WPC,< <  bf)if,U,!գ r + {vyҟ3RTlʔOm+ش'. |8+cN\4bS׸S@YE|uD2J9[έ>ƙ~'.|]uQEZW(:.NAF'q?xFL|_Zl| I!i4{0ɚLMqSlaw@7mH1^xL.-F%)Fe<j湟A 7҃a1å:ǷÑGTuFY1Pmh#39T ͘yE@?xyGUI(<]\EQ&Ã M!dbjXNxb='j{ˤN^9Zp~7:k$eŘߴ^s'?$%t0. _;?ؘZu-e 0:R ^ 0~ w4.= 0D? 1 uNNN 72N0N2 724 72f 72 0 72N 72NNN 1s 72x m#UN % 0 0 0Y 0 4 0% 0 0Nu 0Dk1% 1 _ 72 72N 72 N f a 0 c 0 w-! 0! 0." 72".# 72# 1$ 72$N %N %N%N%f%a%f(%a*%f>%a@%fT%aV%fj%Nl%Nn%Np%Nr%Nt%Nv%Nx%Nz%N|%N~%N%N% 72% B% 72% 72& 727&Ei& 72k& 72& 72& 72' 723' 72e'N'a'''''''''''''''' 0<' 0' 0B) 0Y) 0 '$* 1eK+ 7+ B-+ B+M,( ,N4, 726,U,h,f,a,f,a,M, .f// 153 723M3(3N4f4f 4a"4f64a84fL4aN4fb4ad4x4f4a4f4a4f4a4f4a4455555f6a66S8J9K:ag:a{::*: 0f:f7;a9; 0TM; B;f;a;f;a;f;a;;;;;;;;;;;;;;f<a<<f<a<($USUS., ]- (.(3($ !USUS.,      0  <7-@Q3|x(#$  0  3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)/)  i)/)  i)( _$  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .3  :. 0x/)  i)337=CIOW_eI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) i)?8HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#(7V$   .II  .ۀ   ( q^H$  0  0` (#(#   .E  ..ہ 0d ({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#(O$ԁLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 sj(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(# قLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5WOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header66789 !"%s+t37;?CGKOS-*+x i)/) /) Table_E(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#1)0!?HeadOfFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a);i)0vCHeadOfSecFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a)=Table_FTable_GTABLE BTABLE B i) d/)  i)/)  i)/)  i)/)  i)/) Table_H<:Default Para<:footnote tex   5+ 9 AIQ!5 BR A $TahomaA US   5+ 9 AIQ!5  A $TahomaA<:footnote ref64Hyperlink    <`+` :Outline001_1  8.9 AIQ!823  ..8.9 AIQ!8  yyyyyyyy(35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.zy1.)Hairline d[ [d i) $TahomaTable_ATABLE A C ($USUS.,    5    _Originallydiscussedintheessay,4 &O  5  TherapeuticDiscourse6&O  7 .  ($USUS.,    6    _HencetheGestaltTheorydictum, Ifyoufindyourselfstuckanddontknowwhattodo,  choosingtodoanythingisbetterthanchoosingnothing.Evenifyouchoosebadly,youllbe  abletolookattheproblemafresh,withnewinformation.  ($USUS.,    4    _ThispracticecameoutofmyconversationswithmydaughterCathyabouthowshewas  raisingherdaughterCallyusingthesocalled naturalmethod,a.k.a. attachmentparenting,  whichIdiscussin4 &O  5  anotheressay6`&Ot  7 ;sufficeitheretosaythatCathytalkedwithCallyfromthe | momentofherbirth,forthesamereasonsIdescribedaboveformeandHappy.Eventually,of b course,Callystartedtalkingbackinthewaywecommonlyunderstandascognitivelystructured H language,whileIneverplannedfororanticipatedHappydoingso.6789 !"%xGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List)Table_ATable_CTable_BTable_BNATURA~1Table_DTable_ETable_FTable_GANIMAL~1AnimalRights  ($USUS.,    7    _IamindebtedtomycolleaguesEveCole,DavidCole,CraigGrau,RichardHudelson,  DavidPogue,andBradleyThayerforpressingmeontheseissues.Asalways,goodquestions  aremoreimportantthangoodanswers,becausethequestionsarehardertocomeby.Table_H  ($USUS.,    1    _ApparentlyNewtonhimselfrecognizedthathewasmakingthisassumption,butof  coursehehadnoexperimentalevidencetocallitintoquestion.Itapparentlythenbecameand  remainedalatentassumptionofscientistsuntilEinsteinswork. ($USUS.,    2    _June20,2002:Iamnotyetconvincedthatthesenamesareaccurate.Iwouldappreciate  yourideasonthematter. ($USUS.,    3    _Orperhapsonlyasettlement.Iwascontentwithit,butHappymayhavefeltaneedto  becloserthatwasoverriddenbyfear.NaturalMethodTABLE