in€society.€€Though€myÐ <Ø Ðown€experience€is€almost€entirely€with€violence€in€the€United€States,€I€hope€that€my€remarks€willÐ  ° Ðbe€relevant€to€Brazil.€€I€believe€that€violence€poses€the€same€challenges,€and€has€the€sameÐ ì ˆ Ðsolutions,€in€both€countries.Ð Ä ` ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêÁÞÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚAÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝBroadening€the€concept€of€violence݃$HêÁÞèÞÝÔ à0*ßÔŒÐt ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àI€propose€that€we€look€at€physical€violence,€whether€ð ðofficial€violenceðð€or€ð ðstreetÐ Lè  Ðviolenceðð,€as€simply€one€form€of€injustice€among€many.€€We€need€to€name€all€forms€of€injustice€asÐ $À Ðviolence.׃ë×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Some€people€object€to€such€language,€claiming€that€violence€is€a€uniquely€intimateÐ ü˜ Ðviolation.׃ð@×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€But€such€a€claim€is€just€one€form€of€ð ðdueling€oppressionsðð€(a.k.a.€the€ð ðOppressionÐ Ôp ÐOlympicsðð),€a€game€in€which€each€of€us€loses,€first€by€being€treated€unjustly€and€then€by€beingÐ ¬H Ðtold€that€the€injustice€isnððt€very€important.€€The€only€reliable€political€stanceð!ð€a€stance€everyoneÐ „  Ðcan€supportð!ð€is€the€elimination€of€all€injustice.׃ · ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð \ø ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÐ 4 Ð ÐÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêäÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚBÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝProactive€vs.€reactive€goals݃$HêäNäÝÔ à0äÔŒÐd` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àð ðAbsence€of€violenceðð€is€not€a€way€of€relating€to€each€other.€€It€gives€form€to€a€way€ofÐ <Ø Ðrelating€only€in€relation€to€the€overall€social„political€context,€where€we€can€ask€what€remainsÐ  ° Ðwhen€violence€is€removed.€€If€street€violence€is€a€means€by€which€the€weak€are€able€to€survive€andÐ ì ˆ Ðexert€influence,€then€calls€for€its€cessation€are,€in€effect,€calls€for€the€weak€to€become€weaker.€€ByÐ Ä ` Ða€similar€logic,€if€official€violence€is€a€means€by€which€the€properties€are€able€to€protect€their€justÐ œ8  Ðproperty€rights€against€a€populace€uncontrollable€by€other€means,€then€calls€for€its€cessation€areÐ t  Ðcalls€to€allow€unjust€treatment€of€the€propertied.€€Even€the€collective€renunciation€of€all€forms€ofÐ Lè  Ðviolence€leaves€a€system€controlled€by€those€who€best€control€the€non„violent€means€of€power.€€InÐ $À Ðshort,€mere€opposition€to€violence€does€not€address€the€larger€question€of€how€we€construct€aÐ ü˜ Ðway€of€relating€acceptable€to€all.Ð Ôp Ðà  àSo€the€question€of€violence€cannot€be€separated€from€the€larger€question€of€how€weÐ ¬H Ðconstruct€a€just€social€order.€€If€we€fail€to€deal€with€that€larger€question,€then€the€question€ofÐ „  Ðviolence€degrades€into,€ð ðHow€can€I€stop€violence€from€being€done€to€me€without€having€to€thinkÐ \ø Ðabout€my€own€roles€and€responsibilities€in€the€complex€social€network€that€produces€it?ðð€€TreatingÐ 4 Ð Ðviolence€in€that€way€reduces€it€to€a€tactical€political€maneuver.€€It€is€too€easy€to€look€at€theÐ  "¨ Ðproblem€of€physical€violence€out€of€context,€i.e.,€by€asking€only€ð ðHow€can€I€protect€myself?ðð€Ð ä#€  ÐThat€question€presents€violence€as€a€unique,€and€uniquely€bad,€behavior,€making€the€site€ofÐ ¼%X" Ðinterrogation€the€violent€Other,€never€oneself.€€Casting€the€issue€of€violence€in€that€reactive€formÐ ”'0!$ Ðcannot€result€in€an€effective€means€of€dealing€with€it.€€We€need€a€vision€of€justice,€not€merely€anÐ l)#& Ðabsence€of€troubles.Ð D+à$( ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÐ -¸&* ÐÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêîÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚCÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝAll€we€know݃$HêîPîÝÔ à0’îÔŒÐd` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àThe€above€shows€that€we€cannot€have€moral€norms€that€are€more€stable€than€theÐ <Ø Ðagreement€affirming€them.€€Since€most€people€understand€the€terms€ð ðmoralityðð€and€ð ðnormsðð€asÐ  ° Ðmeaning€an€external€pressure€on€people,€the€ways€of€relating€perspective€appears€to€have€no€bite.€Ð ì ˆ ÐIt€seems€only€to€deny€morality,€not€to€advance€it.€€In€this€interpretation,€the€ways€of€relatingÐ Ä ` Ðperspective€is€merely€an€irredeemably€critical€postmodernism,€incapable€of€creationð!