ÿWPCd- •|i„’0…ÃcÝ6´%®"óTƈ'‚ „m@Õ¨ÑH¿§8%átSüšä´e 'œ¯\ó–H3%4{ŒåÈZÂy+Íõ²<[^ÕAð4ö~Ys¬$Ô¤ƒ¦¹qùÆ!ö¹ÎÇNê]põ6ÏoÌ‚t@¿ò†Ôî º¿ys=H&ÎmKI¶•Ðé×þhÕgN"7·ªížŸ ø@ƒ¯6Õ¢ êô|†Ç’ë¶‚Ñö§UÂ#"™x¾áy#ÊûT`Åþ{9Ú?ìçÀ¥uVH›GÎBøÑ0¶'åaþ æŠÃì#lÈŒ‹·905 4g«æöZ‚e™ˆì“ ÞZØÄ¥ÿ~øÄwxvNª9BóRïP<ÂXiŒ 0:¨ ^ â 0~î wl 4p „ “ 0D• 0ŠÙ Nc Ne Ng 72i N› N NŸ N¡ 0£ 0ÏÓ N¢ 72¤ 72Ö NN N  1u 72ƒ mµ#ÉÌUN• %ãNéNë 0cí 0—P 0 »ç 0w¢ 0NÆg-N5Æ7ÆýÆÃƉÆONN 72 72K 0 } 0´ 0ÇÑ 0Û˜ 0ïs 0Db 1‰¦ 72/ 1_a 72À 72òò 72$ $ 72V 72ˆ 72º Nì Eî ð ð Ãõ!õ!õ!õ!”¸$¸$¸$¸$¸$¸$¸$¸$¸$ BL'L' 72i'N›' 72'NÏ'NÑ'NÓ' 1sÕ' 72H( 72z( 72¬( 72Þ(N) 72) 72D)D)D)D)D)D) 1Õv) 72K*N}*N*N*Nƒ*N…*N‡*N‰*N‹*N*N*N‘*N“*N•*N—*N™*N›* 72* 72Ï* 72+ 723+ 72e+ 72—+ 72É+ 72û+ 72-, 72_,N‘,.Ñ“,(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ôƒ’, (.(3¬($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóo‰,@Q§3|x (#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à?<  &Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€ð ðBe€very,€very€careful€what€you€put€into€that€head,€because€you€will€never,€ever€get€itÐ ° Ðout.ððÐ œì Ðà  àð"ð€Cardinal€Thomas€Wolsey€(1475?-1530)( …^Òà$ÈÈÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` àòòÔ  ÔÚƒ.Ú3Ú  Ú:Û€.ÛÔ à0xÔóó?< i)3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)?Æ8ÿÿÿþýü˜HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(7V¿$ÆÆÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€óóÔ ò Ôó ó( q^Hê$ÇÇÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚEÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÔ à0dÔó ó(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5WOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header6i)?< (xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù"% 789:;xÙÆGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List=<"% 789:;sè37;?CGKOS°°-*+xi)?< ?< i)i)?<  ûÝ ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThus€my€frequent€use€of€ð ðIðð€does€not€mean€proof€by€the€authority€of€me€but€just€thatÐ ° Ðwhat€Iððm€saying€is€my€own€testimony. ¹Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAs€with€all€such€theories,€a€simple€rejection€doesnððt€mean€that€itððs€wrong.€€You€may€haveÐ ° Ðmisunderstood€what€I€am€saying;€€you€may€have€particular€emotional€needs€to€reject€it;€€you€mayÐ œì Ðnot€have€thought€it€over€long€enough;€€etc.€€I€donððt€mean€at€all€to€discount€your€response€butÐ ˆØ Ðmerely€to€remark€that€any€kind€of€experimental€proof€is€subject€to€these€problems.€€In€the€textÐ tÄ Ðitself,€however,€I€am€assuming€that€my€work€really€has€not€spoken€to€your€experience,€at€least€inÐ `° Ðsome€aspect. ŠÝ ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNotice€the€term,€ð ðcertaintyðð,€which€I€use€specifically€in€light€of€Oliver€Wendell€HolmesððsÐ ° Ðdictum,€ð ðCertitude€is€not€the€test€of€certaintyðð€€(Holmes€1918).€€Itððs€easy€to€feel€that€we€areÐ œì Ðrightð!ð€to€feel€certitude;€€it€is€impossible€to€òòbeóó€certain.€€There€can€be€no€deductive€proof€of€anyÐ ˆØ Ðmoral€position.€€I€discuss€this€central€point€in€the€next€section€and€in€the€first€essay€in€Chapter€1Ð tÄ Ðunder€the€rubric€of€ð ðthe€Mnchhausen€Trilemmaðð. d?< i)3•Ñ37=CIOW_e®®I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)i)i)?< ?< a1)‹i)0vÝC¡¥©­±¹ÁÇHeadOfSecFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a)ni)?