WPCL !~}; Nz L{0B_Lz5mv/nDt>@,fKTv;K_VE@Js)Hu<+O]>'y}C!m}bF'T˺zR;EBatƝ*pžhŸ rY/`c6rB1p.S}Se4&_a:&>4ğbDelqߓ~Ist{Hm;>`1nKN.^:7ȥ3H[r귁-aCEX"(]$RYOe㈯R,o , ȇPn[@24 _ 1l6zT{lL{l3f?ߖ;n1ǐ39-M~$ Jjڷa| K~jI3/;*v#mt٫Ю+8`n&!C9OYƸdvm8DZ0&ۢD6qL/$ܶZ^ w 0:46JY 0[N6 728 72j 0 0D 1_ 72. 72` 72 72 72 0@c( 72 1u 722 0]wd 0 0e 0 0 m#UN` % 72N 72 72 0NL 0~k 0DN------------------------------------------- B/vi, ($USUS.,ܡ5,(MYFILES3|x($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#i)i)({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(#  se37;?CGKOS-*+x  i)i) (;3$2#  0  .3  0  i)3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#?8HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX   (O$  (($USUS.,    1    _Thisiswhatpeopleseemtobereferringtowhentheyreferto goddamliberals.The  perceptionofthemediaas liberaliscorrectonlyinthesensethatthe(major)mediatendtobe  intheclassicalliberaltradition,butideologicallytheyareprettymuchcentrallylocatedonthe  continuumbetweenmodernreformliberalismandmodernconservatism.Progressivesaccuse t themofbeingtooconservative,butIthinkusingthattermisamistake.Thedifferencebetween ` progressivesandliberals(thatis,classicalliberalsofallstripes)isnotthedifferencebetween L  modernreformliberalismandmodernconservatism.Whattermshouldtheyuse?Idontknow; 8  maybeIllsuggestonesometime.(.(3($ !USUS.,      0  (#$  0   d !USUS.,  _8Xdd8  April8,2002  A(# LEVEL:10 Ԉ   5XX[Endmatter]#XX5#     1"XXGlossary#XX1"{#  k  [URL:Glossary]   0   [Illfillinthedefinitionswhenthebookisfinished.]\ (#(# 0  0` (#(#   [Imleavingtheglossarysinglespacedbutputtingablankspacebetweeneachtermandthenext; H  thisallowsmetovisuallygrouprelatedterms(e.g.,around Evil!seebelow).]4 ` (#` (#   (es3"3"  3:2e3  0    absolute[antonym:contingent]3:g݌ \ (#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    APL:Thisisanacronymfor AProgrammingLanguage,anditreferstoahighlevel, 4  mathematicallyorientedand-influencedprogramminglanguage.3=݌ (#(# Ќ  "3"  3t2e3  0    Arrowsparadox;Arrowsvotingparadox3t݌(#(# Ќ  "3"  3Y2e3  0    Ascheffect;Aschexperiment(s):3Y݌(#(# Ќ  "3"  312e3  0    authenticity31^݌X(#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    [to] bracketsomethingout3! ݌0(#(# Ќ  "3"  3 2e3  0    BSE[BovineSpongiformEncephalitis,a.k.a. madcowdisease]3 ݌X(#(# Ќ  "3"  3 2e3  0    circularargument:[Seetautology.]3 ݌0(#(# Ќ  "3"  3 2e3  0    cognitivedevelopment3 ݌(#(# Ќ  "3 "  3o 2e3  0    communicativeaction:xx.[Seealso:strategicaction.]3o ݌ (#(# Ќ  "3 "  3` 2e3  0    communism3` ݌h"(#(# Ќ  "3 "  3 2e3  0    contingent[antonyms:absolute;transcendental]3 M݌@$!(#(# Ќ  "3 "  32e3  0    counterfactual35݌&h!#(#(# Ќ  "3 "  32e3  0    culture3݌'@#%(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2e3  0` (#(#  xx;݌(,$&` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;V0  2e3  0` (#(#  politicalculture:;V݌)%'` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  332e3  0    denovo33`݌+&)(#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    decisionism3$݌#x-(+(#(#  #Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    0` (#(#  deliriumtremens:3݌P` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    deusexmachina:literally, Godfromamachine.IntheRomantheatre,plotswere (  sometimesresolvedbyagoddescendingfromtheheavens,borne,ofcourse,onachair   