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Ôà..àÓDDœôL¤ÓÓ h Ó*&+& ÿÿ(_19Ó À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓœœôL¤ÓÓ À Ó*#+# ÿÿ(_18Ó  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ ôôL¤ÓÓ  Ó*>> ÿÿ(_17Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ  Ó*DD ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*55 ÿÿ(_15Ó  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÓ  Ó*22 ÿÿ(_14Ó ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÓ ` Ó*// ÿÿ(_13Ó ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÓ ¸ Ó*,, ÿÿ(_12Ó  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó ììDœôL¤ ÓÓ  Ó*)) ÿÿ(_11Ó h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓDDœôL¤ÓÓ h Ó*&& ÿÿ(_10Ó À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓœœôL¤ÓÓ À Ó(## ÿÿ&_9Ó  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó ôôL¤ÓÓ  Ó(>> ÿÿ&_8Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ  Ó(DD ÿÿ&_7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó(55 ÿÿ&_6Ó  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÓ  Óöÿ  d(22 ÿÿ&_5Ó ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÓ ` Ó(// ÿÿ&_4Ó ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÓ ¸ Ó(,, ÿÿ&_3Ó  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÓ  Ó()) ÿÿ&_2Ó h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓDDœôL¤ÓÓ h Ó(&& ÿÿ&_1Ó À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓœœôL¤ÓÓ À Ó&## ÿÿ$_Ó  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ ôôL¤ÓÓ  Ó )Ý ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔIt€is€important€to€recognize,€as€Habermas€does,€that€these€rules€may€be€incomplete€and/orÐ ø Ðinaccurately€phrased.€€There€is€no€help€for€this€in€an€imperfect€world,€where€we€can€only€operateÐ ÿ Ðon€our€best€information€until€experience€reveals€its€limitations.€€Habermasððs€general€theory€doesÐ ! Ðprovide€a€specific€means€for€testing€and€revising€the€list€of€conditions€in€light€of€our€experience. Ý ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔNote€that€ð ðcoherenceðð€is€not€the€same€as€ð ðcorrectðð€or€ð ðvalidðð.€€It€simply€means€that€theÐ Á$Ù Ðargument€can€be€rationally€discussed. Ý ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔHabermas€(1983/1990:98„102)€does€consider€whether€a€person€can€avoid€the€relationship€byÐ |(”  Ðsimply€refusing€to€speak€with€others.€€Do€the€presuppositions€of€argumentation€still€have€forceÐ è  Ðwhen€no€argument€is€being€advanced?€€This€is€of€course€an€important€question€for€mediators,€whoÐ ï  Ðregularly€encounter€parties€who€want€nothing€to€do€with€each€other.€€Habermasððs€answer€is€thatÐ ö  Ðwe€are€so€embedded€in€a€life€formed€by€speech€and€the€consequent€presuppositions€ofÐ ý Ðargumentation€that€we€cannot€remove€ourselves€from€those€presuppositions€and€remain€sane.€Ð  ÐWhile€we€believe€better€reasons€could€be€advanced€for€the€omnipresence€of€the€presuppositions€ofÐ  #  Ðargumentation,€we€agree€that€they€òòareóó€omnipresent,€and€this€work€is€not€the€place€to€pursue€theÐ *  Ðissue. þÝ ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThere€is€of€course€the€possibility€that€self„contradiction€is€simply€being€used€for€strategicÐ ÍÍ Ðpurposes,€but€we€believe€that€the€problem€of€consistency€goes€deeper€than€bad€faith.€€ForÐ ÔÔ Ðexample,€one€may€simply€have€failed€to€prioritize€various€desires,€or€one€may€have€failed€toÐ ÛÛ Ðrecognize€the€existence€of€multiple,€potentially€conflicting€desires. nÝ ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔIf€we€are€talking€about€an€agreement€among€neighboring€countries,€for€example,€then€myÐ –!–! Ðmassing€of€my€troops€along€the€border€to€guard€against€invasion€will,€however€innocent€myÐ ## Ðintentions,€be€taken€as€a€threat€of€invasion. Ý ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú7Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔTo€return€to€the€previous€example,€the€best€defense€against€an€invasion€is€to€invade€first.€€DoÐ X'X' Ðunto€others€what€theyððre€going€to€do€to€youð"ð€and€do€it€first. ‡Ý ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú9Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAdapted€from€Leeds€(2000:9„10). Ý ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú10Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_Ôð ðVictorðð€and€ð ðloserðð€are€in€quotes€because€neither€one€knows€whether€the€outcome€is€rightÐ ee Ð(or€wrong)€or€even€whether€it€is€good€(or€bad)€for€him€or€her.