ð€the€veryÐ œ8  Ðposition€I€criticize€in€my€other€conference€paper,€ð ðSituating€Postmodernism€in€Cognitive„Ð t  Ðdevelopmental€Perspectiveðð€(Chilton2002).€€However,€there€are€two€ways€in€which€moral€normsÐ Lè  Ðemerge.€€The€first€of€these€derive€from€the€observation€that€even€if€we€cannot€reach€agreement,Ð $À Ðwe€can€still€be€guided€by€our€recognition€that€morality€is€a€process,€not€a€fixed€set€of€norms,€andÐ ü˜ Ðthat€this€process€takes€the€form€of€a€dialogue€among€personas.€€Some€normative€consequences€ofÐ Ôp Ðthis€observation€can€be€found€in€Chilton(1998).׃Û×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¬H Ðà  àThe€second€source€of€moral€norms€arises€from€the€recognition€that€no€one€knows€who€isÐ „  Ðright€in€any€given€decision€situation.€€I€think€it€is€fair€to€say€that€many€or€even€most€people€believeÐ \ø Ðâ âthat€they€are€right€in€such€situations,€that€they€have€privileged€access€to€the€truth,€that€they€have€aÐ 4 Ð Ðuniquely€powerful€insight€into€the€issue.׃Ü×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€But€as€I€have€argued,€resting€my€case€particularly€onÐ d Ðâ âthe€Mnchhausen€trilemma,€the€Right€can€only€be€judged€by€agreement;€€there€exist€no€deductiveÐ <Ø Ðgrounds€for€compelling€agreement€or€guaranteeing€one€is€right.€€Even€after€a€decision€is€made€andÐ  ° Ðcarried€out,€this€uncertainty€remains.€€If€the€actions€are€judged€ð ðsuccessfulðð,€it€still€might€be€trueÐ ì ˆ Ðthat€the€success€arose€simply€by€accident.€€Or€the€success€might€be€illusory,€since€we€might€notÐ Ä ` Ðrecognize€the€unanticipated,€hidden€consequences€of€our€decision.€€Or€another€decision€mightÐ œ8  Ðhave€been€even€more€successful.€€Similar€things€can€be€said€of€ð ðfailureðð:€€it€might€have€arisen€byÐ t  Ðaccident,€or€there€might€be€unanticipated€positive€consequences,€or€other€decisions€might€haveÐ Lè  Ðbeen€even€worse.Ð $À Ðà  àAll€we€can€really€know€in€making€a€decision€is€how€we€have€treated€each€other€in€makingÐ ü˜ Ðit.€€I€may€not€know€whether€my€policy€choices€are€right,€but€I€òòcanóó€know€whether€Iððve€lied€to€youÐ Ôp Ðin€advocating€them.€€Whatððs€more,€it€has€been€my€experience€that€you€also€know,€perhapsÐ ¬H Ðintuitively,€or€perhaps€after€reflection€and€experience,€or€perhaps€only€subconsciously,€the€trueÐ „  Ðnature€of€how€Iððve€related€to€you€in€the€process€of€deciding.€€The€most€obvious€and€most€frequentÐ \ø Ðproblem€in€that€relationship€is€that€I€have€not€consulted€you€at€all.€€If,€for€example,€I€am€yourÐ 4 Ð Ðsupervisor,€you€can€see€me€consult€those€above€me€but€you€never€see€me€consult€òòyouóó.€€Or€if€IÐ  "¨ Ðconsult€you,€I€do€so€in€forums€in€which€you€cannot€really€express€your€feelings,€or€cannot€do€soÐ ä#€  Ðwell;€€I€donððt,€for€example,€invite€you€to€my€home€and€have€dinner€with€you.€€What€we€eachÐ ¼%X" Ðdesire€is€that€we€are€òòknownóó€by€one€another€when€decisions€are€made.€€No€matter€who€makes€theÐ d Ðdecisions€in€the€end,€we€feel€happier€about€them,€even€if€they€seem€to€disadvantage€us,€if€we€areÐ <Ø Ðconvinced€that€the€decision„makers€carry€within€them€a€persona€that€speaks€loudly€and€clearly€inÐ  ° Ðour€name.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àThese€considerations€give€rise€to€two€parallel€conclusions€about€how€to€deal€withÐ Ä ` Ðviolence.€€People€who€fear€violence€can€effectively€deal€with€it€by€making€themselves€present€asÐ œ8  Ðhuman€beings€to€the€people€who€are€likely€to€do€itð"ð€this€must€be€done€in€a€situation€that€is€safeÐ t  Ðfor€all€parties,€of€course,€but€that€is€not€difficult€to€arrange.€€People€who€consider€responding€toÐ Lè  Ðinjustice€with€violence€can€change€their€situation€most€effectively€throughð!ð€paradoxicallyð!ðÐ $À Ðnonviolent€means.€€These€means€must€be€oriented€toward€helping€the€other€understand€you€as€aÐ ü˜ Ðfellow€human€beingð!ð€to€create,€in€Martin€Buberððs€well„known€words,€an€ð ðI„Thouðð€instead€of€anÐ Ôp Ðð ðI„Itðð€relationship.׃ó×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€There€are€many€possible€means€for€doing€this:€€You€can€invite€a€policemanÐ ¬H Ðfor€lunch€and€learnð!ð€without€judgmentð!ð€who€he€is€as€a€person,€including€his€views€and€concerns.€Ð „  ÐYou€can€set€up€ð ðreality€toursðð€in€which€others€can€come€safely€into€contact€with€you€and€yourÐ \ø Ðconcerns.€€Marches€and€demonstrations€can€be€set€up€as€invitations€for€contact€and€mutualÐ 4 Ð Ðlearning€instead€of€as€confrontations.