< i)?< i)?< i)?< i)?< 0ý!?¡¥©­µ½ÃHeadOfFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a)Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ ý ÑÑ8€ñ8XXdìdÈ8ÑApril€18,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ° Ðà€xxB(#àÔÿÔò òLEVEL:€€5ó óÔÿ×ԈРœì Ðò òÔ‡î‡EîXXÔ[Forematter]Ô#†Xñ8Xîî‡E##Ôó óÐ ˆØ Ðò òÔ‡„Ä„XXñ8Ôà0  àà ° àòòIntroductionÔ#†Xñ8X„„ÄŒ#Ôó óóóд(#(# Ð[URL:€€Introduction]Ð  ` ÐÌSECTIONS:Ð è 8 ÐÓ€ n(vÝ03ÓÝ"‚%é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚%é;ãÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝOn€the€Purpose€of€This€Work€and€the€Basic€Problem€It€Addresses݃%é;ãÝŒÐÔ $` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚%é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚%é;ýÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝHow€This€Work€Is€Organized݃%é;ý*ÝŒÐÀ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚%é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚%é;ôÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝOn€the€Justificatory€Logic€of€this€Work݃%é;ô!݌Ь ü ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚%é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚%é;ùÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝHabermas€and€Me݃%é;ù&݌Иè ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚%é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚%é;åÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝOn€Some€Peculiarities€of€My€Writing݃%é;åÝŒÐ„Ô ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚ ·¤"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ ·¤äÝà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚAÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝLots€of€cross„references€and€lengthy€footnotes݃ ·¤äÝŒÐpÀ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚ ·¤"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ ·¤ Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚBÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ýð ðWrong€Way:ðð݃ ·¤ / ÝŒÐ\¬ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚ ·¤"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ ·¤ Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚCÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝQuotation€Marks݃ ·¤ 1 ÝŒÐH˜ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚ ·¤"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ ·¤ Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚDÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝCitations€[Lack€of]݃ ·¤ 0 ÝŒÐ4„¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌßA€YI) °°xdE° xAßÐ  \ ÐÓÓÌÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿p ÝÚƒ.ÚIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝOn€the€Purpose€of€This€Work€and€the€Basic€Problem€It€Addresses݃#¿p ª ÝóóÔ ò ÔŒÐ Ë ÐŒó óÝ  ÝMy€purpose€in€this€collection€of€essays€is€to€show€how€to€produce€a€just€political€and€socialÐ £ó Ðstructure.€€I€do€this€by€describing€a€fundamental€way€of€relating€to€others€that€can€be€put€inÐ {Ë Ðpractice,€now,€in€everyday€life,€by€everyone.€€No€grand€philosophical€apparatus€is€required;€Ð S£ Ðeveryone€has€the€capacity€to€put€it€into€practice.