loweredbya machine!awindlass,orpulleys,orwhatever.Thephrasehasthuscome   tomeanamiraculous(andthusunrealistic)wayofmakingallproblemsdisappear.3݌ (#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    dialectic;dialectical;dialectics34݌ `(#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    discourseethics3݌8 (#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    duelingoppressions:See oppressions,dueling.3݌t (#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    egocentrism:[xxnotnecessarilyselfishness;itjustmeansattachmenttoonesown L  perspective.Alsonottheinflatedegoof egotism.]3݌8 (#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    emergenteffects,emergentsystemeffects:3$݌(#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    emotivism3݌(#(# Ќ  "3"  32e3  0    epistemology:Thestudyofwhatitistoknowthings.Questionslikethosebelowareits \ subjectmatter:3݌H(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2e3  0` (#(#  Whatisittoknowsomething?;݌4` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2e3  0` (#(#  Howcanweestablishthatweknowsomething?;݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2e3  0` (#(#  Whenisknowledgeacquiredinachildsgrowingup?Howisitacquired?;݌p ` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  3 2e3  0    Evil3 !݌H(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;!0  2e3  0` (#(#  defined:;!!݌4 ` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;c"0  2e3  0` (#(#  vs.evil:;c""݌ !` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;6#0  2e3  0` (#(#  undecidabilityofexistenceof:;6#c#݌ "` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  3 $2e3  0    existential;notthesameasexistentialism(Ithink)3 $M$݌# (#(# Ќ  "3"  3 %2e3  0    existentialism3 %:%݌%X"(#(# Ќ  "3"  3%2e3  0    fallibilism3%%݌'0!$(#(# Ќ  "3"  3&2e3  0    fascism3&&݌l)#&(#(# Ќ  "3"  3R'2e3  0    fibrillation3R''݌D+$((#(# Ќ  "3"  3(2e3  0    firstmomentofmoraldiscourseanddecisionmaking:3(B(݌-&*(#(# Ќ  "3 "  3)2e3  0    geneticepistemology:JeanPiagetbelievedthatonecouldbetterunderstandthenatureof P knowledge(epistemology)bylookingatitsdevelopmentalorigins(genesis).Thefieldof < geneticepistemologyisthusneitherphilosophynorpsychologicalsciencealonebutrather (  ahybridofthetwo.Psychologicalstudiescanbeusedtoshedlightonphilosophical   problems,andphilosophicalanalysiscanbeusedtoclarifythequestionsthatpsychological   studiesseektoanswer.3)4)݌ (#(# Ќ  "3!"  3+2e3  0    goldstandardofmorality3+*,݌ `(#(# Ќ  "3""  3,2e3  0    Good3,,݌8 (#(# Ќ  ";#"  ;-0  2e3  0` (#(#  TheGood;onesSenseoftheGood;--݌$ ` (#` (# Ќ  ";#"  ;v.0  2e3  0` (#(#  AGood;v..݌t ` (#` (# Ќ  ";#"  ;F/0  2e3  0` (#(#  good(s);F/s/݌` ` (#` (# Ќ  "3#"  302e3  0    Gozer:Theplotof GhostbustersturnsonthearrivalofGozer,adeityfromaparallel 8  universewhoseekstorulethisone.30E0݌$(#(# Ќ  "3$"  3g12e3  0    Habermas,Jrgen3g11݌(#(# Ќ  "3%"  3.22e3  0    harm3.2[2݌p(#(# Ќ  ";&"  ;20  2e3  0` (#(#  definitionof:;23݌\` (#` (# Ќ  ";&"  ;30  2e3  0` (#(#  Millsharmprinciple:;33݌H` (#` (# Ќ  "3&"  342e3  0    hermeticproject(s)344݌ (#(# Ќ  "3'"  3n52e3  0    Hobbes,Thomas3n55݌\(#(# Ќ  "3("  3362e3  0    Hobbesian:anadjectiveappliedtolifeworldsorworldviews,indicatingthattheyembrace 4  (oratleastcontemplateoraresubjectto)therelationshipsamonghumanssetforthby  ! Hobbes:thestruggleofallagainstall.336`6݌ "(#(# Ќ  "3)"  372e3  0    IdealSpeechSituation/ISS378݌# (#(# Ќ  "3*"  382e3  0    immanent:inherentin,whetheracknowledgedornot388݌%X"(#(# Ќ  "3+"  392e3  0    Immanentcritique:takingwhatisinherentinapoliticalorphilosophicalposition '0!