€€None€of€this€is€new,€of€course,€even€if€my€specificÐ  "¨ Ðtheoretical€grounding€of€it€is.€€The€general€thrust€of€these€methods€goes€back€at€least€to€Gandhi,Ð ä#€  Ðperhaps€as€far€back€as€Jesus,€maybe€before€that.Ð ¼%X" Ðà  àMethods€are€regularly€challenged€as€naive€and€idealistic,€as€wrongly€presuming€the€otherððsÐ ”'0!$ Ðhumanity.€€In€this€view,€oppressors€are€not€interested€in€knowing€the€people€they€oppress€or,Ð l)#& Ðknowing€them,€will€take€the€slightest€notice€of€their€concerns.€€ð ðGandhiððs€non„violence€would€notÐ d Ðhave€been€successful€against€Nazisðð,€goes€one€recent€email€to€the€Habermas€e„listÐ <Ø Ð[http://lists.village.virginia.edu/listservs/spoons/habermas.archive/habermas.0205].Ð  ° Ðà  àLet€me€respond€briefly€to€this€criticism.€€It€is€true€that€these€methods€are€not€guaranteed€toÐ ì ˆ Ðend€oppression,€either€oneððs€own€specific€oppression€or€oppression€in€general.€€But€they€have€aÐ Ä ` Ðbetter€chance€of€true€success€than€the€alternative€of€violent€action.€€If€I€relate€to€you€violently,Ð œ8  Ðthen€even€if€I€am€successful€in€displacing€you,€the€only€relationship€I€have€established€between€usÐ t  Ðis€one€of€violence.€€There€is€a€well„known€folk€song€in€the€United€States€that€begins,€ð ðIððd€ratherÐ Lè  Ðbe€a€hammer€than€a€nail.ðð׃Ó×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€But€this€is€not€the€only€or€even€the€primary€choice€that€life€presentsÐ $À Ðus:€€before€we€face€the€choice€between€being€a€hammer€or€a€nail,€we€must€make€the€choice€ofÐ ü˜ Ðwhether€we€wish€to€live€in€a€world€of€hammers€and€nails.€€Granted,€oppression€is€unjust€and€needÐ Ôp Ðto€be€resisted,€but€violent€opposition€is€simply€a€reaffirmation€of€the€basic€ethic€of€violence.Ð ¬H ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê+ Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚDÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝThe€willingness€to€bear€burdens݃$Hê+ R ÝÔ à0” ÔŒÐ\ø` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝÓÓÌÓ  Óà0  àà8` (#(#à...and€all€Experience€hath€shewn,€that€Mankind€are€more€disposed€to€suffer,Ð "!¾ Ðwhile€Evils€are€sufferable,€than€to€right€themselves€by€abolishing€the€forms€toÐ "¬ Ðwhich€they€are€accustomed.Ðþ"š` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#àà ¸ àð"ð€Thomas€Jefferson€òòDeclaration€of€Independenceóó€(1776)Ðì#ˆ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÓYÓÓlÓÌà  àMy€perception€is€that€the€wealthy€in€society€believe€that€social€conflict€is€inevitableÐ ²&N # Ðbecause€of€the€envy,€greed,€and€jealousy€of€the€poor.€€In€that€view,€ð ðsocial€justiceðð€doesnððt€reallyÐ Š(&"% ÐÔ_Ômean€justice€but€simply€the€desire€of€the€poor€to€steal€from€the€wealthy,€justice€be€damned.€€InÐ b*þ#' Ðthat€view,€the€poor€cannot€understand€the€concerns€of€the€wealthy€and€are€not€interested€in€doingÐ d Ðso.€€Mutual€understanding€is€therefore€impossible;€€the€best€that€can€be€hoped€for€is€theÐ <Ø Ðmaintenance€of€oneððs€own€position.€€Moreover,€revolutions€usually€end€in€the€wealthy€losing€notÐ  ° Ðonly€their€wealth€but€also€their€lives:€€look€at€the€fates€of€the€aristocracy€in€the€French€Revolution,Ð ì ˆ Ðof€the€nobility€and,€later,€the€kulaks€after€the€Russian€Revolution,€of€the€landlords€in€the€ChineseÐ Ä ` ÐRevolution,€and€so€on.€€If€social€justice€means,€in€practice,€my€own€death€and€the€bankrupting€andÐ œ8  Ðabuse€of€my€family,€then€Iððll€stick€with€being€a€hammer,€thank€youð"ð€so€say€the€wealthy,€even€ifÐ t  Ðself„servingly,€and€the€poor,€recognizing€this,€despair€of€ever€being€heard€and€turn€to€increasinglyÐ Lè  Ðviolent€ways€of€being€heard.€€And€so€both€are€alienated€from€each€other.Ð $À Ðà  àI€believe€that€this€alienation€is€mistaken€on€both€sides.€€The€perspective€I€have€advancedÐ ü˜ Ðhere€tells€me€that€inequalities€of€wealth€are€not€the€true€problem.€€People€are€willing€to€put€upÐ Ôp Ðwith€amazing€inequalities€if€they€are€convinced€that€their€voices€are€heard.€€To€some€extent,€ofÐ ¬H Ðcourse,€this€tolerance€is€only€the€result€of€despair€and€the€lack€of€any€power€to€do€anything€aboutÐ „  Ðthe€inequality.€€Oppression€becomes€a€fact€of€life,€just€like€heat,€cold,€rain,€drought,€and€so€on.€Ð \ø ÐBut€despair€and€powerlessness€are€not€the€only€grounds€of€tolerance.€€Tolerance€also€comes€outÐ 4 Ð Ðof€a€recognition€of€the€existential€facts€of€our€existence:€€that€we€are€born€into€a€world€having€aÐ  "¨ Ðcertain€shape,€one€not€easily€changed;€€that€one€can€lead€a€meaningful€life€despite€oppression;€€thatÐ ä#€  Ðdecisions€must€be€made€despite€disagreement;€€that€one€can€never€know€who€is€right,€includingÐ ¼%X" Ðoneself.