€€My€description€of€it€is€as€straightforward€andÐ + { Ðnon„technical€as€I€can€make€it,€although€probably€not€straightforward€or€non„technical€enough.€€IÐ "S  Ðcame€to€this€place€by€battering€my€way€through€a€lot€of€philosophical€and€emotional€shrubbery,Ð Û#+" Ðand€so€even€though€Iððm€here,€Iððm€also€covered€with€a€lot€of€branches,€leaves,€vines,€and€burrsÐ ³%!$ Ðfrom€my€journey.€€I€just€hope€that€Iððm€still€recognizable€under€them€all€and,€more€important,€that€IÐ ‹'Û"& Ðcan€still€clearly€describe€what€I€see€through€them.Ð c)³$( Ðà  àThe€basic€theme€of€this€work€is€that€in€the€absence€of€moral€certainty,€the€only€thing€weÐ ;+‹&* Ðreally€know€as€we€work€out€how€weððll€get€along€with€each€other€is€how€weððve€treated€each€otherÐ -c(,ý ÐÔ_Ôin€working€it€out.׃P×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€It€is€not€the€rightness€of€oneððs€position€but€rather€the€quality€of€thisÐ d Ðrelationship€that€is€the€central€issue€of€morality€and€social€justice.€€Political/social/philosophicalÐ <Ø Ðtheories€help€us€think€about€the€issue,€but€they€are€still€only€aids,€not€resolutions€in€themselves.Ð  ° Ðà  àWhat€insight€can€ignorance€possibly€yield€into€the€weighty€problems€of€ethics€andÐ ì ˆ Ðmorality?€€Well,€it€serves€the€purpose€of€shifting€our€attention€from€specific€theories€andÐ Ä ` Ðsolutionsð!ð€seen€as€uncertain€at€bestð!ð€to€an€attitude€about€relating€to€each€other.€€That€attitude,€IÐ œ8  Ðwill€argue,€is€that€we€must€see€each€other€as€fellow€inhabitants€of€a€common€moral€universe,€thatÐ t  Ðeven€in€the€midst€of€our€disagreements€there€is€still€a€fundamental€commonality€to€which€we€canÐ Lè  Ðorient.€€This€attitude€is€not€a€specific€political/social/moral€doctrine€or€even€a€way€of€guaranteeingÐ $À Ðthat€we€find€a€way€of€relating€that€all€can€accept.€€True,€it€suggests€some€political/social/moralÐ ü˜ Ðdoctrines€(as€we€will€see€later),€and€true,€people€with€this€attitude€are€more€likely€to€find€aÐ Ôp Ðmutually€agreeable€way€of€relating€(and€to€be€happier€even€if€they€donððt€get€their€way).€€But€itsÐ ¬H Ðprimary€function€is€to€òòdisciplineóó€our€dealings€with€each€other.€€It€keeps€us€oriented€to€the€centralÐ „  Ðproblem€that€our€specific€interpersonal€arrangements€seek€to€solveð!ð€particularly€whenÐ \ø Ðpolitical/social/philosophical€theories€threaten€to€be€taken€as€real€solutions.€€A€distant,€ever„Ð 4 Ð Ðvisible,€and€yet€possibly€unreachable€goal,€it€guides€us€even€when€we€canððt€see€how€to€reach€it.€Ð  "¨ ÐEveryone€is€capable€of€this€attitude,€even€if€that€capability€is€obscured€by€pain,€bad€examples,€andÐ ä#€  Ðcultural€beliefs.€€And€so€even€if€we€canððt€figure€out€a€universally€agreeable€way€of€living€together,Ð ¼%X" Ðthis€attitude€allows€us€to€remain€in€a€human€relationship€with€each€other€even€in€the€midst€ofÐ ”'0!$ ÐÔ_Ôconflict.€€The€simple€knowledge€that€we€do€share€the€goal,€and€our€simple€actions€in€reaffirming€itÐ d Ðin€ourselves€and€each€other,€provide€us€with€a€solidarity€and€sense€of€meaning€despite€ourÐ <Ø Ðtemporary€disagreements€and€discords.Ð  ° Ðà  àBut€this€attitude€isnððt€all€sweetness€and€light;€€we€take€on€some€difficult€things€when€weÐ ì ˆ Ðadopt€it.€€Adopting€this€attitude€means€giving€up€all€claims€to€final€rightness.€€Adopting€it€meansÐ Ä ` Ðloving€people€despite€oneððs€emotional€reactions€to€themð!