BTable_ATHERAP~1TherapeuticDiscourse(W$ @*   A TABLE A(W$       dTABLE BTable_ITable_B Table_JTable_D !USUS.,  _  8fXXdd8October28,2002  A(# LEVEL:10 Ԉ   =+XX[Forematter]#XfX=+#  |  XXf0   TheLogicalStructureofDialecticalSystems#XfXo# (#(# [URL:LogicOfDialecticalSystems] g  SECTIONS(&perhapssubsections): 3   =(v03 "7;"  7; 0  2v  I  3  0` (#(#  AnAbstractDefinition7; 8݌ i` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  II  3  0` (#(#  Examples7;*݌ O` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  III  3  0` (#(#  ConsequencesofUnderstandingMoralityNondialectically7;݌ 5 ` (#` (# Ќ  0  Addendum/Appendix:TheWaysofRelatingPerspectiveonSpeechandWriting (#(#   QUESTIONSANDANSWERS   AY]) xdE|xA }  InthisessayIdescribetheabstractlogicofdialecticalsystems.Irecognizethatmydescription r  maybetooabstract(nottomentiontentative)tobeofmuchusebyitself.Evenso,itwillbe X helpfulforthereadersgeneralunderstandingofdialecticalstructuresifIpointoutcertain > abstract,generalfeaturesofthem,andinanycaseImeanthisdescriptiontobeusedin $t conjunctionwiththeotherreferenceswithinthisworktoother,specificdialecticalsystems,  Z showninII. @ #     #f .I  .ۀ  AnAbstractDefinition#f   Ԍ   Ќ  Adialecticalsystemisagroupofepistemicdomainsandthemethodsassociatedwiththose  domainsthathavethefollowingcharacteristics:  "63"  63 2v3  0    thefoundationsofeachoftheepistemicmethodscanbeundercutbyatleastoneofthe n othermethods;and63 > ݌T(#(# Ќ  "63"  63G 2v3  0    thereisnologicalpriorityamongthesemethodsordomainssuchthatincaseofa : conflict,oneistobebelievedoveranother.63G t ݌ p(#(# Ќ  Thefollowingfiguredepictsvisuallythelogicalstructureinthecaseoftwoepistemic < approaches:  " *Oddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,` <2,` <2,` <<+  1YYYY"!"  1  E1 '""YYYY ' 6YYYY#"# 6E2 ?5#"$  YYYY  ? '#% ϋ' '~$' ' EYYYY2##(    EI1 'n% )YYYY ' -YYYYn% * -I23)'n% +   YYYY 3[UntilIamabletoshowthefourcausallinksgraphically,Imustaskthereadertodrawthemin D'", asfollows:E1">I2;I2">E2;E2">I1;I1">E1.] *(z#- Thetwocolumns,withthenumbers 1and 2,respectively,representthetwoepistemic )F%/ domains.Theymightbe theoryand practice,forexample,sinceboththeoryandpractice *,&0 helpusunderstandreality.Ortheymightbe myunderstandingand yourunderstandingofa +'1 situation. ,'2  -(3 Theupperandlowerrows,withtheletters Eand I,respectively,representthisknowledgeas ^ externalizedandinternalized,respectively.By externalizedImeanformally,concretely D represented,oratanyrateknowablethroughagivenmethod.Itisthepartofknowledgethat * laysclaimonsomethingoutsideitself.Ithinkofitintermsofthethreevalidityclaims   Habermasgives.Itcouldbeascientificclaim,i.e.,aclaimtodescribesomeexternalobjective   reality.Itcouldbeamoralclaim,i.e.,aclaimthatotherswillagreetobegovernedbythenorm  ~ given.Itcouldbeaclaimaboutonesowninternalexperience!nottheexperienceitselfbutthe  d externalizeddescriptionofthatexperience.  J   | l<`   By internalizedImeanknowledgeinwhatwemightcallitsrawform,undigested,intuitive, t  unorganized.Inascientifictheory,forexample,itcouldbealltheassumptions,bothmanifest Z  andlatent,thatthescientistholdsaboutwhattheorieslooklike.ForapostNewtonianbutpre @  Einsteinianscientist,suchanassumptionmightbethattheorieshavetodowithlocationof &  objectsinfixedtimeandspace.Ofcoursethisassumptionremainedunconscious, #  1      ׀untilEinstein    recognizeditscontingencyandputittogoodusebysuggestingthealternativeassumptionthat   timeandspacewererelativetoeachotherandtoonesownframeofreference. z  #     #.II  .ۀ  Examples#  Ԍ F Ќ  Forthesakeofsavingspace,thedescriptionpresentsonlythefourbasicelements.Itdoesnt , indicatethecausalconnectionsortherowandcolumnnames;theseareasinthediagramfound p intheprevioussection. V $H    $H0  0` (#(#   .A  ..