€€I€do€not€intend€by€this€to€deny€the€existence€of€injustice€and€oppression.€€I€do€not€intendÐ ”'0!$ Ðby€this€to€advocate€passivity€in€the€face€of€injustice.€€All€Iððm€saying€is€that€inequality,€greed,€envy,Ð l)#& Ðâ âand€jealousy€are€not€the€central€sources€of€violence.€€The€central€sources€are,€rather,€both€that€theÐ D+à$( Ðoppressed€are€denied€meaning׃Ý×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€that€they€are€not€understood€to€be€fellow€human€beings,Ð d Ðâ âfellow€inhabitants€of€the€same€moral€universe„under„construction.€€The€problem€of€violence,€inÐ <Ø Ðshort,€arises€from€our€alienation€from€one€another,€not€inequality€òòper€seóó,€and€alienation€is€as€easyÐ  ° Ð(and€as€hard)€to€correct€as€sitting€down€and€encountering€the€Other.Ð ì ˆ ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ŸÝÚƒ.ÚVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝConclusion݃#¿ŸÙÝóóÔ ò ¾ÔŒÐ œ8  ÐŒó óÝ  ÝThe€main€points€I€have€sought€to€make€are:Ð t  ÐÝ"‚7é; "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;ÈÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWe€are€all€fallible€human€beings,€and€our€relationships€need€to€reflect€that€reality.݃7é;ÈõÝŒÐLè ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é; "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;çÝà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWe€all€occupy€the€same€moral€universe;€€that€universe€is€always€underÐ $À Ðconstruction.݃7é;ç ÝŒÐü˜` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é; "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;!Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝMorality€is€a€process,€not€a€specific€set€of€norms,€and€still€less€a€set€of€normsÐ Ôp Ðindependent€of€peopleððs€agreement.݃7é;!E!݌ЬH` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é; "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;m"Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝPeople€have€more€kinship€with€each€other,€and€are€more€tolerant€of€each€other,Ð „  Ðthan€our€felt€alienation€from€each€other€implies.݃7é;m"š"ÝŒÐ\ø` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚7é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚7é;Ë#Ýà0  àÔ2+tÔððÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝSocial€justice€is,€and€is€recoverable€by,€an€intentional€process€of€being€present€toÐ 4 Ð Ðeach€other.݃7é;Ë#ø#݌Р"¨` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌßA€Tõ) °°xdE°»%xAßÐ ¼%X" Ðâ âÔ_ÔÐ Ú%v$ Ðòòò òAfterword:€€Questions׃]×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú35Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ó óóóÐ d Ðâ âÔ& ` ÔQ:€€You€speak€of€an€inevitable€process€of€reconciliation€among€a€personððs€various€voicesÐ <Ø Ð(personas).€€What€about€people€who€donððt€want€to€reconcile€those€voicesð!ð€who,€for€example,Ð  ° Ðmight€view€such€a€reconciliation€as€too€boring?Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àA:Ô'`@#&Ô€€As€I€indicate€at€the€beginning€of€the€paper,€the€ways€of€relating€perspective€dependsÐ Ä ` Ðfor€its€justification€on€your€own€recognition€of€yourself€in€its€account€of€moral€thought.€€AnÐ œ8  Ðobjection€to€this€justification€therefore€requires€more€than€a€hypostatized€counterexample.€€If€thisÐ t  Ðobjection€were€held€by€the€speaker€himself,€this€would€indeed€be€a€legitimate€objection,€and€theÐ Lè  Ðjustificatory€logic€would€demand€that€such€an€objection€be€taken€into€account.€€(Of€course,€aÐ $À Ðsingle€objection€at€one€moment€is€not€decisive,€just€as€in€the€physical€sciences€a€singleÐ ü˜ Ðexperimentððs€deviant€result€is€not€a€decisive€refutation€of€a€theory.)€€But€in€the€event,€since€neitherÐ Ôp Ðthe€speaker€nor€any€of€the€audience€would€claim€to€want€the€excitement€of€unreconciled€voices,Ð ¬H Ðthe€objection€is€moot.Ð „  Ðâ âÐ \ø ÐÔ& ` Ôâ âQ:€€Your€perspective€seems€to€say€that€people€willingly€take€othersðð€positions€into€account,€butÐ d Ðisnððt€our€experience€just€the€opposite?€€People€find€it€hard€to€listen€to€each€other.€€We€resist€theÐ <Ø ÐÔ_ÔalterityÔ_Ô€of€the€other,€finding€h/her€barely€possible€to€tolerate.Ð  ° Ðà  àA:Ô'`dc+Ô€€I€agree€that€we€find€it€difficult.€€The€difficulty€is€not€òòinherentóó,€however;€€we€are€stillÐ ì ˆ Ðdisentangling€ourselves€from€the€conflicts€and€tensions€of€our€pastð!ð€a€past€reaching€all€the€wayÐ Ä ` Ðback€to€the€animals.