ð€and€seeing€this€love€as€a€way€of€healingÐ œ8  Ðoneself€of€the€reactions,€not€seeing€the€reactions€as€a€way€of€healing€oneself€of€those€people.€Ð t  ÐFinally,€its€adoption€means€taking€up€a€sense€of€the€world€that€cannot€be€directly,€empiricallyÐ Lè  Ðprovenð!ð€in€fact,€giving€up€empirical€proof€as€the€sole€basis€of€knowledge.€€Iððm€not€talking€aboutÐ $À Ðblind€faith,€however,€but€about€a€worldview€that€makes€sense,€even€if€there€is€no€direct€proof€of€it,Ð ü˜ Ðeven€if€thereððs€nothing€I€can€directly€lay€my€hands€on€as€proof.Ð Ôp Ðà  àThese€are€uncomfortable€things,€at€least€at€first€glance.€€I€hope€to€show€straightforwardlyÐ ¬H Ðthat€these€things€should€be€acceptedð!ð€ð ðshouldðð€in€the€sense€that€they€simply€conform€with€theÐ „  Ðinherent€nature€of€the€world.€€To€do€that,€I€need€to€explain€the€cost€of€not€accepting€theÐ \ø Ðperspective.€€Denying€the€perspective€may€seem€more€comfortable€than€accepting€it,€but€suchÐ 4 Ð Ðdenial€carries€its€own€cost.€€Because€this€cost€is€usually€not€recognized,€people€choose€a€falseÐ  "¨ Ðcomfort,€not€understanding€that€many€of€the€problems€afflicting€them€come€from€that€very€choice.€Ð ä#€  ÐI€hope€to€show€how€the€choice€and€the€problems€are€connected,€so€that€acceptance€of€thisÐ ¼%X" Ðperspective€seems€less€like€a€blind€leap€into€the€abyss€and€more€like€a€reasonable€choice€betweenÐ ”'0!$ Ðtwo€complex€and€uncertain€alternatives€that€our€complex€and€uncertain€world€offers€us.Ð l)#& Ðâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ D+à$( ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿«$ÝÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝHow€This€Work€Is€Organized݃#¿«$%ÝóóÔ ò è$ԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝI€explain€this€attitude€and€the€nature€of€the€world€in€terms€of€relationships€at€three€levels.€€At€theÐ <Ø Ðmost€immediate€level,€presented€in€Chapter1,€I€discuss€our€internal€psychological€organization€inÐ  ° Ðterms€of€relationships€among€ð ðpersonasðð,€aspects€of€ourselves€oriented€to€particular€Goods.€Ð ì ˆ ÐAuthenticity€(or€mental€health,€in€another€language)€consists€in€the€reconciliation€of€theseÐ Ä ` Ðpersonas,€even€if€only€to€their€mutual€reconciliation€to€the€conflict€among€themselves.€€At€the€nextÐ œ8  Ðlevel,€presented€in€Chapters2€and€3,€I€discuss€face„to„face€relationships€among€people,€theÐ t  Ðdomain€of€interpersonal€morality.€€Because€conflicts€can€be€worked€out€face„to„face€among€theÐ Lè  Ðpeople€affected€by€the€proposed€norms,€these€relationships€need€not€be€mediated€by€formalÐ $À Ðconstructions,€institutions,€ideologies,€and€the€like.€€At€the€final€and€most€complex€level,€presentedÐ ü˜ Ðin€Chapters4€and€5,€I€discuss€relationships€among€people€who€cannot€work€out€theirÐ Ôp Ðarrangements€face„to„faceð!ð€not€because€they€are€unwilling€to,€but€because€there€are€simply€tooÐ ¬H Ðmany€people€involved,€at€too€great€a€distance€from€each€other,€with€their€interests,€abilities,€andÐ „  Ðconcerns€too€specialized,€for€face„to„face€interactions€to€solve€conflicts€in€practice.€€This€is€theÐ \ø Ðdomain€of€social€justice,€of€relationships€mediated€by€formalized,€institutionalized,€of„necessity„Ð 4 Ð Ðclumsy€norms.