ہ  Thedialecticofmoralbelief$H 0-Ԍ"` (#` (# Ќ  * OdOd` <2` ` <2` ` <<` (#(#,<2,<<+  -YY -Formalrepresentationofmoralbeliefs  and/orprinciples -YYYYY -Actualdecisionandaction >YYY- YYY  >Interpretation/reconstructionofthis p decision,i.e.,tryingtoexpressitsnature V externally. Immanentcritiqueofamoral < position. -YYYY "YYY -Interpretationofasituation:intuition p  (=interactionofpersonas)isformedby V! moralbeliefs&principles,i.e.,tryingto <" expressonesunderstandingofthe  "# situationasafinaldecision3)'f!$   YYYY 3$H    $H!0  0` (#(#   .B  ..ہ  Thedialecticofpersonasinmoraldiscourse$H!" 0Y"Ԍ"$&` (#` (# Ќ  0  0` (#(# SELFPORTRAIT %(` (#` (# 0  TheIexaminesitself'`!*(#(# 0  asitthinksitisseen,(H"+(#(# 0  restingitsfingers)0#,(#(# 0  onitstemples,v*$-(#(# 0  staresintoitsowneyes,^(#(# 0  declares:Whatlies,F(#(# 0  youbroken,divine.(#(# 0  painbound,ethereal, (#(# 0  excrement,perfection... (#(# 0  Themystery,theselfdeception: p(#(# 0  lookatmeforamoment, X(#(# 0  turnyourfacefromthesereflections @(#(# 0  ofselfloveandselfloathing:( (#(# 0  I,too,haveamirrorV (#(# 0   ` "RevanSchendler(1995)& (#(# ,#*YdOd<2<<(#(#,<dd ,<dd +     1.NormsIamwillingtoacceptandthatI X  believeyouwillaccept > 2.Myexplanation/clarificationofmymoral $ views(stimulatedbyyourownproposals)    1.Normsyouarewillingtoacceptandthat X  youbelieveIwillaccept > 2.Yourexplanation/clarificationofyour $ moralviews(stimulatedbymyproposals)    1.Personas,bothmyownandmyintrojected & versionofyou,indiscourse j  2.Myre-interpretation/reintrojectionof P youbasedonmyfindingoutaboutyour 6 moralbeliefs   1.Personasindiscourse:bothyourownand & yourintrojectedversionofme j  2.Yourreinterpretation/re-introjectionof P mebasedonyourfindingoutaboutmymoral 6  beliefs !  xx " $H    $H,0  0` (#(#   .C  ..ہ  Thedialecticalarrangementofprivilegedmoralpositions$H,, 0,Ԍ$` (#` (# Ќ  Thisdiagramdoesnotshowadialecticperse.Itisrelatedtotheabovedialecticalsystem(of !R& moralbelief)inthisfashion:eachcellinthetablebelowgivesthemoralsystemthatresults "8' fromprivilegingthecorrespondingcellinthedialecticalsystemabove.By privilegingImean |#( cuttingthedialecticalcycleinsuchawaythatthecellistheunmovedmover(i.e.,theuncaused b$) cause)ofthesubsequentcellsinthecycle. H%*   Iamveryfondofthisdiagram,becauseitseemstometoindicatethatallthedisputes .&+ amongthesevariousphilosophicalmoralpositionssimplyreflectthefailuretorecognizethe ' , underlyingdialecticalsystematwork.Inotherwords,itreconcilesthemwithoutdenyinganyof '!- them. (".   NotethatIamnotyetcertainoftheproperterms,particularlyforthepositionsintheleft )h#/ handcolumn. *N$0 *p Odd<dd <<dd <Y(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YYx,&2x,& -Legalism/modernism -YYY,$&3YY -Decisionism >YYY-,$&4 YYY  >Transcendentalism;postmodernism -YYYYr-'5YYY -Intuitionism3)'r-'6   YYYY 3Ї$H    $H40  0` (#(#   .D  ..ہ  Thedialecticoftalkingtooneself$H484 0z4ԌD` (#` (# Ќ  *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YY   -Myself/mind/thoughts!myresponses   tothereconstructionandinterpretationof   thatwhichisspoken -YYY YY -Myspeechasactuallyspoken >YYY-  YYY  >Reconstructionandinterpretationofthat  x whichonehasspoken -YYYY ^ YYY -Formulationofspeech;thegeneral,  x  evanescentformofwhatonewishesto  ^  say.3)' D    YYYY 3Mybasicideahereisthatspeakingsomethingaloudgivesonesthoughtanexternalrealitythat x  onecanthenexaminefromtheoutside,sotospeak. ^  $H    $H'90  0` (#(#   .E  ..