€€But€this€disentangling€has€also€shown€enormous€progress€over€time,€as€weÐ œ8  Ðbecome€increasingly€good€at€finding€ways€to€regard€ourselves€as€living€within€a€common€moralÐ t  Ðuniverse.€€The€fact€that€we€havenððt€solved€all€our€problems€yet€does€not€prove€that€they€cannot€beÐ Lè  Ðsolved,€and€it€seems€to€me€there€is€good€reason€to€suppose€they€Ô_Ôcan.Ô_ÔÐ $À ÐÌÔ& ` ÔQ:€€Why€do€you€say€that€authenticity€comes€first?€€Might€it€not€be€the€case€that€people€learn€firstÐ Ôp Ðto€respond€to€others€and€get€their€various€internal€voices€only€subsequently€and/or€as€a€result€ofÐ ¬H Ðthose€external€relationships?Ð „  Ðà  àA:Ô'`ÔÌ/Ô€€Actually,€I€donððt€say€that€authenticity€comes€first.€€I€present€the€example€ofÐ \ø Ðauthenticity€first€for€ease€of€exposition,€but€I€do€not€claim€that€authenticity€can€ever€be€the€soleÐ 4 Ð Ðissue€at€work.€€With€respect€to€the€relative€temporal€priority€of€external€and€internal€personas,€myÐ  "¨ Ðsense€is€that€they€all€happen€at€once.€€Even€in€infancy,€people€respond€both€to€their€own€internalÐ ä#€  Ðneeds€(hunger,€fatigue,€pain)€and€to€the€external€environment.€€I€imply€no€necessary€priorityÐ ¼%X" Ðamong€these.Ð ”'0!$ Ðâ âÐ l)#& ÐÔ&  Ôâ âQ:€€You€say€you€make€no€moral€assertions,€but€your€whole€argument€is€about€the€variousÐ d Ðpersonas€trying€to€achieve€unity.€€Doesnððt€that€in€fact€make€ð ðpsychological€unityðð€the€highestÐ <Ø ÐGood€and€ð ðagreementðð€the€highest€morality?€€Or€to€phrase€this€in€different€terms,€how€does€thisÐ  ° Ðtheory€manage€to€avoid€the€naturalistic€fallacy,€since€it€appears€to€derive€morality€from€the€factsÐ ì ˆ Ðof€moral€thought?Ð Ä ` Ðà  àA:Ô' d3Ô€€This€question€attempts€to€read€an€ontological€account€as€a€normative€account,€but€theÐ œ8  Ðtwo€domains€are€not€identical.€€Personas€try€to€achieve€unity€because€thatððs€the€way€they€work,Ð t  Ðperiod.€€There€is€no€external€injunction€for€them€to€do€soð!ð€or€at€least€none€that€this€theory€claims.€Ð Lè  ÐIf€the€theory€is€wrong€about€the€cognitive€processes€through€which€the€personas€interact,€then€it€isÐ $À Ða€flawed€theory€and€needs€to€be€revised.€€Converting€it€into€a€moral€claim,€however,€means€thatÐ ü˜ Ðthis€morality€should€be€pursued€even€if€personas€donððt€interact€that€way,€and€Iððm€not€arguing€that.Ð Ôp ÐÌÔ& 8 ÔQ:€€O.k.ð!ð€suppose€we€accept€your€claim€that€you€arenððt€making€any€normative€claims€and€havenððtÐ „  Ðcommitted€the€naturalistic€fallacy.€€But€then€whatððs€the€point€of€this€paper?€€Why€do€you€bother€toÐ \ø Ðlay€out€a€description€of€morality?€€Why€donððt€we€all€just€go€out€and€do€what€you€say€weððreÐ 4 Ð Ðdoingð!ð€just€letting€things€happen€naturally€rather€than€spending€time€talking?Ð  "¨ Ðà  àA:Ô'8 „¡8Ô€€In€one€sense€this€comment€is€perfectly€apt.€€The€processes€I€describe€and€the€ends€IÐ ä#€  Ðseek€will€occur€regardless€of€what€I€say€or€write.€€However,€it€hurts€me€when€others€are€hurt,€andÐ ¼%X" Ðthe€sooner€we€are€reconciled€to€each€other,€the€better€for€me.€€The€process€will€go€faster,€withÐ ”'0!$ Ðless€pain,€if€we€understand€what€is€happening.€€The€perspective€points€out€ways€in€which€we€canÐ l)#& Ðaccomplish€such€reconciliationð!ð€therapeutic€discourse,€for€example,€whether€that€occurs€in€aÐ D+à$( Ðcounselorððs€office€or€in€our€public€actions.€€So€it€gives€a€direction€to€our€work€and€a€sense€ofÐ -¸&* Ðconfidence€in€what€we€are€doing.€€Furthermore,€I€believe€that€the€mere€knowledge€of€the€ways€ofÐ d Ðrelating€perspective€provides€some€relief€from€the€oppression€of€moralization.€€It€lets€us€view€eachÐ <Ø Ðother€with€much€greater€tolerance€and€mutual€understanding€even€while€we€disagree€with€eachÐ  ° Ðother.€€All€of€these€things€are€important€to€me€and,€I€believe,€to€you€as€well;€€Iððm€not€imposing€aÐ ì ˆ Ðvalue€you€donððt€already€share.Ð Ä ` ÐÌÔ& ` ÔQ:€€You€say€that€it€is€impossible€to€silence€personas.€€What€if€I€simply€decide€that€I€want€to€be€aÐ t  Ðcertain€way,€even€if€that€means€silencing€other€parts€of€me?€€For€example,€I€might€decide€to€adoptÐ Lè  Ðthe€ascetic€life,€which€would€require€silencing€the€òòbon€vivantóó€in€me.Ð $À Ðà  àA:Ô'`ti?Ô€€Once€again€I€have€to€note€that€the€justificatory€logic€of€this€work€demands€thatÐ ü˜ Ðobjections€be€based€on€oneððs€own€real€experiences.€€[The€speaker€mentioned€no€such€experience.]€Ð Ôp ÐFailing€that,€I€will€just€repeat€that€I€believe€silencing€parts€of€oneself€is€not€possible.Ð ¬H ÐÌÔ& ˆ ÔQ:€€We€have€at€least€an€intuitive€sense€that€one€person€is€more€authentic€than€another.