WPCGQ `4T* cW4X#J$OZ?i]):nٗy*4(21 R.pv< Xv`M Z>_KJZ68x\k*Kd H9v; ԿzLz4A%h ,42l'8*%lNQd2 a28la]oXoQppy R {# &z Nmdb"D4+(##dIDUYD䫩cm>I|?J'EB&/L$eGhxj#ؖTlh'Lmi.ژZd ->ĭTl޷5yҦӘ c:ZrХ[UC [xl2;[]oE]ۨ|bgHvШ]|JOܮsXo*b!ȸhbFV7. 0: ^ D 0 ~P w 4   0 D 0c; N N N 1u N N N N N! 0# N N N N N N N 72 m2 #I UN %`NfNhNj 0l 0 00w 01N5I 0aw=/N 0NkNmNoNqNsNuNwNy 0{ 0/ 0 72 0 'F' AS) 0Vg) 0V)E*L* 0a+ 0D, 1E- 72- 1 _. 72_._._..q8/ 1s4,5 72H5Ez57 729 729 72: 72F: Bx::::":: ;!;;;M;M;M;_;})= 0D@ D5@ 72A 72QA 1A,XB 72D8D L 72M 72@MrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMrMGPYPkP}PPPPPPP Q2Q($USUS.,b-- (.(3($ !USUS.,      0  Cu,@Q3|x(#$  0  (;3$2#  0  .3  0  3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)( ^$  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .3  :. 0x i)?8HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(7V$   .II  .ۀ   ( q^H$  0  0` (#(#   .E  ..ہ 0d (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(O$ԁLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 SiemaszkoShumanJoostensIannelloNievesRickyReikoAylesworthDomanGottliebBodack ReniWeyandDimitius YukMauceriGrabsteinKornsteinZimanMarienthalBrosnan WeinFrannieHandmanHurstMontanoRoccobene(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5WOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header6(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(# i)({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(# ($USUS.,    12    _Iseethismostobviouslynow,aftertheSeptember11terroristattacks.Progressivesare  attemptingtopointoutthatwehavefailed(andcontinuetofail)tounderstandtheothers  perspective!whichreallymeansthatoftheMuslimworld,notsimplythatofOsamabinLaden  andthesuicideterrorists.However,thepopularresponsetothiscritiquereducesitfrom We t havemoralresponsibilitiesalsoto Wedonthavetopayanyattentiontotheirperspective, ` becausetheydidworsethanwedid.Thedebatethentakestheformof duelingoppressions: L  whohassufferedthegreatestwrong?Certainlywealwaysfacethetactical,practicalquestionof 8  whatoppressionsneedourimmediateand/orgreatestattention,butintheclamorforthis $ t attention,wearepushedintoclaimingthatoneoppressionisinherentlymoreimportantthan  `  another.Theonlyreliablestanceisthatalloppressionsareimportant,thatalloppressionsneed d correcting.Thefactthatwemightchoosetoconcentrateononemorethananotherisan P occasionforsorrowinsolidarity,notforthediscountingofothersclaimsasunworthyof < attention. (    Theproblem,then,isthatdiscoursebecomesnotsomethingwealldobutratherarightto   dothetalking,tomaketheotherlisten.Somethingsimilarisseenwhenpeoplearguethatwe   shouldnottalktoBinLaden(ortheAfghans,etc.),becausethenwewouldberewardingthemfor   theirattack.Inthewaysofrelatingperspective,however,discourseissomethingeveryonedoes  t allthetimewitheveryoneelse.OurtalkingtoBinLadenlookslikearewardonlybecausewe  ` regarditasarewardandhavestoppedtalking.Ifweweretalkingallthetimetoeveryone,then L  theseterroristattackswouldbeseenclearlyasaviolentbreakwithahumanrelationshipinstead 8  of,asmanycouldtakethemtobe,theonlyresponseleftindealingwithanenemywhowont $  talk.Mediation < ($USUS.,    11    _InKohlbergsscaleofmoralreasoningdevelopment,heisstillatStage1,areasoning  levelthat,Kohlbergsstudiesshow,mostU.S.citizensgrowoutofbeforetheyretenyearsold.+BCghE<<C(.3$ !USUS.,  (.3$ !USUS.,   B ($USUS.,    3    _Ifthepostulateistohaveanyrealcontent,thenitmuststateatsomepointthatweought  tostoptryingtounderstandhere.Ifitdoesntdothat,thenitissimplyametaphysicalbelief.X  4QuotationA block quotation  8    (F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(#  %)09:;=xyGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets ListHG %)09:;=s)37;?CGKOS-*+xJG  ($USUS.,    2    _Theparentisdoingawrong,Ibelieve,butisnotEvil. g ($USUS.,    4    _Iamarguingfromhumanhistory,becausethatseemstobetheonlyrealevidencewe  have.IamnotawareofanygoodargumentsforassertingtheexistenceofEvil(asopposedto  metaphysical,unprovableonesoronesbasedoncontingentsourceslikesacredscriptures).And  ourhistoricalexperienceseemstoshowuscaseaftercasewherewhatwasthoughttobeEvil t becameunderstoodlaterinaquitedifferentlight.Wenolongerbelievethatthepeopleburnedin ` SalemwereEvilbutwereratherthevictimsoffear,hysteria,mobthinking,andpatriarchal