ہ  Kohlbergsanalysisofearliertheoriesofmoralpsychology$H'9N9 09Ԍ ` (#` (# Ќ  *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YY~~ -Moralityisamatterofbehavior,not  reasoning,andinparticular,behaviorthat n isobedienttoauthority -YYYTYY -Peopledodisobeyauthority(cheat)to  varyingdegrees >YYY-n YYY  >Interpretation/reconstructionofresultsin D termsofsettledpatternsofmoralbehavior * [unabletofindanyconsistentpattern] -YYYYnYYY - Cheatingtests3)'D   YYYY 3$H    $H=0  0` (#(#   .F  ..ہ  Kohlbergstheoryofthedevelopmentofmoralreasoning$H== 0">Ԍ*` (#` (# Ќ  *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YY  -Moralityisamatterofcoordinating ! claims;neoKantiancriteriaforjudging " moralreasoning -YYYn#YY -Peopledo(all,andcrossculturally) $ respondtomoraldilemmasincertainways >YYY-% YYY  >Interpretation/reconstructionofpeoples  ^& responsesintermsofadevelopmental !D' sequenceofreasoningstructures -YYYY"*(YYY -The DefiningIssuesTest3)' ^)   YYYY 3$H    $HXB0  0` (#(#   .G  ..ہ  Habermassjustificationofdiscourseethics$HXBB 0BԌD%+` (#` (# Ќ  *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YY' -'  -Discourseethicsismoral;everyone ' . shouldacceptdiscourseethics -YYY(!/YY -Thecriticdoesacceptdiscourseethicsasa ' 0 resultofbeingconfrontedwith (!1 performativecontradictionsrelyingonthe ("2 presuppositionsofargumentation >YYY-)n#3 YYY  >Presuppositionsofargumentation -YYYY*^$4YYY -Criticaltestofdiscourseethics:cana *^$5 criticbepersuadedthroughuseof +D%6  performativecontradiction?3)',*&7   YYYY 3 x-'7 SeeEnglnder(2000)foranondialecticalunderstandingofHabermassdiscourseethics, ^ leadingtowhathebelievestobearefutationofthem. D $H    $HH0  0` (#(#   .H  ..ہ  TheDialecticofMorality$HH'H 0iHԌ ` (#` (# Ќ  *IYJdOd<2<<(#(#,<dd ,<dd +   d d E1:Externalizedprinciples/theoriesofwhat &  ismoral    E2:Thedecisionanditsconsequences  &   I1:Moralintuitions  (  I2:Thesituationwefindintheworld (   I1!>E1:0 ` 0 ` (#` (# ` Theattempttosumuponesmoralintuitionsinawaythatcanbereliablyheld $  andcommunicatedh  (# (# E1!>I2:0 ` 0 ` (#` (# ` Interpretationofthemoralprinciplesastohowtheyapplyinthesituation N  encountered.ThesituationofI2doesnotinitselfsaythatitpresents 4  moralproblems;onlyourinterpretationofitcandoso.  (# (# I2!>E2:0 ` 0 ` (#` (# ` Theanalysisofthesituationtoreachafinaldecision.Thisdecisionneednotbe  inaccordwiththeprinciplesofE1. (# (# E2!>I1:0 ` 0 ` (#` (# ` Interpretationofthedecisionanditsconsequences:AmIhappyaboutwhat n happened?Whatisapparenttomenow?WhatdidInotice?CanIstill T lookeveryoneintheeye?!allofthisonanintuitivelevel,evenifwecan : makesomeofitexplicit.~  (# (# $H    $HO0  0` (#(#   .I  .. ہ  Thewaysofrelatingperspective$HOO 0OԌJ` (#` (# Ќ  *p Odd<dd <<dd <IYJ(#(#p,<2,<<+  /YYY  /Thereconstruction/interpretationofthe  experienceasclarificationand  reconciliationofthepersonasanda  discharge(release)ofthepainfulemotions -YYYYjYYY -Findblockeddiscourse,conflict,and  dissociation;applytherapeuticdiscourse CYYY2#   YYYY  CThehumanmindautomaticallyfunctions  Z! toreconcilethepersonas,exceptwhen !@" painfulemotioncreatesdissociation -YYYY"&#YYY -My(oryour)newexperience3)' Z$   YYYY 3$H    $HcT0  0` (#(#   .J  .. ہ  Piagetsgeneticepistemology$HcTT 0TԌ@%&` (#` (# Ќ  *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YY ' ( '  -Have,modifystructure -YYY' )YY -Preservestructure;digest >YYY-' * YYY  >Beactedupon;interprettheworldas (!