€€Can€yourÐ \ø Ðtheory€be€used€to€develop€a€scale€of€authenticity€to€express€this?Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àA:Ô'ˆ\5BÔ€€I€donððt€see€such€a€scale€as€either€possible€or€useful.€€It€isnððt€possible,€because€it€will€beÐ  "¨ Ðcontingent€on€the€circumstances€one€encounters,€which€we€canððt€know€in€advance.€€I€mightÐ ä#€  Ðappear€authentic€within€some€narrowly€constricted€lifeworld€and€yet€have€that€authenticity€fallÐ ¼%X" Ðapart€if€I€were€hurled€into€another€environment;€€the€reverse€might€also€be€true.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àI€also€donððt€see€such€a€scale€(or€even€the€pursuit€of€such€a€scale)€as€useful,€because€to€me,Ð l)#& Ðat€least,€it€directs€attention€away€from€authenticity„as„process€and€toward€a€view€of€authenticityÐ D+à$( Ðas€an€aretaic€judgment€of€people.Ð -¸&* ЇÔ& ° ÔQ:€€If€my€desire€for€authenticity€conflicts€with€my€desire€for€morality,€which€one€is€dominant?Ð d Ðà  àA:Ô'°d"FÔ€€Authenticity€is€not€a€separate€sphere€from€morality.€€My€exposition€starts€withÐ <Ø Ðauthenticity,€so€perhaps€that€leads€my€readers€astray,€but€the€two€cannot€be€separated.€€InÐ  ° Ðaddition,€let€me€point€out€that€the€question€assumes€that€ð ðauthenticityðð€is€a€goal€rather€than€aÐ ì ˆ Ðprocess,€which€I€explicitly€reject.Ð Ä ` ÐÌÔ& ° ÔQ:€€In€a€similar€vein,€is€intrapersonal€or€interpersonal€dialogue€more€important?Ð t  Ðà  àA:Ô'°tMHÔ€€The€question€is€more€or€less€meaningless.€€If€we€are€talking€strictly€about€authenticity,Ð Lè  Ðthen€interpersonal€dialogue€is€not€an€issue.€€If€we€are€talking€about€morality,€then€the€two€forms€ofÐ $À Ðdialogue€are€both€intrinsic€to€its€dialectic.Ð ü˜ ÐÌÔ& d ÔQ:€€Surely€some€voices€òòshouldóó€be€silenced?€€For€example,€I€have€friends€who€argue€forÐ ¬H Ðbullfighting€on€aesthetic€termsð!ð€as€a€contest€symbolic€of€man€against€nature,€as€a€performance€ofÐ „  Ðcourage€and€tragedy,€and€so€on.€€But€surely€bullfighting€is€plainly€wrong€from€a€moral€point€ofÐ \ø Ðview,€as€you€yourself€imply€elsewhere.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú36Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Why€shouldnððt€these€obviously€wrong€voices€beÐ 4 Ð Ðexcluded,€particularly€since€they€are€making€the€category€mistake€of€advancing€aestheticÐ  "¨ Ðconsiderations€in€a€moral€problem?Ð ä#€  Ðà  àA:Ô'd¬ JÔ€€This€question€has€a€number€of€facets.€€First,€I€donððt€distinguish€between€ð ðaestheticððÐ ¼%X" Ðand€ð ðmoralðð€considerations.€€Morality€is€an€agreement€among€different€personas€with€differentÐ ”'0!$ ÐGoods;€€if€one€of€those€Goods€is€a€spectacle€of€bulls€being€killed,€then€so€be€it.€€I€believe€that€thisÐ l)#& Ðsense€of€the€Good€would€yield€to€therapeutic€discourse,€but€my€beliefs€canððt€define€morality.Ð D+à$( Ðà  àSecond,€I€agree€that€there€is€a€moral€problem€here,€but€it€consists€in€the€exclusion€of€theÐ d Ðbullððs€voice,€not€in€people€having€a€wrong€sense€of€their€Good.€€I€donððt€think€your€friends€couldÐ <Ø Ðadvance€an€argument€that€would€be€(or€could€be€expected€to€be)€persuasive€to€any€creature,€butÐ  ° Ðthis€needs€to€be€established€in€practiceð!ð€even€if,€by€necessity,€someone€has€to€play€the€voice€ofÐ ì ˆ Ðthe€bullð!ð€rather€than€by€fiat.Ð Ä ` Ðà  àThird,€I€return€to€my€basic€point€that€no€one€knows€in€advance€who€is€right,€so€theÐ œ8  Ðconcept€of€ð ðobviously€flawedðð€is€meaningless.€€No€oneððs€opinion€can€be€privileged€here.Ð t  Ðà  àAll€of€the€above€must,€of€course,€make€us€concerned€that€we€stand€by€when€what€weÐ Lè  Ðbelieve€is€very€wrong€continues€to€exist.€€Am€I€seriously€advocating€such€passivity€in€the€face€ofÐ $À Ðevil?€€This€is€a€deeper€question€than€can€be€answered€in€this€format.€€But€I€am€not€advocatingÐ ü˜ Ðpassivityð!ð€one€can€try€to€persuade€others€as€actively€as€one€can,€and€one€has€as€much€right€asÐ Ôp Ðothers€to€have€oneððs€views€taken€into€consideration€when€the€conflict€reaches€an€impasse.€Ð ¬H ÐHowever,€the€arrogation€of€any€greater€authority€to€oneself€creates€a€model€of€how€we€relate€toÐ „  Ðeach€other:€€a€Pandoraððs€box€of€a€model€that€releases€all€manner€of€evil.€€In€this€respect,€in€ourÐ \ø Ðbeing€forced€to€witness€what€we€are€pretty€sure€is€wrong,€life€is€a€tragedy€and€must€be€accepted€asÐ 4 Ð Ðsuch.Ð  "¨ Ðâ âÐ ä#€  ÐÔ&  Ôâ âQ:€€But€modern€societyð!ð€modernismð!ð€ð ðblackmailsðð€us€(in€Foucaultððs€terms),€forcing€us€to€act€inÐ d Ðsituations€in€which€there€are€no€liberatory,€critical,€or€transformative€possibilities.