L  relations!andperhapswhatwewouldnowtermmentalillness.Welookatwhatinearliertimes 8  mightbetermeddemonicpossessionandrecognizewhattodaywewouldthinkofas4Q $&O  5  dissociative $ t identitydisorder6&O  7 .PicksomeonedesignatedasEvillongenoughagothattempershavecooled,  ` andwefindthemmuchmoreunderstandable.Maybemistaken,maybenot!butnotEvil.337=CIOW_eI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)MultiplePersonalities i) ; ($USUS.,    5    _AndtheRightandtheTrue,ofcourse,notsimplytheGood.AsHabermasnotes(19xx),  allthreesetsofbeliefsalwaysunderlieourcommunicativeactsand,Iwouldextendthisto,our  understandingsofsituationsgenerally.Beingmoreconcernedwithsocialinteractionand  intentionality,thisworkdoesnotfocusontheTrueverymuch,butitshouldbetakenasimplicit t intheargument.  ($USUS.,    6    _Inauthenticityisnotthesameaslackofsincerity.Onecanbesincere(oratleastnot  insincere)ifonehasnotintegratedallofonespersonas,sinceonepersonacanspeaksincerely  andyetbereplacedatanymomentbyanotherpersona.Forthesamereason,inauthenticityisalso  notthesameasinstrumentalaction. i)JG  i)JG  d_WOR.wpdCopyrightEpigraphsAcknowledgementsPrefaceWorpLevelsTableIntroductionChapter1Chapter2  ($USUS.,    7    _Atanyrate,therearesomespheresinwhichwedontjudgethem.Idontknowenough  aboutthebrain!andprobablypsychologists,psychiatrists,andneurophysiologistsdonteither!   togivealltheconfigurationsofsanityandinsanitybywhichthehumanfleshcanbeafflicted. s ($USUS.,    8    _Themovie, Castaway,seemstobeametaphorforthis.Thespiritasisolated,unableto  connect.Otherpeoplegivinguponhim.Hisnevergivingup.Thepossibilitythathecandiein  hisattempttoescape!maybethroughnothingmorethanhisbeing(throughnofaultofhisown)  inabadspotinthefirstplace;maybethroughhisbeingunlucky;maybethroughdesperation t makinghimdesperatetoescapeevenifprematurely;maybethroughhisdyingofoldagebefore ` thecraftcanbecompletedandtheweatherlookspromising.Theturmoilthatsurroundshis L  reemergence.(Otherpeoplenolongerknowhowtorelatetohim;dittohimtothem.)($$   1  YYYY)!dxdxJG P1)0vCHeadOfSecFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a) " ($USUS.,    1    _Notethesimilarityofthisissuetothetheological problemofpain,whichaskshowa  lovingandallpowerfulGodcanpermitaworldinwhichcreaturessufferpainintimesand  circumstancesthatappeararbitraryandaccidental.Bothproblemsconnecttothequestionofthe  meaningoflife.(ThorntonWilder[19xx]showsthisconnectioninTheBridgeofSanLuisRey.)k . ($USUS.,    10    _Amemberofa Law&Orderfanwebsite( Xavier:4o &O  5  rjccproperty@caribe.net6&O  7 D )wrote  metosaythattheepisodewasfirstshownonApril30,1997(7thseason,Episode154, WeLike  Mike,writtenbyGardnerStern&I.C.Rapoport,directedbyDavidPlatt).However,someone  elsesaiditwasEpisode153,andIhaventbeenabletoverifyeitheraccount. t   ImentionthistoindicatethatIwanttogivecreditwhereitisdue.Butforthespecific ` purposeofthissection,theimportantthingiswhatIgiveastheincident,regardlessofwhenit L  airedorevenwhetherIhaverecalleditcorrectly. 8  CaseySiemaszko[Shuman],StuartBurney[Joostens],RonFrazier[JudgeAldoIannello],  ` BennyNieves[RickyGarcia],ReikoAylesworth[TiffanySherman],FernandoLopez[Tony  L  Garcia],JohnDoman[SergeantFrankGottlieb],FrankJohnHughes[MikeBodack],SamReni  8  [Jack],RonaldWeyand[FatherDimitius],SantoFazio[Miles],HenryYuk[Lao],Patricia $  Mauceri[VirginiaWatts],MartyGrabstein[Ackerman],StevenGoldstein[RabbiKornstein],   GinaPearlman[RuthGottlieb],RichardZiman[Dr.Marienthal],PaulO'Brien[BronxADAPolk   ],JamesReno[Lt.Brosnan],GlennWein[Pharmacist],PhilHarrison[Stan],FrannieHandman   [Gertrude],MichelleHurst[PublicDefender],RobertMontano[CSUTechnician],Joseph   Roccobene[Policeman],PenelopeWillis[Nurse],FranReiter[JuryForewoman],GaetanoLisi p [Technician],MarcellRosenblatt[CourtReporter]mailto:xx@xx.xx i)JG   ($USUS.,    9    _ThisislikeRawlssaidaboutjealousy.Peoplemightfeelit,butitwasntmorallyrelevant.  