+ threat(oropportunity);survivalornon (", survivalisinterpretationoftheworld. )t#- Castaboutfornewwaysofencountering *Z$. theworld -YYYY+@%/YYY -Act,move,experiencetheworld,applythe (!0 structure(buttoanunknownreality)3)'("1   YYYY 3$H t-'2     $HX0  0` (#(#   .K  .. ہ  ThedialecticofTaoism[verydraftyfirstthoughtsmeantasaplaceholderfor ^ betteranalysis]$HX Y 0KYԌD` (#` (# Ќ  *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YY   -TheTaothatcannotbetold;theeternal   way -YYY YY -The10,000things;theTaothatcanbe   told >YYY-  YYY  >Desireless -YYYY YYY -Desiring3)'     YYYY 3Notethatneitherwayisbad;theyarejustdifferentmodesofexperience.  h  $H    $H]0  0` (#(#   .L  .. ہ  Theoryandpractice$H])] 0k]Ԍ4 ` (#` (# Ќ  *pKe OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  /YYY^ ^   /Amentehumana_automaticamente_ ^  _functiona_Ԁ_reconciliar_Ԁaspersonas,_execto_ D  _que_Ԁa_emoc o_Ԁ_doloroso_Ԁ_pode_Ԁ_criar_Ԁa *  _dissoci o_ -YYYY YYY -_minha_(ou_sua_)_experincia_Ԁde_unidade_ ^  novo CYYY2#D   YYYY  Ca_reconstruc o_ԁ/_interpretac o_Ԁda   _experincia_Ԁcomoo_aclarecimento_  [_esclarecimento_?]ea_reconciliac o_Ԁdos n personaseo_soltamento_Ԁdas_emoces_ T _dolorosos_ -YYYY:YYY -procure[discourse:_discutir_?]_blocado_Ԁea   _desocia o_Ԁeon_conflito_;_aplice_Ԁ[?]  [discourse]_teraputico_3)'n   YYYY 3IhopemyPortuguesetranslationiscomprehensible. n #     #0f.III  . ۀ  ݀ConsequencesofUnderstandingMoralityNondialectically#0fjf  OfԌ : Ќ  Inthebasicfigureofdialectics,herearethefourelements    *p OdOd<2<<Ke(#(#p,<2,<<+  8YYY'"  8Formalrepresentationofmoralbeliefs # and/orprinciples 6YYYY#~$YYY 6Actualdecisionandaction LYY;#%  YYYY  LInterpretation/reconstructionofthis n& decision,i.e.,tryingtoexpressitsnature  T' externally. Immanentcritiqueofamoral !:( position. 6YYY#~" )YY 6Interpretationofasituation:intuition n* (=interactionofpersonas)isformedby  T+ moralbeliefs&principles,i.e.,tryingto !:, expressonesunderstandingofthesituation ~" - asafinaldecision3)'d#.   YYY 3[Jumpingaheadabithere:]Aswithalldialecticalstructures,theinfinitepathofthisdialectic :%/ canbebrokenbyremovinganyoneofthefourcausalconnections.Thisremovalrepresentsa  &0 privilegingofthefirstpositionintheresultingchain.Ifweremovetheverticalconnectioninthe ' 1 righthandcolumn,forexample,thisleavesasimplecausalchainthatrunsfromthetopright '!2 element( Actualdecisionandaction)tothebottomleft,tothetopleft,andfinallyendingat (t"3 thebottomrightelement.Inthisview,theentiremoraldomainderivesfromthetopright )Z#4 element;removalofthelinkhasresultedinalogicalstructureinwhichthatelementhasbeen *@$5 privileged,sothatitaloneisnotsusceptibletocontradictionbytheotherelements. +&%6   | l<` Themoralpositionthatprivilegesthis(topright)positionis decisionism:thebeliefthatinthe P-&8 endmoralityisdefinedbywhatwedecidetodo,notourposthocintuitionsorprinciplesabout ^ ourreasons.Similarly,themoralpositionprivilegingthebottomrightpositionis intuitionism, D thatprivilegingthebottomleftpositionis transcendentalism,andthatprivilegingthetopleft * positionis legalismor modernism.Figurexxbelowshowsthesepositions. #  2         *p OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  8YYY' ~ ~  8Legalism/modernism 6YYYY# YYY 6Decisionism LYY;#   YYYY  LTranscendentalism;postmodernism 6YYY# xYY 6Intuitionism3)' x    YYY 3Inshort,Ibelievethatwhatisgenerallyunderstoodasaconflictamongtheseseparate  N  approachescanbebetterunderstoodasadialecticalrelationshipamongallofthem.Eachof 4  themsurelyprovidesacriticalstancewithitsownpower,butnoneissufficienttodefine x  moralitybyitself. ^  AY]) xdExA    Addendum/Appendix:TheWaysofRelatingPerspectiveonSpeechandWriting   0  Artliesintheresistenceofthemedium.Y(#(# 0   ` "[thesourceisunknowntome]A(#(# vWhentwopersonasattempttoreachasettlement,languageisnotnecessary.InthisaddendumI m wanttoholdfirmtothisfundamental/foundationalobservation:whiletheontologyofa/m/sj S mayincludetheuseoflanguageasatool,a/m/sjarenotconstitutedbyit. 