€€So€yourÐ <Ø Ðperspective€seems€to€prevent€us€from€acting€forcefully€in€a€society€in€which€ð ðnormalðð€channels€areÐ  ° Ðset€up€to€be€ineffective.€€Doesnððt€this€just€play€into€the€hands€of€modernism€and€those€whoÐ ì ˆ Ðunjustly€benefit€from€it?Ð Ä ` Ðà  àA:Ô' dÄUÔ€€It€is€true€that€modernism€could€not€have€survived€if€it€were€easy€to€challenge,€includingÐ œ8  Ðthrough€ð ðforcefulðð€challenge,€if€by€force€you€mean€something€other€than€Habermasððs€ð ðunforcedÐ t  Ðforce€of€the€better€argumentðð.€€However,€it€is€vulnerable€in€unexpected€ways.Ð Lè  ÐÌÔ& ` ÔQ:€€Havenððt€you€trivialized€the€problem€of€morality€by€reducing€it€to€an€internal€discourse?€€WithinÐ ü˜ Ðsuch€a€discourse€you€decide€what€the€issues€are,€you€make€an€agreement€among€personas€that€youÐ Ôp Ðhave€constructed.€€This€seems€to€have€left€out€the€reality€of€others€around€you.Ð ¬H Ðà  àA:Ô'`üeYÔ€€Certainly€such€a€solipsistic€moral€domain€would€be€inadequate.€€Note,€therefore,€thatÐ „  Ðthe€definition€I€gave€of€morality€includes€not€just€my€introjected€version€of€others€but€also€theirÐ \ø Ðcorrections€to€that€introjected€version.Ð 4 Ð ÐÌÔ& ˆ ÔQ:€€I€seem€to€recall€that€Habermas€holds€that€an€emphasis€on€authenticity€leads€to€decisionismÐ ä#€  Ðrather€than€true€morality.€€How€does€your€work€avoid€that€problem?Ð ¼%X" Ðà  àA:Ô'ˆä#\Ô€€Lacking€the€specific€passage€and€the€ability€to€read€it€for€myself,€I€cannot€respond€toÐ ”'0!$ Ðthis€question€as€a€response€to€Habermas.€€But€leaving€aside€the€question€of€what€Habermas€says,€IÐ l)#& Ðdonððt€see€any€connection€between€authenticity€and€decisionism.€€Perhaps€the€perception€of€aÐ D+à$( Ðconnection€arises€from€a€confusion€like€that€of€the€previous€question:€€if€we€see€morality€asÐ -¸&* Ðconsisting€solely€of€the€interactions€of€oneððs€own€personas€(even€if€we€include€introjectedÐ d Ðpersonas€of€others),€then€we€are€talking€about€a€discourse€like€that€of€authenticityð!ð€a€purelyÐ <Ø Ðinternal€discourseð!ð€and€the€moral€decisions€reached€in€such€a€situation€would€indeed€be€merelyÐ  ° Ðdecisionistic.Ð ì ˆ ÐÌÔ& ` ÔQ:€€How€does€your€theory€account€for€the€òònormativityóó€of€morality?€€Even€if,€as€you€say,€you€areÐ œ8  Ðnot€presenting€a€moral€position€but€only€an€account€of€morality,€where€in€that€account€is€the€òòforceóóÐ t  Ðwe€experience€from€our€moral€convictions?Ð Lè  Ðà  àA:Ô'`œM`Ô€€Let€me€start€with€a€similar€question€from€the€domain€of€authenticity.€€Suppose€I€findÐ $À Ðmyself€forced€to€choose€between€going€to€a€movie€or€going€out€for€pizzað!ð€not€enough€time,€orÐ ü˜ Ðmoney,€or€energy,€or€whatever€for€both?€€I€think€about€it€and€decide€to€go€to€a€movieð!ð€what€isÐ Ôp Ðproblematic€about€that?€€While€we€might€ask€what€led€me€to€choose€the€movie€over€the€pizza,€weÐ ¬H Ðdonððt€question€what€would€give€me€an€incentive€to€go€to€the€movie;€€we€take€for€granted€that€isÐ „  Ðwhat€I€want.€€So€having€made€the€decision,€there€is€nothing€problematic€about€my€carrying€it€out.€Ð \ø ÐThe€same€thing€holds€for€morality,€because€there€too€the€issue€is€simply€how€one€is€to€chooseÐ 4 Ð Ðamong€(or€to€reconcile)€personas€that€value€disparate€things.€€We€can€meaningfully€ask€why€aÐ  "¨ Ðperson€chooses€one€path€over€another,€but€once€decided,€the€power€of€the€decisionð!ð€theÐ ä#€  Ðnormativity€of€the€decisionð!ð€simply€derives€from€the€senses€of€the€Good€that€are€thus€combined€inÐ ¼%X" Ðthe€decision.Ð ”'0!$ Ðâ âÐ l)#& ÐÔ& ` Ôâ âQ:€€Derrida€says€that€every€Other€is€òòwhollyóó€other,€and€yet€the€ways€of€relating€perspective€isÐ d Ðpredicated€on€an€internalizationð!ð€an€ð ðintrojectionððð!ð€of€this€unknown€Other.€€Which€sense€of€theÐ <Ø ÐOther€is€the€right€one?Ð  ° Ðà  àA:Ô'`dvfÔ€€I€canððt€answer€this€without€having€the€exact€citation,€but€it€seems€likely€to€me€thatÐ ì ˆ ÐDerrida€is€referring€to€our€inability€to€know€the€Other€òòfullyóó.€€This€is€not€opposed€to€the€ways€ofÐ Ä ` Ðrelating€perspective,€which€grants€that€we€can€never€know€whether€we€do€in€fact€understand€theÐ œ8  Ðsomeone€else€completely€and€thus€must€include€the€possibility€of€h/her€correction€of€ourÐ t  Ðunderstanding€of€morality.€€I€think€Derrida€cannot€make€what€amounts€to€an€òòa€priorióó,Ð Lè  Ðtranscendental€claim€that€one€òòcannotóó€know€the€Other€fully;€€still€less€does€it€seem€reasonable€forÐ $À Ðhim€to€claim€that€we€canððt€know€òòanythingóó€of€the€Other.