InapassageIcan'tlocatenow,SeylaBenhabibsaysthatshemightwanttotakeinto  considerationthefactthatsomeonefeelshurt,orjealous,etc.IfIfeelenvious,forexample,I  don'tthinkithelpsme(oranyoneelse)muchtohavethatfeelingcateredto;Iwouldprefera t societyinwhichsuchfeelingscouldbedischarged.IthinkRawlsisrightthatenvyisnota ` sentimentdeservingofmoralrespect.Chapter3Chapter4Chapter5Chapter6Chapter7Chapter8Appendix9Appendix10BibliographyGlossaryIndexAboutTheBookAndTheAuthor !USUS.,  _ (#33   8XXdd8September13,_2002_  xxB(# LEVEL:9 bԈ  [Chapter2]  0    XXTheProblemofEvil,Demons,andMoralMonsters#XX# t(#(# [URL:Evil]   SECTIONS(&perhapssubsections):    k(v03 "%;"  %;X0  2v  I  3  0` (#(#  Introduction%;X݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %;@0  2v  II  3  0` (#(#  DefiningEvil%;@m݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %;*0  2v  III  3  0` (#(#  TheDifficultyofProvingEvilExists%;*W݌l  ` (#` (# Ќ  ")"  )-0  0` (#(#2v  A  3  0 ` (#` (#  OriginswithintheOtherofBehaviorTakentoShowS/HeIsEvil)-Z݌X  (# (# Ќ  ")"  )\0  0` (#(#2v  B  3  0 ` (#` (#  OriginswithinOneselfofFalsePerceptionsofEvil)\݌D  (# (# Ќ  ")"  )0  0` (#(#2v  C  3  0 ` (#` (#  AreWeExcusingtheInexcusable?)݌0  (# (# Ќ  "%;"  %; 0  2v  IV  3  0` (#(#  TheDifficultyofProvingEvilDoesNotExist%; ݌l ` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %; 0  2v  V  3  0` (#(#  TheWaysofRelatingPerspectivesApproach:LeavingEvilsExistence X  Undecidable%; ݌D` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %; 0  2v  VI  3  0` (#(#  0 ` (#` (# ` TheAssumptionofEvil,andPrematureClosureofInquiry%;  ݌0 (# (# Ќ  ")"  ) 0  0` (#(#2v  A  3  0 ` (#` (#  Empathyvs.RevengeasaResponsetoBadBehavior) C ݌ (# (# Ќ  ")"  )70  0` (#(#2v  B  3  0 ` (#` (#  0 (# (# Empathyvs.PraiseandBlameasResponsesto Virtuousand Evil  Behavior)7d݌(#(# Ќ  "%;"  %;0  2v  VII  3  0` (#(#  CaseStudy:TheMuggerinLawandOrder%;݌` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %;0  2v  VIII  3  0` (#(#  0 ` (#` (# ` ReducingMoralDiscoursetoaCivilTrial%;݌| (# (# Ќ  AYD) xdpE?xA @    ` Nothinghumanisstrangetome. 6    `    "Terence[PubliusTerentiusAfer,c.190c.159B.C.E.] $t   8  0`    TherehavebeensomuchtalkaboutpeopleinaplacelikeAuschwitzandthe  P waytheyactedthere..../Peopleactedverydifferentinthecamp,someina  >  cowardlyandselfishway,somebravelyandbeautifully"therewasnorule. !,! No.ButsuchaterribleplacewasthisAuschwitz,Stingo,terriblebeyondall "" belief,thatyoureallycouldnotsaythatthispersonshouldhavedoneacertain ## thinginafineornoblefashion,asintheotherworld.Ifheorshedonea $$ noblething,thenyoucouldadmirethemlikeanyplaceelse,buttheNazis % % weremurderersandwhentheywerenotmurderingtheyturnedpeopleinto &!& sickanimals,soifwhatthepeopledonewasnotsonoble,orevenwaslike p'"' animals,thenyouhavetounderstandit,hatingitmaybebutpityingitatthe ^(#( sametime,becauseyouknewhoweasyitwasforyoutoactlikeananimal L)$) too.:*%*` `  8  0`   0 ` ` 0 0h    "WilliamStyron(1979)SophiesChoice,pp.310311.(+x&+h h  8  0`   Yetevenas...IruminatedonBilbosfate[U.S.SenatorTheodoreBilbo,D -T(- Miss,anotorious,outspokenracist],Iwasovertakenbyanotheremotion;I -B). _supposeitmightbecalledregret....Iknewsomethingabout8@(` `  d Bilbo"somethingmore,thatis,thanwasknownbytheordinaryAmerican R citizenwithevena/marginalconcernwithpolitics....[B]uteveninthe @ superficialityofmyunderstandingIfelttherehadbeenrevealedtomefacets .  ofBilboscharacterthatgavetheheftoffleshandthestinkofrealsweatto   thatshingleflatcartoonofthedailypress.WhatIknewaboutBilbowasnot   evenparticularlyredeeming"hewouldremainafirstclassscoundreluntil[his   death]"butithadatleastallowedmetoperceivehumanbonesand   dimensionsthroughthepapierm chstockvillainfromDixie. p` `  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#  "WilliamStyron(1979)SophiesChoice,pp.205206.^ h(#h(# P/#     #.I  .ۀ  Introduction#   Ԍ $  Ќ  Ifempathyisindeedautomaticandconstitutestheontologyofmorality,thenmoralityitselfis `  automaticandsocialrelationsareeasy.Moralityconsistsofpeopleallempathizingwitheach 8 other,sointerpersonalconflictsaremerelytemporaryfailuresofempathyandgreaterempathy  canaddress(and,inthelongrunandingeneral,caneffectivelyresolve)thoseconflicts.Nooneis  ademonormonster,andsowhilewelimited,imperfectpeoplemaymakemistakes,eventerrible \ mistakes,thereisno Evil. 4   IfEvilexists,however,thisrosyviewisunjustified.l #  1      ׀Empathynolongersolvesproblems, p  andtreatingEvilpeopleasiftheyhadsomehumanemotion,asifonecouldhaveahuman H  connectionwiththem,isfutileandevendangerous.Therestofthisbookusestheassumptionof  " empathyinnumerousways,soifthisassumptionwerefalse,mostofmyanalyseswouldbeonly #  anivorytoweridealism.Imustthereforedealwiththeissueofevilsexistence,andIdosoas %l" follows.IfirstdefineEvilinSection2.Imustdothisinawaythatmatchesordinaryusage,orat 'D!