$ (inherent,butusuallyunacknowledged)andspellingouttheimplications.Seemyanalysis ("% oftheconceptof constraintinvotingstudies.399݌l)#&(#(# Ќ  "3,"  3q;2e3  0    internalconnection:atermcommonlyusedinEuropeansocialtheorytodenotewhatI D+$( callfundamental isomorphism(q.v.)3q;;݌0,%)(#(# Ќ   -&* "3-"  3<2e3  0    introjection3<<݌d(#(# Ќ  "3."  3=2e3  0    intuitionism3==݌<(#(# Ќ  "3/"  3W>2e3  0    IROG:anacronymfor InternalReconciliationoftheGood3W>>݌ (#(# Ќ  _"30"  3_?2e3  0    isomorphism:Literally,fromtheGreek, sameform/structure.Inmathematics,two   objectsaresaidtobeisomorphicifalltheirelementsandthelogicalinterrelationships  t amongtheelementssimplydifferintheir_labelling_.Forexample,whatwerecalled  `  congruenttrianglesinmyhighschoolgeometryclassareisomorphic:theyeachhave L  threevertices,thedistancesbetweentheverticesarethesame,theanglesbetweenthe 8  sidesarethesame,etc.Byextensionfrommathematics,twotheories(orconcepts)are $  isomorphiciftheirconcepts(orelementaryterms)andthelogicalrelationshipsamong t  themareidenticalexceptforadifferenceinnames.3_??݌` (#(# Ќ  ";1"  ;eC0  2e3  0` (#(#  fundamentalisomorphism:Thisphraseisreallyasynonymfor isomorphism; L  adding fundamentalisreallymeanttoindicatethattheisomorphismisnotone 8  betweensuperficialelementsbutratheramongtheelementswearemost $ concernedwith.Forexample,onecouldsaythatNigeriaandtheUnitedStatesare  isomorphicinthatbothareinternationallyrecognizedStates,bothhavecitizens,  thecitizensinbothhaverelationshipsamongoneother,bothhaveacentral  governmentandaredividedintostates,etc.Allofthismaybetrue,butthese p similaritiesaresuperficialifonewantstounderstandthepoliticaldynamicsofthe \ twoStates.;eCC݌H` (#` (# Ќ  "31"  3gG2e3  0    Kohlberg,Lawrence3gGG݌ (#(# Ќ  "32"  30H2e3  0    liberalism:30H]H݌\(#(# Ќ  ";3"  ;H0  2e3  0` (#(#  classicalliberalism;HI݌H` (#` (# Ќ  ";3"  ;I0  2e3  0` (#(#  modernreformliberalism' )#  1      ;II݌4 ` (#` (# Ќ  ";3"  ;K0  2e3  0` (#(#  modernconservatism;K1K݌ !` (#` (# Ќ  "33"  3K2e3  0    lifeworld3KL݌"(#(# Ќ  "34"  3L2e3  0    MAD:TheacronymforthestrategicdoctrineofMutuallyAssuredDestruction(q.v.)3LL݌$l!(#(# Ќ  "35"  3M2e3  0    0` (#(#  majoritarianism:atermforaregimeinwhichamajoritydominatesaminorityby P outvotingit.Majoritarianismhasanegativeconnotation,becauseitdoesnotbuild < inanyprotectionsfortherightsofpeopleeitherasindividualsorasmembersof (  theminority.3MM݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  "36"  3O2e3  0    Marxism;marxian/Marxistthought;neoMarxistthought3OO݌ (#(# Ќ  "37"  3P2e3  0    massiveretaliation:Astrategicdoctrine3PP݌ `(#(# Ќ  "38"  3Q2e3  0    metaphysical[antonym:contingent]3QQ݌8 (#(# Ќ  "39"  3oR2e3  0    metaphysics3oRR݌t (#(# Ќ  "3:"  31S2e3  0    momentsofmoraldiscourseanddecisionmaking31S^S݌L (#(# Ќ  ";;"  ;T0  2e3  0` (#(#  firstmoment:q.v.;TIT݌8 ` (#` (# Ќ  ";;"  ;U0  2e3  0` (#(#  secondmoment:q.v.;U.U݌$` (#` (# Ќ  ";;"  ;U0  2e3  