€€At€each€of€these€three€levels€I€differentiate€between€what€reconciliation€meansÐ  "¨ Ð(Chapters2,€4,€and€the€first€three€essays€of€1)€and€how€we€are€to€deal€with€situations€in€whichÐ ä#€  Ðreconciliation€and€agreement€are€not€achieved€(Chapters3,€5,€and€the€last€essay€of€Chapter€1).€€InÐ ¼%X" Ðthe€final€three€chapters€of€the€book€I€apply€the€perspective€presented€earlier:€€to€social€science€andÐ ”'0!$ Ðits€methods€(Chapter6),€to€a€range€of€current€social€issues€(Chapter7),€and€to€the€classicÐ l)#& Ðquestion,€ð ðWhat€is€to€be€done?ððð!ð€how€in€general€should€we€go€about€organizing€or€acting€so€asÐ D+à$( Ðto€make€the€ways€of€relating€perspective€more€widely€understood€and€accepted€(Chapter€8)?Ð -¸&* ЇThis€is€an€account€of€morality,€also€its€siblings€authenticity€and€social€justice.€€It€is€perforce€myÐ d Ðaccount,€and€in€the€end€my€account€of€myself,€€but€I€also€hold€it€to€be€an€account€of€you.€€SoÐ <Ø Ðwhile€this€work€contains€many€examples€taken€from€my€life,€it€is€not€autobiography€or€theoreticalÐ  ° Ðnarcissism.€€My€purpose€is€interpersonal,€not€solipsistic:€€the€final€test€of€what€I€say€here€isÐ ì ˆ Ðwhether€òòyouóóð!ð€and€all€othersð!ð€recognize€yourself.Ð Ä ` ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿1ÝÚƒ.ÚIIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  Ý€On€the€Justificatory€Logic€of€this€Work݃#¿1Ç1ÝóóÔ ò ¬1ԌРt  ÐŒó óÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÓÓà8  àTrue€words€arenððt€eloquent.ÐLè Ð Ð  Ðà8  àEloquent€words€arenððt€true.Ð:Ö Ð Ð  Ðà8  àWise€men€donððt€need€to€prove€their€point.Ð(ÄÐ Ð  Ðà8  àMen€who€need€to€prove€their€point€arenððt€wise.вРР Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð àð"ð€Stephen€Mitchell€(19xx:Chapter81)Р` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àCan€I€prove€any€of€this€to€you?€€No.€€Can€I€even,€for€that€matter,€prove€any€of€this€toÐ à| Ðmyself?€€No.€€But€is€there€enough€circumstantial€evidence€in€my€own€experience€andÐ Îj Ðthe€experience€of€others€so€I€may€trust€in€the€propositions€I€have€mentioned,€evenÐ ¼X Ðtrust€them€enough€to€bet€my€life€on€them?€€Yes.€€I€have€bet€my€life€on€them.€€If€I€wereÐ ªF Ðbeginning€my€adult€years€again,€I€would€bet€my€life€on€them€again....И4Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àAgain,€I€want€to€stress€that€I€am€not€attempting€to€separate€any€of€you€fromÐ †" Ðbeliefs€that€have€enriched€your€life.€€If€you€have€reached€a€state€of€relative€suretyÐ t Ðabout€your€central€beliefs,€you€have€my€admiration€and€my€blessing.€€But€if€you€areÐ bþ Ðone€of€the€growing€number€of€persons€for€whom€rigid€dogma€is€more€a€barrier€thanÐ P ì Ða€help,€welcome€to€the€fellowship.Ð>!ÚÐ Ð  Ðà0  àð"ð€Jack€Good€(2001:4)Ð,"È(#(# ÐÌÓ£2ÓÓ—2ÓWhile€I€was€beginning€work€on€this€book,€I€was€asked€at€a€party€to€explain€what€the€book€wasÐ $¤  Ðabout.€€I€said€something€to€the€effect€that€it€started€from€the€recognition€that€no€one€knows€theÐ à%|" ÐTruth,€that€we€are€all€fallible,€and€that€it€goes€on€from€there€to€talk€about€how€we€are€to€relate€toÐ ¸'T!$ Ðeach€other.€€One€of€the€people€listening€then€asked,€ð ðSo€do€you€think€that€your€theory€might€beÐ ),#& Ðwrong?ðð€€Whether€he€intended€it€in€this€way€or€not,€this€question€is€of€course€a€trap.€€If€I€say€itÐ h+%( Ðcanððt€be€wrong,€then€Iððm€denying€the€very€principle€on€which€the€book€is€founded.