$ leastordinaryusageasclarifiedbythedefinitionandthewaysofrelatingperspectivewithinwhich d itisembedded.Section3arguesthatweareallintheuncomfortablepositionofbeingunableto < proveeithertheexistenceorthenonexistenceofEvil.Inexplainingwhyweareinthatposition,I   describethevarietyofwaysinwhichtheallegationofEvilcanbeundercut.Noneoftheseis   guaranteedtowork,sothereisalwaysthepossibilitythatwewillfindacaseofEvil.However,  ` asSection4argues,evenifonefailstofindhumanitywhereEvilisalleged,thisdoesnotprove 8  thatEvilexists,sinceonemaysucceedinthefuture. t    ThisuncertaintyofEvilsexistencecallsintoquestionhowwearetoactinreallife.With L  whichofthesetwopositionsarewetoapproachtheworld?Andhowarewetochoosebetween $ them!onthebasisofunsupportedfaithalone?InSection5Iarguethatthereisanotheroption,  onetakenbytheWoRP.Thisoptiondoesnotaskofustobelieveineitherposition,sincesuch p beliefcanhaveonlyametaphysicalgrounding.Iarguethatinreallifewethereforeneedtoactin H recognitionofthisundecidability.Concretely,thismeanscontinuingdialogueevenifwefind   ourselvesforcedtoactdespiteouruncertainty.Section6arguesthatourtendencyseemstobeto \ erronthesideofprematureclosureifinquiry. 4    Section7presentsacasestudyoftheanalysisofapparentEvil,showinginaconcreteway  " howtherealexplorationofanapparentEvilmightrevealitsoriginsinordinaryhumanbehavior, #  behaviorwecanunderstandashumansevenwhileseeingitaswrong.Inthefinalsection(8)I %X" arguethatourculture(mis)understandsmoraldiscourseasaciviltrialwhereonesideortheother '0!$ hastopaydamages,insteadofadiscoursewherebothsidesaretransformed.Andsothisleads l)#& intothesubsequentessaysdiscussionofwhatismeantbytheattitudeof sharingamoral D+$( universe. -&* #     #-.II  .ۀ  DefiningEvil#-(.  .Ԍ < Ќ    SowhatdoImeanwhenby Evil?Imustdefinethetermconsonantwithitsordinary   languagemeaning,becausewebothwanttobesurethatwearetalkingaboutthesamething,that   Imnotsolvingmyproblemsbydefiningthemaway.Sointhiswork, Evilisdefinedasfollows:  ` F    FM08    SomeoneissaidtobeEvil,oratleastEvilwithinacertaindomainofsocial 8  interaction,ifs/heactswiththeprimaryintentionofpreventinganothersattemptto &  achievesomeorallaspectsoftheothersGood.FM00݌x    Ќ    Notethefollowingaboutthisdefinition: >  ! ! J %)09:;=G()s0k"%;"  %;20  2)3  0` (#(#  Evilisanounor,ifanadjective,onethatcharacterizesanentityhavingthe  capacityofempathyandthusofmoralchoice.Itmakesnodifferencetomehow  welabelactions!callthemevil,bad,immoral,wicked,iniquitous,orwhatever; b myonlyconcerniswhetherpeoplepossessthequalityofbeinginherentlyEvilina : waythataffectshowtheyrelatetoothers.Tomakeevidentthattherearetwo v differentmeanings,Iwillcapitalizethewordwhenitreferstotheabstractconcept N of Evil( LuciferisthePrinceofEvil)andwhenitisusedtocharacterizethe &! inherentnatureofamoralagent(s)( OsamabinLadenisanEvilman).Iwillnot " capitalizeitwhenitreferstoacts,asin, AttackingtheWorldTradeCenterwas $r! anevilthingtodo.ActsarenotGoodorEvilinthemselves,onlyafterbeing &J # morallysituated.%;2*3݌(""%` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %;70  2)3  0` (#(#  Thedefinitionreferstoharmtoanotherbeingtheprimaryintentionofones ^*#' action,i.e.,anendinitself,notameanstoachievingonesownsenseoftheGood. 6,%) SoifIsmitetheheathenbecauseIwant(say)toachievethereignofmyTrue d religion,notsolelybecauseIenjoydeprivingthemoflife,thenIamnotEvil,even < thoughtheheathenmightsayIam.OrifIsmitethembecauseIfeelbadand   mistakenlybelievethattheirpainwillmakemefeelbetter,theninthis   circumstancetooIamnotEvil.Noticethatthisisadifferentconceptfromthe  ` moralityofmyaction.EvenifIdoimmoralthings,thatdoesnotinitselfmakeme 8  Evil,becauseImightbedoingthosethingsoutofconfusion,oraninabilitytosee t  theotherspointofview,etc.%;7!8݌L ` (#` (# Ќ  So: $ ! ! J %)09:;=G()ssJ %)09:;=G"%;"  %;>=0  2)3  0` (#(#  Ifatigerkillsandeatsme,itisnotEvil,becauseitdoesnotactwiththeprimary  intentionofharmingmebutratherwiththeintentionofeating,protectingits p territory,defendingitscubs,etc.