9   Letmegiveaconcreteexampleofnonlinguisticsettlements:myrelationshipwithmy  [nowlate]cat,Happy.  [Presentationofthismaterial,orperhapsonlyareferencetothematerialin 4 &O  5  CaseStudy:Our s RelationshipswithAnimalsandOtherMoralPatients!andRocks?6y&Oyreco  7ny.] Y   Thepointofthisstoryis:1.HappyandIdevelopedanIThourelationshipoutofwhat !%! wasinitiallyanIyourelationship(atleastonmypart;notthenknowingHappywell,by i" " definition,Icantknoworrecallhisattitudetowardme).LikeAdam,Idreamed,andfoundthe O## dreamwastrue.2.HappyandIreachedatrueagreementv #  3      ׀onwherehewouldsleep.The 5$$ agreementextendedintothefuture,wasfairlywellunderstoodbybothofus,etc.3.The %% agreementwasnotbasedinlanguage.ItstruethatItalkedtoHappy,bothwhilewemadethe && agreementandalsobeforehand,buttheconnectionherewasnotthewordsthemselvesbutthe & '  feelingtonetheycommunicated.IsaidthemnotsothatHappywouldunderstandthembut 'o!( rathersothatIcouldaccessandclearlyexpressmyfeelings!soIcouldbetruetothem. #  4       ^    SofarIhavesaidnothingaboutanyroleoflanguagebeyondthatofhelpingoneexpress D nonverbalfeelingtone.Clearlylanguagehasagreaterrolethanthat;whatisit?Inmyview, * languagesfirstroleistohelpusexternalizeand,byitslimitation,deliberatelydisruptour   understandingoftheworld.Wetalkinordertounderstandourselves.Speechisnotaperfect   modelofourinternalexperience.Theprocessofspeakandlisten!asingletermtodenotethe  ~ entireprocessofformulationintospeech,theactualspeechasspeaker,andtheinterpretationof  d thatactualspeech!providesuswithameansofviewingourinternalexperiencefromthe  J outside.Thefeedbackwereceivefromourspeakandlistenactsisimperfect,adistortionofour  0 experience,andyetusefuldespitethisdistortion!infact,evenbecauseofit.Letmereturnto t  GestaltTheorystechniqueoftheemptychair. #  5      ׀Mywordsspokenfromonechairhangintheair Z  asIswitchchairs,enablingmetoseemyconflictsfromtheoutside,asitwere.Ifwordswere @  notexternaltome,oriftheyrepresentedmymindperfectly,thentheemptychairtechnique &  wouldnotwork,becauseanyconflictIamunabletoresolveinmyownmindwill,forthesame    reasons,beunresolvablethroughspeech.Switchingchairswouldgivemenopurchaseonmy   problem.Butspeechsveryimperfectionallowsmetolookatthesituationafreshandthusto z  fashionanewresponse. #  6       `   Sofar,then,Ivetreatedspeechfirstasameansofcenteringononesfeelingtoneand F thenasameansofinternaldialoguetoaidauthenticity.Italsoaidsusinsettlingconflictswith , othersinasimilarway,althoughthefeedbackloopistwiceaslong,leavingasideones p continuingselfmonitoringthroughspeakandlisten.Butevenwithspeech,theactual V settlementisamatterofanexperiencedconcordance,notthewordsthemselves.This < concordanceisinternal!forme,betweenme(asin,allmypersonascollectively)andmy " introjectedpersonaofyou.Ifwelaterdisagree,thewordsthemselvesareabasisfornew  negotiation,buttheyarenotthesettlementitself.    Dittowithwriting.Notethatwritingalsocommunicateslessfeelingtonethanspeaking, v distancingusfromourselvesevenfurther.Buthereagainthisisatradeoff:eventhoughitis \ possibletobeslipperierwithwritingthanwithspeaking(whenoneincludesallthefeelingtone B communicatedwithspeaking,notjustthewords),writingcanbeanalyzedatagreaterdistance, ( longer,morecarefully,thanwords. l   8" AY]) xdE]xA ^  =+XXf&  QUESTIONS&ANSWERS: #  7      #XfX=+:#  9 Q:Yougivemoralreasoningasanexampleofadialecticalsystem,andyoupointoutthat >  breakingitsdialecticalcycleatvariouspointsgivesrisetothephilosophiesweterm $   intuitionism, decisionism, transcendentalism,and modernism.Buteversincethework   ofQuineandxxinthemid20thcentury,philosophershaveunderstoodthatabsoluteknowledge   isnotpossible.Whatdoesyouranalysisadd?  