€€If€I€say€IÐ @-Ü&* Ðmight€be€wrong,€then€wherever€the€work€disagrees€with€their€own€beliefs,€people€can€dismiss€it€asÐ d Ðsimply€my€own€partial,€fallible€viewpoint.€€So€let€me€clarify€here€the€justificatory€logic€of€the€workÐ <Ø Ðand€thus€the€limits€of€its€claims.Ð  ° Ðà  àTo€start€with,€Iððm€not€attempting€a€proof€by€authority.€€Iððm€not€pretending€to€be€an€expertÐ ì ˆ Ðin€the€fields€I€discuss,€even€though€I€think€I€have€some€excellent€insights€into€them.€€Iððm€not€aÐ Ä ` Ðpsychiatrist,€or€an€animal€behavior€specialist,€or€a€neurophysiologist,€or€a€cognitive€developmentÐ œ8  Ðpsychologist.€€Iððm€not€even€a€philosopher€or€political€theorist,€at€least€not€a€formally€trained€one;€Ð t  ÐI€backed€into€these€areas€as€a€result€of€my€original€interest€in€political€development.€€Nor€do€I€holdÐ Lè  Ðmyself€up€as€an€especially€admirable€person.€€Some€people€like€me,€some€people€donððt,€sometimesÐ $À ÐI€like€myself,€sometimes€I€donððt,€some€things€I€do€are€admirable,€some€arenððtð!ð€and€I€canððt€reallyÐ ü˜ Ðtell€for€sure€which€is€which.€€Neither€do€I€giveð!ð€I€donððt€even€attempt€to€giveð!ð€a€deductive€proofÐ Ôp Ðof€my€position.€€As€I€discuss€later€under€the€rubric€of€ð ðthe€Mnchhausen€Trilemmaðð,€no€deductiveÐ ¬H Ðproof€exists€that€can€logically€command€your€assent.€€Where€I€can,€I€refer€to€empirical€researchÐ „  Ðthat€bears€on€my€claims,€but€I€do€so€not€to€prove€some€point€but€rather€to€help€you€follow€myÐ \ø Ðthinking,€to€let€you€better€understand€my€perspective.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àSo€what€on€earth€òòdoóó€I€do?€€What€possible€claim€òòcanóó€I€make€on€you,€then?€€Well,€my€claimÐ  "¨ Ðis€simply€that€you€will€recognize€yourself€hereð!ð€if€not€immediately,€then€upon€reflection.€€I€talk€aÐ ä#€  Ðgreat€deal€about€myself€and€my€own€experience,€but€the€point€is€not€to€make€you€become€like€IÐ ¼%X" Ðam€but€rather€to€illustrate,€in€personally€relevant€terms,€the€processes€I€see€going€on€not€just€inÐ ”'0!$ Ðmyself€but€universally.׃J×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€this€case,€ð ðuniversallyðð€=€you.€€Iððm€not€trying€to€give€an€abstract€theoryÐ l)#& Ðthat€can€be€proven€to€be€universally€applicable;€€all€Iððm€trying€to€do€is€to€give€a€theory€that€youð!ðÐ d Ðyou,€the€person€reading€thisð!ð€yes,€òòyouóóð!ð€recognize€as€an€account€of€your€own€experience.€€MaybeÐ <Ø Ðyouððre€not€convinced€that€the€theory€is€true€for€left„handed€Uigur„speaking€refugees€in€Peoria.€Ð  ° ÐWell,€maybe€it€doesnððt,€but€that€isnððt€something€either€you€or€I€can€know;€€those€folks€have€toÐ ì ˆ Ðspeak€for€themselves.€€Their€self„recognition€is€neither€more€or€less€important€than€yours€or€mine,Ð Ä ` Ðbut€none€of€us€can€really€speak€for€the€others.€€If€you€donððt€recognize€yourself,€then€at€least€in€thatÐ œ8  Ðrespect€the€theory€is€wrong,׃L×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€I€must€accordingly€revise€it€(or€perhaps€even€reject€it€entirely).€Ð t  ÐSo€Iððm€not€trying€to€prove€anything€to€you;€€Iððm€simply€presenting€a€perspective€and€seeingÐ Lè  Ðwhether€it€makes€sense€to€youð!ð€that€is,€whether€you€prove€it€to€yourself.Ð $À ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿§IÝÚƒ.ÚIVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝHabermas€and€Me݃#¿§IáIÝóóÔ ò ÆIԌРÔp ÐŒó óÝ  ÝIt€will€be€apparent€how€much€I€owe€to€Jrgen€Habermasððs€work.€€Almost€all€of€this€perspectiveÐ ¬H Ðarose€from€my€studying€his€work€intensively,€particularly€Habermas€(1979/1976,€1983a,€andÐ „  Ð1990/1983)€and€related€exposition€and€commentary€(Kohlberg1984a;€€McCarthy1978).€Ð \ø ÐNevertheless,€I€am€presenting€this€as€my€own€work.€€First,€my€perspective€is€rooted€in€peopleððsÐ 4 Ð Ðcapacity€for€empathy,€not€for€speech.€€Second,€Habermas€(personal€communication)€appears€toÐ  "¨ Ðdisagree€with€my€treatment€of€the€ð ðsecond€momentðð,€although€Iððm€still€not€sure€why.€€Third,€thisÐ ä#€  Ðwork€did€not€come€together€until€I€stopped€my€preoccupation€with€whether€I€was€agreeing€orÐ ¼%X" Ðdisagreeing€with€Habermas€and€instead€simply€asked€myself€what€I€wanted€to€say€myself.€€Finally,Ð d Ðas€I€said€above,€this€is€not€a€proof€by€authority€(certainly€not€mine,€and€not€Habermasððs€either)€butÐ <Ø Ðsimply€a€statement€of€how€I€see€things.€€I€am€happy€to€acknowledge€here€my€debt€to€HabermasððsÐ  ° Ðwork€without€inflicting€on€him€the€responsibility€for€mine.€€€I€believe€weððre€all€talking€about€theÐ ì ˆ Ðsame€thing€in€the€end,€so€my€expressing€it€differently€isnððt€a€rejection.€€Binocular€vision€meansÐ Ä ` Ðbetter€sight,€not€that€one€eye€is€wrong€and€the€other€is€right.Ð œ8  ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ePÝÚƒ.ÚVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝOn€Some€Peculiarities€of€My€Writing݃#¿ePŸPÝóóÔ ò „PԌРLè  ÐŒó óÝ  ÝAs€you€will€find€(or€may€already€have€found),€I€use€non„standard€forms€of€writing€in€someÐ $À Ðsituations.€€I€list€these€below,€explaining€my€rationale€for€each€so€that€you€can€distinguish€betweenÐ ü˜ Ðmy€choices€and€my€screw„ups.€€My€criterion€in€using€these€non„standard€usages€is€whether€yourÐ Ôp Ðincreased€comprehension€is€worth€the€labor€of€getting€used€to€these€forms.€€I€hope€you€will€agreeÐ ¬H Ðwith€my€judgments€here,€but€at€any€rate€you€should€know€that€Iððm€considering€you,€not€justÐ „  Ðbanging€out€my€private€language.Ð \ø ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$HêßSÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚAÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝLots€of€cross„references€and€lengthy€footnotes݃$HêßSTÝÔ à0HTԌР"¨` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àI€use€a€lot€of€cross„references€and€footnotes,€and€not€just€for€citation€but€also€for€theÐ ä#€  Ðexposition€itself.€€I€do€this€because€my€argument€is€complex,€multi„layered,€and€not€given€to€theÐ ¼%X" Ðlinear€narrative€form.€€Linear€narrative€is€useful€for€presenting€deductive€arguments,€but€as€I€saidÐ ”'0!$ Ðabove,€this€work€is€not€based€on€such€arguments.€€It€presents€an€overall€perspective,€and€one€ofÐ l)#& Ðthe€things€about€perspectives€is€that€they€are€meaningful€precisely€because€they€see€things€inÐ D+à$( Ðconnection€with€each€other.€€Hence€the€cross„references.€€Footnotes€allow€you€to€read€the€workÐ -¸&* Ðat€the€level€you€wish€to,€perhaps€skipping€all€footnotes€during€the€first€reading€and€then€dippingÐ d Ðinto€them€on€subsequent€readings€where€you€have€questions€or€objections€and€want€to€examineÐ <Ø Ðthe€argument€in€more€detail.