%;>=k=݌H` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %;>0  2)3  0` (#(#  AparentwhospanksachildisnotEvil,becauses/hedoessowiththeintentionof   corrections/instructingthechild,notforthepleasureofmakingthechildhurt.N #  2      %;>'?݌\` (#` (# Ќ  "%;"  %;@0  2)3  0` (#(#  Lucifer(aspopularlyimagined)isEvil,becauses/heactswiththesoleintentionof 4  creatingpain,whetherphysical,psychological,orspiritual.%;@@݌ "` (#` (#   # #        #MB.III  .ۀ  TheDifficultyofProvingEvilExists#MBB  BԌ d Ќ  WiththisdefinitionofEvilinhand,wecanturntothequestionofwhetheranyoneisinfactEvil. < MyargumentisthatweareexistentiallyincapableofdecidingwhetherEvilexists,eitherasa   realizedabstractionorinaspecificcase.Iarguethatthelabelof Evilis,rather,awayofending   discourse,awayofavoidingarealrecognitionoftheotherasamoralagent,eventhoughonehas  ` notpushedrecognitionasfaraspossible.Imaketheanalogytothepracticeofscience.Itis 8  alwayspossible,whenencounteringanunfamiliar/notunderstoodphenomenon,topostulatethat t  realityisnot,intheend,knowable.Evenifsomeonethenfindsareasonableexplanationforthe L  phenomenon,thatdoesnotdisprovethepostulate:thetheorieswecurrentlyholdmightbe(and $ mightevenbeshowntobe)false,andeveniftheyarenot,itcouldstillbethecasethatrealitywill  ultimatelybeunknowable. p   Thisunfalsifiabilityshouldmakeusleeryofthepostulate,butitisntadecisiveobjection, H becausetheoppositepostulateisalsounfalsifiable.Ifwepostulatethatrealityisultimately   knowable,noempiricalevidencecandisproveit.Evenifwecurrentlylackanunderstandingof \ somephenomenon,thisdoesnotprovethatwewillnotbeabletoreachanunderstandinginthe 4  future.  "   Giventhatbothpostulatesareunprovable,whydowechoosethelatter?Why,even #  facingaphenomenonwecanmakenosenseof,even(say)facingalonghistoryofbafflementat %X" thatphenomenon,dowecontinuetostudyit?Theanswerseemstobethatthehistoryofhuman '0!$ understanding(includingscience)showsafairlysteadystreamofsuccesses,whiletheassumption l)#&  thatrealityisunknowablestopsusbeforewebegin. Stoptryingdoesntseemtobeavery D+$( usefulinjunction,evenititsformalvalidityremainsunaffectedbyoursuccesses.E #  3      ׀Human d  experiencesofarhasbeenthatrealityyieldsitssecrets,andthattheefforttosolvesofarbaffling < problemsisfarlessthantheadvantageswehavegainedfromoursuccesses.     Theparalleltomoralityshouldbeobvious.IfthepostulatethatEvilexistsistobemore   thanunfoundedfaith,thenithastodictatethatatsomepoint,forsomepeople,weshouldstop  ` andsaythattheyareEvil,thatnofurtherattemptsatclarificationorempathicunderstandingcan 8  possiblysucceed.Butitseemstomethatourexperienceisthatmutualunderstandingand t  empathicconnectionhaveshownasteadystreamofsuccesses.Evenifwefindsomepeoplehard L  tounderstand,wedontknowinadvancewhotheyare,andoursuccessesinempathyseemwell $ worththesofarnotsuccessfulattempts.Oh #  4      ׀Sothediscussionthatfollowsbasicallylaysoutallthe  waysinwhichordinaryhumanbehaviorcanbemistakenlytermedEvil. p  $H H      $HQ0  0` (#(#   .A  ..ہ  OriginswithintheOtherofBehaviorTakentoShowS/HeIsEvil$HQR 0QRԌd` (#` (# Ќ  MysenseofEvilstartswiththeempiricalobservationthatothersdothingsthatblockmypursuit < ofmyGoods!say,myspousespendstherentmoneyonsomethings/healonewants(notareal   experienceofmine!)!orthatevenactivelyharmme!say,someonespreadsbadrumorsabout   meamongmycolleagues.Ideferuntillatertheissueofwhether harmcanbeobjectively  ` defined,butsomebehaviorcertainlyseemsbadfromanyremotelycalmperspective.For 8  example,aboutayearagoasIwritethis,afatherwastriedformurderbecausehetookhis t  screamingbabyandsmasheditagainstawallinanger.Thatseemslikeanundeniablybadthing. L  SotoundercuttheassertionthatthefatherwasEvil,Ihavetoconsiderdirectlyhowsuch $ behaviorcouldcometobe.Inthesubsequentdiscussionmycriterioniswhetheronesdoing  thesethingswouldmakeoneanEvilperson.Idhopethatwouldbeyourcriterionaswell.As p Terencewrote!givenastheepigraphabove!, Nothinghumanisstrangetome.IfIcansee H howsomethingcouldreasonablyhappentoleadonetodowrong,thenthefatherremains   human!maybedoingbadthings,maybeselfcentered,maybebadlymistakenorconfusedor \ ignorant,maybeblindedbyemotions,butnotademonormonster. 