€€I€grant€that€much€harm€is€done€by€peopleÐ ü˜ Ðwho€base€their€morality€on€the€lazy€assumption€that€they€already€know€all€that€needs€to€be€knownÐ Ôp Ðabout€their€associates,€but€the€position€you€attribute€to€Derrida€seems€extreme€in€the€otherÐ ¬H Ðdirection€and€implausible.Ð „  ÐÌÔ&  ÔQ:€€Frankfurt(1971)€argues€that€the€characteristic€that€marks€us€as€human€is€our€ability€to€chooseÐ 4 Ð Ðwhich€senses€of€the€Good€we€want€to€pursue.€€However,€your€conception€of€the€Good€seems€toÐ  "¨ Ðdeny€us€that€ability€to€choose;€€it€characterizes€the€Good€as€no€more€than€a€muddle€of€perpetual,Ð ä#€  Ðunresolvable€conflict€among€the€various€personas,€thus€denying€what€seems€to€be€FrankfurtððsÐ ¼%X" Ðvalid€sense€of€a€peculiarly€human€capability,€even€if€people€do€not€always€exercise€that€capability.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àA:Ô' 4 lÔ€€The€conflict€between€these€two€positions€is€less€than€it€may€seem.€€Without€gettingÐ l)#& Ðinto€the€question€of€what€makes€us€human,€I€believe€that€Frankfurt€is€right€in€saying€we€canÐ D+à$( Ðchoose€between€Goods€to€pursueð!ð€either€specific€Goods,€like€between€an€apple€and€a€pear,€orÐ -¸&* Ðgeneral€senses€of€the€Good,€like€between€being€a€priest€or€a€parent.€€However,€our€perspectivesÐ d Ðdiffer€in€at€least€two€ways.€€First,€a€òòdecisiveóó€choiceð!ð€what€Frankfurt€seems€to€be€contemplatingð!ðÐ <Ø Ðcan€be€made€only€when€the€person€sees€no€alternative.€€If€I€can€eat€only€the€apple€or€the€pear,€thenÐ  ° ÐI€make€my€choice€and€let€the€alternative€go.€€But€when€the€choice€is€not€between€two€finiteÐ ì ˆ Ðalternatives€but€instead€between€entire€ways€of€being,€entire€senses€of€the€Good,€entire€lifeplansÐ Ä ` Ð(to€use€Rawlsððs€language),€then€it€seems€to€me€that€no€decision€can€be€taken€as€permanent,€even€ifÐ œ8  Ðone€intends€it€to€be€when€made.€€For€one€thing,€external€circumstances€change€and€newÐ t  Ðpossibilities€come€into€existence,€so€that€latently,€at€least,€the€original€question€remains€on€theÐ Lè  Ðtable.€€Furthermore,€one€never€entirely€knows€oneððs€own€mind;€€decisions€are€of€necessity€theÐ $À Ðproduct€of€dozens€or€perhaps€Ô_ÔmillionsÔ_Ô€of€separate€reasons,€only€some€of€which€are€consciouslyÐ ü˜ Ðconsidered.€€So€a€decision€that€seemed€right€at€one€time€may€be€forcibly€raised€to€consciousnessÐ Ôp Ðand€reevaluation€later€by€hitherto€unrecognized€considerations.€€I€have€no€issue€with€people€whoÐ ¬H Ðstick€with€their€original€decision;€€I€am€not€òòadvocatingóó€change.€€My€issue€is,€rather,€with€peopleÐ „  Ðwho€insist€that€they€can€remove€themselves€from€the€possibility€of€changing€their€minds.€€I€donððtÐ \ø Ðthink€it€is€possible,€nor€does€it€seem€desirable.€€People€change;€€circumstances€change;€Ð 4 Ð Ðpossibilities€change.€€Given€this,€it€seems€to€me€that€choice€is€at€least€desirable,€if€not€an€existentialÐ  "¨ Ðcondition.Ð ä#€  Ðâ âÐ ¼%X" ÐÓÓÔ  Ôâ âÓ  ÓÔ‡„Ë= „XXý'Ôò òBibliographyó óÔ#†Xý'X „„Ë=Þw#ÔÐ d ÐÌÓÒwÓà0  àà ° àAlbert,€Hans€(1985).€€òòTreatise€on€Critical€Reasonóó.€€Princeton,€NJ:€€Princeton€University€Press.лW(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àBenhabib,€Seyla€(1986).€€The€Generalized€and€the€Concrete€Other:€€The€Kohlberg-GilliganÐ › 7 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ÐPhilosophy€68óó€(1,€Jan€14).€€Pp.€5„20.Л7(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àHabermas,€Jrgen€(1983/1990).€€òòMoral€Consciousness€and€Communicative€Actionóó.€€Cambridge,Ð { ÐMA:€€MIT.Ðk(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àHonneth,€Axel€(1995).€€òòThe€Struggle€for€Recognition:€€The€Moral€Grammar€of€Social€Conflictsóó.€Ð Kç ÐCambridge,€MA:€€MIT.Ð;×(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àRawls,€John€(1971).€€òòA€Theory€of€Justiceóó.€Cambridge,€MA:€€Belknap.Ð !·(#(# ÐÖ€àÿÿÖÖ€âÿÿÖÖ€åÿÿÖÑÑÑÑÑe°ÑÌÓÓò òÓ  ÓÔ‡„Ë= „XXý'ÔTHE€FOUR€LEVELS€OF€THE€WAYSÐ @ð ÐOF€RELATING€PERSPECTIVEÔ#†Xý'X „„Ë=†#ÔÐ £ S Ðó óÓzÓÓeÓÔ*ƒƒæç ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#ƒÔÔ,¸jjÔÔ+  ÔÐ :€¼¼¼' ¶ ¶ €€‚‚ƒƒ„B„:ÐÔ5Z % ÕÔÔ‡î‘êîXXý'ÔòòÌò òSystemic€(Social€Justice)ó óÐ ‡ 7 ÐÓ !ÓóóÐ R€T¼¼?'¸ hB"  ¼¼¼ €€‚‚ƒƒ„B„RÐÔ5#ÓîžÔÓ !ÓÓK€º(€X#ÓKÓòòÌò òInterpersonal€(Morality;€€Care€&€Responsibility)ó óÐ P  ÐÓ !ÓóóÐ R€T¼¼?'1 B"  T¼¼ €€‚‚ƒƒ„B„RÐÔ5ìœ ·g ÔÓ !ÓÓK€º(€Xìœ KÓòòÌò òIntrapersonal€(Authenticity€/€Homeostasis)ó óÐ É  ÐÓ !ÓóóÐ T€¾¼¼¼¿?'Jú B"  T¼¼ €€‚O‚ƒƒ„B„TÐÔ5ö¦ÁqÔÓ !ÓÓK€º(€Xö¦KÓò òòòÌNeurophysiological€[Structures€not„yet„described]ó óóóÐ '× ÐÓ !ÓÐ7-+XB" O  ¾¼¼¼¿ 7ÐÌÓ !ÓÓK€º(€XÃKÓSource:€€Stephen€Chilton€(forthcoming)€òòWays€of€RelatingóóÔ#†Xý'Xîî‘êDƒ#Ô