0` (#(#  thirdmoment:q.v.;UV݌` (#` (# Ќ  "3;"  3V2e3  0    [to]motivate[asolutiontoaproblem]:Thisusageiscommonismathematics,butIcant  recallseeingitinpoliticaltheoryorphilosophy!hencethisentry.Mathematicalproofs p areoftensodryandabstractthatitisdifficulttounderstandthemsimplyfromreading \ them.Thisisparticularlytrueofstudents,ofcourse,whoarentaccustomedtothe H technicallanguageandhaventformedthemathematicianslargermentalmap,which 4 wouldletthemfollowtheproof.Todealwiththisproblem,especiallyinlessformal   settings,mathematiciansprovideanoverviewoftheproof,givingthenatureofthe p  probleminmoreordinarylanguageandlistingitsmajorwaystations.Thisiscalled \  motivatingaproof!explainingwhyonedidwhatonedid.3VV݌H(#(# Ќ  "3<"  32[2e3  0    MutuallyAssuredDestruction(MAD):Thestrategicdoctrine32[_[݌ !(#(# Ќ  "3="  3%\2e3  0    NaturalLawTheory:3%\R\݌"(#(# Ќ  "3>"  3\2e3  0    naturalmethodofchildraising3\]݌$l!(#(# Ќ  "3?"  3]2e3  0    naturalisticfallacy:3]]݌&D #(#(# Ќ  "3@"  3^2e3  0    need(s);needtheory3^^݌("%(#(# Ќ  "3A"  3d_2e3  0    norm(s)3d__݌X*#'(#(# Ќ  "3B"  3"`2e3  0    0` (#(#  normative:Thistermhastworelatedmeanings.Ibelievethatitoriginallycamefrom 0,%) sociologistsandanthropologistswhoneededatermforsocialrulesthatwerenota -&* matteroflawbutonlyofaspecificculture!asubcultureofourownsocietyorthe d culturesofothersocietiesentirely.Wewantedtofreeourselvesofthe P ethnocentricdevaluationofsocietieswithoutwrittenlawand,moreneutrally,to < recognizethatsocialcontrolcomesinmanyforms.Normswerethereforesocially (  (oratleastnominally)enforcedstandardsofbehavior,andtheywerethus    normativeforthepeopleinvolved.Tocallsomething normativewastherefore   implicitlynottocallit moralbutwasinsteadonlytonotethattherelevant   culturefoundittobeso.Thismeaningof normativethusembodiedthemoral  t positionofculturalrelativism;normscouldbeconsideredmoralornotmoralonly  ` withinthecontextofthecultureusingthem.3"`O`݌L ` (#` (# Ќ  0  0` (#(# However,themeaningof normativehasalsocometomean moralin 8  general,aswhenwecontrast normativeto empiricalclaims.Inthisusage,a $  normativeclaimisamoralclaimononeselfandothersonedealswith;thesenseof t  culturalrelativismisgone,oratanyrateitexistsonlyimplicitlyinthatweare `  discussingsomethingbindingonus.L ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(# Inthiswork,thetermisusedasasynonymfor moral.Thereisno 8  connotationofculturalrelativism,whichcannotintheendbesupportedasamoral $ position.Rather,therestrictionofanormtoacertainculturecomeswhenthe  normdoesnotaffectpeopleoutsidetheculture.Thoseunaffectedbythenorm  cannotmeaningfullyagreetoordisagreewithit,thoughtheyarecertainlyfreeto  engageintherapeuticdiscoursewiththoseboundbyit.p` (#` (# 0  0` (#(# Butwhyusetwotermsinsteadofone?Iuse normativeinsteadof \  moralbecauseofthelattersconnotationofauthoritarianandabusivejudgment. H  Moralistic, moralism, immoral!allthesehavetheflavorofaparent 4 lecturingachildratherthanofadultsconsideringhowtheywilldealwitheach   other.p ` (#` (# "3C"  30l2e3  0    ontology30l]l݌H(#(# Ќ  "3D"  3l2e3  0    oppression3lm݌ !(#(# Ќ  ";E"  ;m0  2e3  0` (#(#  defined;mm݌ "` (#` (# Ќ  ";E"  ;n0  2e3  0` (#(#  duelingoppressions;nn݌"` (#` (# Ќ  "3E"  3^o2e3  0    performativecontradiction3^oo݌$l!