4    Ihavearguedinthischapterthatmoralityisgroundedinempathy.Moralityis,  " ontologically,myresponsetosituationsseenwiththeeyesofempathy,reason,andauthenticity.I #  needempathytograspandrespecttheotherssenseoftheGood.S #  5      ׀Ineedreasontobringthis %X" chaosofconflictingempathiesintosomesortoforder.Ineedauthenticitysothatmy_response '0!$ fullycomprehendsallsensesoftheGood;Ineedauthenticitysoastogiveeachsenseofthe d Good,bothmineandtheothers,itsdueweight.Afailureofanyofthesethree eyescanresult < inimmoralbehavior.Ithereforetakeupeachsuchprobleminturn.       \0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .1  :.  InabilitytoEmpathize/Roletake\#] 0y]Ԍ ` (# (# Ќ  ")"  )A^0  0` (#(#2)-3  0 ` (#` (#  Inabilitytoempathize)A^n^݌8  (# (# Ќ  ")"  )2_0  0` (#(#2)-3  0 ` (#` (#  Thedevelopmentofmoralreasoning)2___݌t  (# (# Ќ  ")"  )/`0  0` (#(#2)-3  0 ` (#` (#  InauthenticityT #  6      )/`\`݌L  (# (# Ќ      ka0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .2  :.  Inabilitytoempathizekaa 0aԌ (# (# Ќ     ` Somepeopleseemunabletoempathize.Idontmeanthattheyshowawilled p selfishnessbutrather,moreprimitively,thattheyseemtobeneurologicallydamaged.Im H thinkinghereofschizophrenia,autism,psychosis,sociopathology,dementiaandsoon!   pathologiesthatseemtocomefromafailureofthebodyratherthanthespirit.Itisforthese \ peoplethatwehavethepleaof notguiltybyreasonofinsanity,sincetheyseemtrulyunableto 4  formasenseofrightandwronginthefirstplaceortounderstandhowtodifferentiatethetwo.  " SuchpeoplearenotEvil;theyrejustdamaged.Wemayrestrainthemininstitutions,fortheir #  ownprotectionaswellasours,butwedontjudgethemasmoralagents.e@ #  7      ׀Alzheimersdisease %X" providesaclearexample.Inmanycases,theprogressionofthediseaseincludesaperiodinwhich d thepersonisangryandevenviolent.IhopethatifIweretobecomesubjecttothat,people < wouldcallmeill,notEvil.     ImalsotalkingaboutHarryHarlows(19xx)famousexperimentswithmonkeys,where   heseemedtoshowthatcertainformsofstimulationwerenecessaryforbraindevelopmentand!  ` morerelevanttomyargumenthere!thatifthisstimulationwerenotprovidedduringacritical 8  growthtime,thenthebraindevelopmentitcausedcouldnotbemadeuplater.Thisproblemhas t  beenmentionedinconnectionwiththeextremesofwealthandpovertyinoursociety!namely, L  thatalargegroupofchildrenmaynotbegettingcriticalneedsmetatcriticaltimesintheir $ development,leavinguswithaserious,longtermproblemofdealingwithalargegroupofpeople  neurologicallyincapableofmoralthought. p   Wemaycertainlydisputewhetherthesituationisreallysobleak!whethertherereallyisa H criticalperiodforempathy,moralthought,oranythingrelated.ButIneednotdefendtheextreme   position.AllIreallywanttopointoutisthatbadbehaviorcanarisefromaneurologicalfailure \ insteadofamoralone.WewouldnotcallsuchpeopleEvil,howeverhorribletheirbehavior. 4  Evilseemstorequireafreechoicetodowrong,and freechoiceseemsinapplicableto  " neurophysiologicaldamage. #      m0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .3  :.  Thedevelopmentofmoralreasoningmm 0JnԌ'0!$ (# (# Ќ     ` Xxtotheeffectthatcognitionisrequiredtobringthedisparatepersonasintoa l)#& coherentrelationship.Nottomentiontheknowledgeofwhatotherpeopleexperiencein D+$( situations.Nooneistoblameifpeoplemakemistakesthen. d     Op0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .4  :.  InauthenticityOpvp 0pԌ  (# (# Ќ     `  Relatedtotheabove,certainpeoplecantreconcilethevoicesinside   themselves,let_alone_Ԁthoseofothers.Distresspatternsoccurwhentherestoomuchinternal  ` yellingtohearanyoneelse(or,moreprecisely,tounderstandsufficientlyandgivedueweightto 8  theirsensesoftheGood).However,Ibelievethatinsideeverydistresspatterntheresahuman t  tryingtogetout.f #  8      ׀Bothalternatives(thatthereisandthereisntsuchahumaninside)are L  unprovable,soIpickthemoreinterestingalternative.KindoflikecaveexploringintheCentral $ KentuckyCaveSystem:onemaynothavefoundoneswayintobigcaveyet,butonekeeps  exploring,evenpushingtinypossibilities,becauseoneneverknows. p     u0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .5  :.  Actingoninaccurateinformationuu 0 vԌ  (# (# Ќ  xx \     v0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .6  :.  Overwhelmedandactingwithoutthoughtvw 0gwԌ " (# (# Ќ  xx #   %X"     Jx0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .7  :.  