x    A:Letmefirsttakeissuewiththeassertionthatphilosophersunderstandthatallthese ^  positionsareinadequate.' 9YԀImsuremanyphilosophersdo,butbynomeansall.Imnota D  classicallytrainedphilosopher,sothismaybetotalbulltwaddle,butmyimpressionisthatmany *  philosophershave,deepdown,asensethatoneofthepositionsreallytrumpstheothers.For n  example,transcendentalistphilosophers(say)agreewiththeimperfectionsofmodernism, T  intuitionism,anddecisionismandyetdenyanyproblemwithtranscendentalism.Meanwhile,of :  course,thedecisionistphilosophersarenotingtheimperfectionsoftheotherthreepositions    withoutreallygrantingtheproblemsintheirownposition,andsoon.Thispatternofalmost  completerelativismgivestheimpressionthatphilosophersareopenmindedabouttheproblems  ofvariouspositions!oratleast75%ofthepositions!,andyetnoneofthose partiallyopen t mindedpositionsaretrulydialectical.Sothefirstcontributionofmyanalysisistonotethatall Z fourpositionsareinterconnected_andthat_Ԁnonecanbeprivilegedovertheothers.Andnaming @ thespecificpositionsdrivesthispointhome.Evenifsomeonebelievesdeepdownthath/her & positionisprivileged,namingthepositionsdemandsamoredirectresponse. j    Buttheanalysisgoesbeyondthemererecognitionthatthefourpositionsarecircularly P interconnectedandmutuallysubversive.Itsothercontributionslieinitsnotingthenatureofthe 6 variousinterconnections:thedistinctionbetweentheinternal/ineffableandtheexternal/  effable,andofcoursethenatureofhowthosetwolevelsarerelatedtoeachother;theconcept  ofmultipleepistemicsourcesandhownonemaybeprivileged;thewayinwhichtheexternal  formulationofoneepistemicrealitycanaffect(subvert;correct;challenge;modify)the p ineffablenatureofanother.  V Q:ArentyoujustrehashingwhatHegelsaidalongtimeago? ""    A:ItistruethatHegelinventedtheterm, dialectic,andIamnotsuggestingthathe f#! misunderstooditsnature.Ibelievethepresentworkcontributestoaclearerunderstandingofit. L$"   2%# &   Q:Tomakethepreviousquestionevenmorespecific,inwhatwaydodialecticalsystemsdiffer ^ fromanysituationinwhichthereisreciprocalcausation? D   A:Systemswithreciprocalcausationarealreadyspecified,i.e.,theyonlyhavetheupper * rowofthedialecticaldiagram:   *Y<dOd<2<<(#(#,dd",dd",dd"+  4YYY! ~ ~ 4 RECIPROCALCAUSATION  <2$@ "YYY < E1 0&! \" 0 "">  \ <"" 0& B  0 E2 1'% \ "   1Dialecticalsystems,however,acknowledgethepresenceofanintheendmysteriousgroundof >  knowledge.Certainlyifweareinapositiontocompletelyspecifyasystemwithreciprocal $  causation,weshoulddoso,butweshouldntthencallit_dialectical.__' ^_ h  &  Q:Howdoyoudifferentiatetheinternalandexternalworldsinpractice? 4    A:xx'4n   &  Q:Whydoyoudrawconnectionsamongonlytwoepistemicdomains?Arenttheremultiple  suchdomains? n   A:Yes,therearecertainlymanyepistemicdomains,iffornootherreasonthaneach T humanbeingisauniquedomain.Ihaveshownonlytwoforsimplicityofexposition.' : &  Q:Whymusttherebemultipleepistemicdomains?Whynotjustone? d   A:xx'd J Q:Youseemtorestricttheinteractionamongthesefourelementstojustfour,unidirectional  arrows.Whyjustthesefour?WhycanttherebeconnectionsfromE1toI1?WhynotfromI1  toI2,andviceversa?    A:[notsureallconnectionsarepossible,ormakesense,butIneedtolookatthevarious j possibilitiesmoreexplicitlytobesure.]  P Q:Iftherearemorecausalconnectionsthanthefouryoushow,whyareyouemphasizingjust z"  thesefour? `#!   A: F$" Q:Toraiseabroaderquestion:whydoweneedrecoursetothebottom(internal)positionsat &$ all?Whatproblemsdriveustothatpoint?TouseWittgensteinsexampleofthebricklayers, & % whycantthemeaningof brickbeexternallyobservable,regardlessoftheprocessingthatgoes '!