(#(# Ќ  "3F"  3/p2e3  0    personalism3/p\p݌&D #(#(# Ќ  "3G"  3p2e3  0    philosophyofthesubject,the:3pq݌("%(#(# Ќ  "3H"  3q2e3  0    Piaget,Jean(19xx19xx):thegreatSwissstudentofcognitivedevelopmentandthe3qq݌X*#'(#(# Ќ  "3I"  3r2e3  0    PolPot; PolPotsolution:3rs݌0,%)(#(# Ќ   -&* "3J"  3s2e3  0    0` (#(#  postmodernism;postmodernist:3ss݌d` (#` (# Ќ  "3K"  3t2e3  0    pragmatism(thephilosophicalposition)3tt݌<(#(# Ќ  "3L"  3u2e3  0    privileging3uu݌ (#(# Ќ  "3M"  3Wv2e3  0    Procrusteanbed3Wvv݌ (#(# Ќ  "3N"  3w2e3  0    psychologicalfallacy3wJw݌ `(#(# Ќ  __"3O"  3 x2e3  0    Rand,Ayn3 x6x݌8 (#(# Ќ  "3P"  3x2e3  0    rationality;rationalization:xx.[Seealso:system;systemrationalization.]3xx݌t (#(# Ќ  "3Q"  3y2e3  0    RC:[SeeReevaluationCounseling]3yy݌L (#(# Ќ  "3R"  3z2e3  0    reductioadabsurdum3zz݌$(#(# Ќ  "3S"  3|{2e3  0    ReevaluationCounseling;RC;theInternationalReevaluationCounselingCommunities3|{{݌(#(# Ќ  "3T"  3|2e3  0    relativism3||݌p(#(# Ќ  "3U"  3H}2e3  0    right3H}u}݌H(#(# Ќ  ";V"  ;~0  2e3  0` (#(#  TheRight;~0~݌4` (#` (# Ќ  ";V"  ;~0  2e3  0` (#(#  rights;tohavearight;~݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  ";V"  ;0  2e3  0` (#(#  Notthesameasin beingrightbutratherasin doingRight;݌p ` (#` (# Ќ  ";V"  ;Հ0  2e3  0` (#(#  Notthesameas rightwing;Հ݌\` (#` (# Ќ  "3V"  32e3  0    Scholastics;Scholasticism:Originally,xx.Inmoderntimesithascometomeana 4  preoccupationwithissuesthathavenorealimportance,meaning,orpracticalreferent,  ! e.g., Howmanyangelscandanceontheheadofapin?3݌ "(#(# Ќ  "3W"  32e3  0    secondmomentofmoraldiscourseanddecisionmaking:3݌# (#(# Ќ  "3X"  3~2e3  0    solipsistic;solipsism3~݌%X"(#(# Ќ  "3Y"  3L2e3  0    Stalin,Josef; Stalinsolution:3Ly݌'0!$(#(# Ќ  "3Z"  3+2e3  0    statesocialism3+X݌l)#&(#(# Ќ  "3["  32e3  0    strategicaction:xx.[Seealso:communicativeaction.]3݌D+$((#(# Ќ  "3\"  32e3  0    synchronicity:3݌-&*(#(# Ќ  "3]"  32e3  0    system3Ԉ݌P(#(# Ќ  "3^"  3d2e3  0    systemrationalization3d݌( (#(# Ќ  "3_"  312e3  0    tautology:[Seecircularargument.]31^݌ (#(# Ќ  "3`"  3 2e3  0    therapeuticdiscourse3 9݌ t(#(# Ќ  _"3a"  32e3  0    thirdmomentofmoraldiscourseanddecisionmaking:3݌L (#(# Ќ  "3b"  3ڌ2e3  0    ~[tilde]:asignusedinformallogictodenotelogicalnegation.Thus ~Xmeans not $  Xor thelogicalnegationofX.Forexample,ifXistheproposition, Theskyisblue, t  then~Xisthelogicalproposition, Itisnottruethattheskyisblueor,moresimply, `   Theskyisnotblue.3ڌ݌L (#(# Ќ  "3c"  32e3  0    tort(s)3G݌$(#(# Ќ  "3d"  3؏2e3  0    transcendental[antonym:contingent]3؏݌(#(# Ќ  "3e"  32e3  0    TWIW, ThatWhichIsWelcome:3݌p(#(# Ќ  "3f"  32e3  0    valence(asin moralvalence)3݌H(#(# Ќ  "3g"  3k2e3  0    validityclaim(s)3k݌ (#(# Ќ  "3h"  332e3  0    [The]WaysofRelatingPerspective; theworp:Themoralphilosophypresentedinthis \ workdistinguishedbythefollowing:33`݌H(#(# Ќ  ";i"  ;0  2e3  0` (#(#  adistinctionbetweentheGoodandtheRight;;݌4 ` (#` (# Ќ  ";i"  ;w0  2e3  0` (#(#  anontologyofmoralitybasedonempathy;;w݌ !` (#` (# Ќ  ";i"  ;j0  2e3  0` (#(#  aninterpretationofsocialculturaleconomicpoliticalinstitutionsasconstituting  " relationshipsbetweenindividualsratherthanasbearersofmoralvalencein " themselves;;j݌# ` (#` (# Ќ  ";i"  ; 0  2e3  0` (#(#  xxetc.; 6݌$l!` (#` (# Ќ  "3i"  3ۘ2e3  0    WTO;WorldTradeOrganization