NotgraspingallramificationsofthesituationJxx 0xԌd (# (# Ќ  xx  < TheAgreementProblemvs.theNecessityofJudgment   Sometimespeoplereachanimpasseandmustact.Thisistheagreementproblem.     However,thisdoesntmean, Doanythingor Youcantbeheldaccountableor Just  ` refusetochangeyourmindandwhatyoudoiso.k. 8    ThislookslikeEvil,becausetheotheristakingactionevenafterhavingtalkedtoyou. t  _$H    $H{0  0` (#(#   .B  ..ہ  OriginswithinOneselfofFalsePerceptionsofEvil$H{| 0B|Ԍ$` (#` (# Ќ  xx  $H    $H2}0  0` (#(#   .C  ..ہ  AreWeExcusingtheInexcusable?$H2}Y} 0}ԌH` (#` (# Ќ  Xx   #     #x~.IV  .ۀ  TheDifficultyofProvingEvilDoesNotExist#x~~  ~Ԍ 4  Ќ  xx  " #     #.V  .ۀ  TheWoRPsApproach:LeavingEvilsExistenceUndecidable#  Ԍ %X" Ќ  xx '0!$  # l)#&       #ހ.VI  .ۀ  TheAssumptionofEvil,andPrematureClosureofInquiry#ހ6  Ԍ d Ќ  xx <   Itseemstomeimportantinmoraldiscoursetodistinguishbetweenpeople'srationaland   irrationalinterests.Wedon'twanttomakeourmoraltheorysubjecttoeverytransientfeeling,   toeverytransientneedsomeonemightclaim.  ` $H    $H^0  0` (#(#   .A  ..ہ  Empathyvs.RevengeAsaResponsetoBadBehavior$H^ 0ǃԌt ` (#` (# Ќ  [Sayhowrevengeisanaturalreactiontosomeoneelsesbehavior. TheydidXbecausethey L  didntempathizewithme,soXcanbedonetothemtobringithome.DickHudelsonsaidKant $ justifiedthedeathpenaltyformurderersbecauseinmurdering,themurdererhadgivenuphis  righttoclaimrespectforhisperson.However,allthatsuchamurdershowsisthatthemurder p acceptsmurderinginthecircumstancesasheseesthem.Heisn'tsayingthatit'sallrightto H executehim,becausethecircumstancesaredifferent.("Ikilledherbecauseshewascheatingon   me.It'so.k.tokillpeoplewhoarecheatingonone.Youcan'tapplythisprincipletojustify \ killingme,becauseI'mnotcheatingonyou.")Sothequestionisreallywhethertheprinciple 4  beingappliedismoral;wecan'tjustclaimhehasgivenuphisrights.r #  9        "  $H #       $H0  0` (#(#   .B  ..ہ  Empathyvs.PraiseandBlameAsResponsesto Virtuousand EvilBehavior$HJ 0Ԍd` (#` (# Ќ  LawrenceKohlbergusedtosaythatpraiseandblamearenotmoralcategories,i.e.,categoriesof < moraljudgments.Idonthaveaspecificreferenceforhiscontentionrightnow,butIagreewith   it.Iseeitascomingfromthenatureofdeontologicalvs.aretaicjudgments.Praiseandblameare   aretaicjudgments,thatis,judgmentsofthemoralworthofpeople.Onecanmakejudgments  ` aboutduty,obligation,responsibility,etc.!butsincewehavenoideawhatledtoanyfailureof 8  suchduty/obligation/etc.,wehavenogroundsforjudgingthepeopleinvolved.Ithinkwhenwe t  say praise,wemean arehappywith,andwhenwesay blame,wemean areangryat.And L  justleaveitatthat.Praiseandblameareattemptstomoralizepeopleintodoingwhatwewant. $ Happinessandangerareatleastauthentic,sotheymaintainthehumanconnection.Whatis  gainedbydressingtheseupas praiseor blame? p   Iwillevenpressthisfurther.Itseemstomethatweneedtodistinguishbetween H happinessatsomeoneandsimplybeinghappywiththestateofaffairs.IfourSenseoftheGood   isbeingsatisfied,wearehappy.Evenasmildastatementas ImhappywithyousaysthatI \ regardyouasresponsibleformyhappiness.Dittowithanger,whichsaysyouarethecauseof 4  andareresponsibleformyfeelingbad.Thecorrectorientation,Ibelieve,isthatofFisheretal.s  " (1991:xx)aphorism: Thepeoplearenottheproblem;theproblemistheproblem.The #  problemisthatwecantseemtofindawaytogetourneedssatisfiedsimultaneously,notthat %X" eitherofusisresponsiblefortheresultsofthatfact. '0!$ [...]  Takeanotherexample:supposethatearlyexperiencesofpraiseandblamecreatedin l)#& someoneafrozenneedforpraise--thatis,adesireforpraisethatcouldneverbesatisfiedbyany D+$( amountofpraise.Thecorrecttacktotakehere,itseemstome,isnottocatertothis -&* unsatisfiableneedbuttohavethepersoncryitaway.(HereI'mthinkingofaspecificcounseling d techniquewhereonehasthepersonrepeataphraselike,"InevergotthepraiseIdeserved".) < #     #.VII  .ۀ  CaseStudy:TheMuggerin LawandOrder#0  Ԍ   Ќ  Thisexampleseekstoshowhowthereisagrainofmoraltruthineveryone,whichwemust  ` acknowledge.Itistakenfromaverysmallincidentinoneepisodeof LawandOrder.