& onwithintheblackboxofthehumanbrain? (f"'   A:  )L#( 8fXXdXXd8XXf   DIALECTICALSYSTEMS:THEBASICSTRUCTURE #XfXԧ#  *Od<ddd"dd"dd"Y(#(#,t<2,t<2,t<2,t<<+  +!??  +EXTERNALIZED I KNOWLEDGE 6YYYY#/ 6  E1 9/!I"YYYY 9 ?YYYY,!I" ?E2 H>,I"  YYYY  H 0& 0 9/! " ϋ9 9/!  " 9 H>, "    HINTERNAL    KNOWLEDGE 6YYYY#  6I1 9/! "YYYY 9 ?YYYY,! " ?I2 H>, "  YYYY  H '{  'EPISTEMIC {  DOMAIN a  #1 'G  ' '{  'EPISTEMIC {  DOMAIN a  #23)'G     3  7  XXf  RECIPROCALCAUSATION #XfX#  7*Y<dOdt<2tt<2tt<2tt<<t(#(#,dd",dd",dd"+  '?? ' E1 0&!S" 0 ""> S <"" 0&9 0 E2 1'%S"  1  O  _ XXf  PHILOSOPHICALPOSITIONSRESULTING  FROMABSOLUTIZINGTHEDIALECTICAL#XfXİ#  ? *Od<ddd"dd"dd"Y(#(#,` <2,` <<,` <<+  :YYYY'. ~. ~ :Legalism/modernism 9/!8 "YYYY 9 ?YYYY,!8 " ?Decisionism LB'8 " YYYY  L 9/!( x" ϋ9 9/! ^ " 9 WYYYYD,( x "    WTranscendentalism;  N  postmodernism 9/! 4 "YYYY 9 ?YYYY,! N" ?Intuitionism<20 N"   YYYY <   $   XXf  THEDIALECTICOFMORALITY#XfXr#   *GYHdOd` <2` ` <<` ` <<` (#(#,<dd ,<dd +  ?? Externalizedprinciples/theoriesofwhatis S moral  9 Thedecisionanditsconsequences  S Moralintuitions    Thesituationwefindintheworld         XXf  PERSONASINMORALDISCOURSE#XfX#   *Ydd<dd <<dd <GYH(#(#,<dd ,<dd +  ?? 1.(Formulated)normsIamwillingtoaccept S andthatIbelieveyouwillaccept 9 2.Myexplanation/clarificationofmymoral  o views(stimulatedbyyourownproposals)   U 1.(Formulated)normsyouarewillingto S acceptandthatyoubelieveIwillaccept 9 2.Yourexplanation/clarificationofyour  o  moralviews(stimulatedbymyproposals)   U  1.Personas,bothmyownandmyintrojected    versionofyou,indiscourse e   2.Myre-interpretation/reintrojectionof K   youbasedonmyfindingoutaboutyour 1  moralbeliefs  g  1.Personasindiscourse:bothyourownand   yourintrojectedversionofme e  2.Yourreinterpretation/re-introjectionof K  mebasedonyourfindingoutaboutmymoral 1  beliefs g     -}   XXf  THEDIALECTICOFTALKINGTOMYSELF#XfX㒽#   *Odd<dd <<dd <Y(#(#,<2,<<+  -YY?? -Myself/mind/thoughts!myresponses I tothereconstructionandinterpretationof / thatwhichisspoken -YYYYY -Myspeechasactuallyspoken >YYY-I YYY  >Reconstructionandinterpretationofthat   whichonehasspoken -YYYY YYY -Formulationofspeech;thegeneral,    evanescentformofwhatonewishesto    say.3)'     YYYY 3  q   XXf  KOHLBERGSANALYSISOFEARLIER  THEORIESOFMORALPSYCHOLOGY #XfXp#  Y *p45 OdOd<2<<(#(#p,<2,<<+  -YYHH -Moralityisamatterofbehavior,not R reasoning,andinparticular,behaviorthat 8  isobedienttoauthority -YYY nYY -Peopledodisobeyauthority(cheat)to R varyingdegrees >YYY-8  YYY  >Interpretation/reconstructionofresultsin  ^  termsofsettledpatternsofmoralbehavior  D  [unabletofindanyconsistentpattern] -YYYY * YYY - Cheatingtests3)' ^    YYYY 3AY]) xdE{xA |  XXf  KOHLBERGSTHEORYOFTHE = DEVELOPMENTOFMORALREASONING #XfX#  *CDOdOd<2<<45(#(#,<2,<<+  -YY%% -Moralityisamatterofcoordinating / claims;neoKantiancriteriaforjudging  moralreasoning -YYYYY -Peopledo(all,andcrossculturally) / respondtomoraldilemmasincertainways >YYY- YYY  >Interpretation/reconstructionofpeoples  responsesintermsofadevelopmental  sequenceofreasoningstructures -YYYYgYYY -The DefiningIssuesTest3)'   YYYY 3  W XXf  HABERMASSJUSTIFICATION  OFDISCOURSEETHICS #XfX#  Y :*EFOdOd<2<<CD(#(#,<2,<<+  -YYHH -Discourseethicsismoral;everyone R shouldacceptdiscourseethics -YYY8 YY -Thecriticdoesacceptdiscourseethicsasa R resultofbeingconfrontedwith 8  performativecontradictionsrelyingonthe  n presuppositionsofargumentation >YYY- T  YYY  >Presuppositionsofargumentation -YYYY D YYY -Criticaltestofdiscourseethics:cana  D  criticbepersuadedthroughuseof  *   performativecontradiction?3)'     YYYY 3    FURTHERNOTES:  DavePoguesays, Contextisaformofknowledge; Contextisadialectic.