€€If€I€couldð!ð€meaning€if€the€publisher€would€let€me€and€theÐ  ° Ðappropriate€word„processing/€typesetting€programs€existed€for€the€purposeð!ð€I€would€putÐ ì ˆ Ðfootnotes€in€my€footnotes,€and€even€footnotes€within€those.Ð Ä ` ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê÷YÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚBÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  Ýð ðWrong€Way:ðð݃$Hê÷YZÝÔ à0`ZÔŒÐt ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àI€suffer,€perhaps€quite€irrationally,€from€a€fear€that€some€readers€will€go€stampeding€off€inÐ Lè  Ðone€direction€when€the€trail€goes€in€another,€wasting€a€lot€of€time€and€energy,€confusingÐ $À Ðthemselves,€and€creating€assumptions€that€are€difficult€to€undo.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Where€this€seems€especiallyÐ ü˜ Ðlikely€to€happen,€I€put€in€a€footnote€that€begins,€ð ðWrong€Way:ðð,€just€as€highway€designers€donððtÐ Ôp Ðjust€mark€the€right€way€to€go€but€at€certain€key€junctions€also€mark€the€wrong€way€as€such.€€IÐ ¬H Ðdonððt€mean€to€insult€you€by€this,€just€as€the€ð ðWrong€Wayðð€signs€on€the€highway€are€meant€merelyÐ „  Ðas€a€precaution.Ð \ø ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê\^Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚCÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝQuotation€marks݃$Hê\^ƒ^ÝÔ à0Å^ԌР"¨` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àInfluenced€by€APL,€I€use€quotation€marks€to€include€only€what€is€in€the€original€text.€Ð ä#€  ÐOther€punctuation€lies€outside.€€For€example,€this€sentence€illustrates€my€usage:€€did€I€really€say,Ð ¼%X" Ðð ðInfluenced€by€APLðð?€€Hereððs€another:€€the€second€word€in€this€paragraph€is€ð ðbyðð.€€The€usageÐ ”'0!$ Ðmay€look€strange,€but€thatððs€simply€a€matter€of€unfamiliarity.€€When€you€think€about€it,€the€currentÐ l)#& Ðcustom€looks€strange€too,€with€the€quotation€mark€hanging€way€out€at€the€end:€€ð ðIn€this€sentenceÐ d ÐIððm€leaving€the€final€period€inside€the€quotation€marks.ððÐ <Ø ÐÝ‚$HêÿÝÌÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$Hê3bÝà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚDÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÝ  ÝCitations€[Lack€of]݃$Hê3bZbÝÔ à0œbÔŒÐì ˆ` (#` (# ÐŒó óÝ  Ýà  àThis€work€took€form€over€decades€(back€to€1968€at€least),€and€as€you€will€see,€it€covers€aÐ Ä ` Ðwide€variety€of€topics.€€It€is€basically€a€perspective€on€Life,€the€Universe,€and€Everything,€to€stealÐ œ8  ÐDouglas€Adamsððs(19xx)€title.€€There€is€much€material€in€it€that€originated€in€other€brains€than€myÐ t  Ðown,€but€at€the€time€I€encountered€it,€I€had€no€idea€that€it€would€appear€decades€later€in€thisÐ Lè  Ðbook.€€Iððve€done€my€best€to€track€down€the€sources€for€the€quotations€and€other€ideas,€but€IÐ $À Ðhavenððt€gotten€them€all.€€I€donððt€believe€in€the€ownership€of€ideas,€but€I€do€believe€in€stating€myÐ ü˜ Ðgratitude€for€previous€work.€€If€you€will€tell€me€the€source€of€something€Iððve€missed,€I€will€includeÐ Ôp Ðit€in€future€printings€or€editions€of€this€work€(if€any)€and€on€my€web€site.€€In€any€case,€my€lack€ofÐ ¬H Ðcitations€may€make€me€a€bad€researcher,€but€it€doesnððt€affect€whether€the€perspective€laid€out€hereÐ „  Ðmakes€sense.