(The 8  incidenthasnorelevancetothemainplot.)n #  10      ׀ThesceneopensonDetectiveLennyBriscoe(asI t  recall)interrogatingayoungman(Illcallhim Bobhere!Roberttherobber!,andsubstitute L  hisrealnameif/whenIlearnit)whohasbeenarrestedforkillingsomeoneinthecourseofa $ robbery.Bobisveryagitatedattheinjusticebeingdonehim,sayingsomethingalongthelinesof,   Itsnotmyfault!AllIwantedwashiswatch!Whydidnthejustgivethewatchtome?Its p reallyhisfaulthegotkilled.DetectiveBriscoe,notbattinganeyelash,askshim Whydontyou H writethatalldowninyourstatementandsignit.Iknowtheprosecutorwillbeveryinterestedin d it.AtwhichpointBriscoeiscalledawaytopursuethemainplotlineoftheepisode,leavingBob < presumablytowriteandsignhisowndeathwarrant(atleastmetaphoricallyandperhaps,inthe   end,inreality),Bobbeingtoosimpletounderstandthesituation.Bobisclearlypretty   unintelligentingeneralandquiteundevelopedmorally.@ #  11        `   Iexpectthatmostviewersfirstreactionwassomethinglike, Hardyharhar!Isntit 8  amazinghowstupidsomepeoplecanbe?WasntthatcleverofLennytotrickthisscumbaginto t  confessingall?Maybethewritersintendednomorethanthatobviouslevelofresponse,but L  thereisalsoasecondlevel,andIliketothinkthatthewritersintendedthisaswell:alevelarising $ fromourfeelingbothabitsorryforBob!sorryforhimhavingtomakehiswayinaworldheis  clearlyunabletocomprehend!andabitashamedofLennyfortakingadvantageofBobs p ignoranceandstupidity.Itisthissecondlevelofanalysis/responsethatIwanttodiscusshere, H becauseIthinkthereareramificationstoitthatareonlyhintedatbytheemotionoffeelingsorry.     Inmyview,Bob...[etc.totheeffectthatBobhasasenseoftheGoodthatisnottaken \ intoconsiderationatall;ourattentionisallonthe(morallywrong,obviously)meansbywhichhe 4  pursuesit.][CiteSeanGonsalvess19xxcolumnsomewhereinhere.]  "  # #        #ơ.VIII  .ۀ  ReducingMoralDiscoursetoaCivilTrial#ơ  Ԍ d Ќ  [xxMaybethesectiontitleshouldgoontoread, :HavingWinners&Losersvs.HavingMutual < ResponsibilityinaSharedMoralUniverse.]   First:TheassumptionthatEvilexistsisunfounded,anditusuallyisameansofperpetuating   oppression.  ` Second:InU.S.politicalcultureweseemtoseemoralissuesintermsofaciviltrial,i.e.,asa t  balanceofrightsorabalanceoftorts,whereonesidewinsandtheotherloses.Inaciviltrial, L  bothsidessaytotheother, Youscrewedme;youdidnttakemyinterestsintoaccount.Atthe $ trialsconclusion,onesideismadetopaydamagestotheotherand/orpromisetotaketheothers  interestsintoaccount.Nothingisaskedoftheotherside.(Thisissueisdiscussedmorefullyin p the4?en&O  5  essayonmediationandlitigation6&Owhic  7iԀinChapter6.) H   Butthereisanotherpossibleviewofthesituation,aviewseeingmoralissuesintermsof   discourse,whereallpartiesrecognize,correlatively,boththeotherasafellowmemberofamoral \ universeandonesownresponsibilityfortakingthatintoaccount.Ifwetrulysaweachotheras 4  fellowmembersofamoraluniverse,thenwewouldallbeconcernedallthetimetounderstand  " theotherspositionandinterests.> #  12       #    AYD) xd24EQxA R Workstoreadthatbearonthis: O  J %)09:;=G()ssJ %)09:;=G"%;"  %;20  2)3  0` (#(#  xx%;2_݌+ ` (#` (# Ќ    AYD) xdE xA   & ^ GrandCentralStation:ExpressTrainsDepartingFor...     @*0   4Z &O  5  TableofContents6&O  7 @ 3;4[ &O  5  Copyright6&O  7 ;4\ &O  5  Epigraphs6[&Oo  7 ;4] T&O  5  Acknowledgements6 &O   7 pN;4^ &O  5  Preface6į&Oد  7 \;4_ &O  5  FourlevelsTable6s&O  7 d!; |  4` &O  5  Introduction6@&OT  7 j (#(#  PARTI:THEINTRAPERSONAL:RELATINGTOONESELF  X  4a &O  5  Chapter1:AuthenticityandtheSenseoftheGood6[&Oo  7  F   PARTII:THEINTERPERSONAL:RELATINGFACETOFACE  4  4b &O  5  Chapter2:Morality;Care&Responsibility6&O  7 x׳'^` "  4 &O  5  Chapter3:MeansandEnds6&O  7 | д t 4 &O  5  Chapter4:MoralityBeyondAgreement:MoralActionwithinMoralConflict6b&Ov  7  b  PARTIII:THESYSTEMIC:RELATINGTOTHEGENERALIZEDOTHER  P 4 &O  5  Chapter5:TheTheoryofSocialJustice6&Oж  7 D >  PARTIV:IMPLICATIONS  , 4 &O  5  Chapter6:TheWaysofRelatingPerspectiveonPracticalIssues6Ϸ&O  7   0   4 &O  5  Chapter7:TheWaysofRelatingPerspectiveonPhilosophical/MethodologicalIssuesinSocial  ScienceandPoliticalTheory6&O  7 #(#(# 4 &O  5  Chapter8:Conclusion65&OI  7 w   ENDMATTER  n 4 &O  5  AppendixI:NeurophysiologicalStructures6(&O<  7 8j \ 4 &O  5  AppendixII:Miscellaneous,NotYetClassifiedEssays6 &O   7 N J 4 &O  5  Bibliography6&O  7 >;4 H &O  5  Glossary6&OĽ  7 ;4 &O  5  Index6`&Ot  7 \;4 &O  5  AbouttheBookandtheAuthor6 &O!  7 O 8 ЇCopyright2001StephenChilton   d GCSVersion20011009Chilton   d GCSVersion20011009