€€Note€also€that€it€is€perfectlyÐ ll Ðpossible€for€the€outcome€to€leave€both€parties€feeling€violated,€for€example,€when€a€child€custodyÐ ss Ðcase€results€in€the€child€being€sent€to€foster€care. ôÝ ƒ…rF%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ33ÓÚ  Ú11Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_ÔEven€later,€after€the€effects€are€observed,€no€control€group€exists€to€assess€whether€theÐ .. Ðjudgment€was€the€best€choice.Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRXì3Ø'LetterXà3Ø' Letter3Ø'LetterXà3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÑ4°ÑÑ4°ÑÓÓÙÙÑ ý ÑÑ8€ùèXXdìdÈ8ÑÓ  Óòòò òHabermasððs€Theory€of€CommunicativeÐ 4 ÐAction€As€a€Theoretical€Framework€forÐ ä ° ÐMediation€Practiceó óóóÐ ”` ÐòòbyóóÐ D  Ðòòò òStephen€Chiltonó óóóÐ Ð  ÐòòandóóÐ ´€  Ðòòò òMaria€Stalzer€Wyant€Cuzzoó óóóÐ t@  ÐÓÓÌÌÌSubmitted€to€òòConflict€Resolution€Quarterlyóó.€€Previous€versions€of€this€paper€were€presentedÐ ¬%x ÐApril30,€1999,€at€the€First€Readings€XIX€conference,€University€of€Minnesotað!ð€Duluth,€and€MayÐ „'P Ð28,€1999,€at€the€annual€conference€of€the€Law€and€Society€Association,€Chicago.Ð \)(!ý ÐÓ  Óò òÔ‡îœîXXÔABSTRACTÔ#†XùèXîîœá#Ôó óÐ è  ÐÓÒÓThis€article€explores€how€Jrgen€Habermasððs€theory€of€communicative€action€provides€a€newÐ @ X Ðtheory€for€mediation€and€conflict€resolution€in€general.€€Beginning€from€the€assumption€that€allÐ 0 Ðpeople€are€in€relationship,€the€article€articulates€Habermasððs€ð ðpresuppositions€of€argumentationðð,Ð ð Ðwhich€can€help€mediators€focus€on€fundamental€elements€of€conflict€resolution.€€At€impasse,Ð Èà Ðmediators€can€assist€the€parties€to€prepare€for€litigation€by€a€discussion€that€derives€fromÐ  ¸  ÐHabermasððs€ideas€of€the€ð ðconditions€of€communicationðð.€€Courts€and€legislatures€can€use€theseÐ x  Ðsame€ideas€to€constrain€abuses€of€their€authority,€and€ultimately€mediators,€in€a€new€opportunityÐ Ph  Ðfor€the€field,€can€help€reestablish€positive€relationships€post„outcome.Ð  (@ ÐÙÙÑ  ÑÓ  Óòòò òHabermasððs€Theory€of€CommunicativeÐ 4 ÐAction€As€a€Theoretical€Framework€forÐ ä ° ÐMediation€Practiceóóó óÐ ”` ÐÌÓ Óò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔI.€INTRODUCTIONÔ#†XùèXîîœÊ #Ôó óÐ è  ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àThere€is€a€common€human€need€for€effective€ways€of€relating€to€each€other.€€This€articleÐ t@  Ðexplores€how€Jrgen€Habermasððs€theory€of€communicative€action€can€justify€mediation€as€an€aidÐ L  Ðto€those€ways€of€relating.€€Fundamental€recognitions,€including€Habermasððs€òòpresuppositions€ofÐ $ð Ðargumentationóó€and€our€derived€òòconditions€of€communicationóó,€can€show€how€mediation€is€aÐ üÈ Ðvaluable€alternative€for€people€experiencing€conflict€in€our€society.€€Habermasððs€theory€ofÐ Ô  Ðcommunicative€action€provides€criteria€to€evaluate€ongoing€debates€within€the€field€ofÐ ¬ x Ðmediationð"ð€such€as€the€debate€about€transformative€and€transactional€mediation€practicesð"ðÐ „"P Ðthereby€improving€the€likelihood€of€the€field€resolving€a€division€among€practitioners€thatÐ \$( Ðthreatens€the€vulnerable€community€of€practice.€€And€finally,€the€theory€of€communicative€actionÐ 4& Ðprovides€a€way€to€build€an€effective€bridge€between€the€impasse€experiences€that€sometimes€occurÐ  (Ø Ðin€mediation€and€the€handoff€of€those€situations€into€the€legal€system€for€resolution.€€MediationÐ ä)°! Ðcan€prepare€parties€to€move€into€the€legal€system€more€humanely€and€assist€the€legal€system€toÐ è  Ðreceive€those€cases€with€more€sensitivity.Ô#†XùèXXQXùè3 #ÔÐ À Ø Ðà  àMediation€is€a€field€still€in€search€of€an€organizing€theory,€a€theory€defensible€as€theoryÐ ˜ ° Ðwithin€the€field,€useful€in€practice€to€the€individual€mediator,€and€ethically€(normatively)Ð pˆ Ðacceptable€to€both€the€mediator€and€the€parties€in€conflict.€€It€is€because€those€human€beings€are€inÐ H` Ðconflict€that€such€a€theory€must€concern€the€fundamental€nature€of€humansðð€relationship€with€oneÐ  8  Ðanother.Ð ø  Ðà  àIn€this€paper€we€propose€an€organizing€theory€that€focuses€attention€on€the€preservation€ofÐ Ðè  Ðthe€underlying,€inherent€relationship€among€people.€€This€focus€has€a€number€of€specificÐ ¨À Ðconsequences:€€it€reconciles€the€debate€between€settlement€(transactional€mediation)€andÐ €˜ Ðrelationship€(transformative€mediation);€€the€mediator€need€not€give€up€one€goal€in€pursuit€of€theÐ Xp Ðother€but€can€connect€the€two€ð"ð€even€when€the€process€of€mediation€calls€on€the€mediator€toÐ 0H Ðfocus€realize€each€goal€separately.€€This€focus€sharpens€mediation€practice€in€various€ways€byÐ   Ðrevealing€the€underlying€assumptions€that€people€need€to€honor€for€effective€discussionÐ à!ø Ð(ð ðpresuppositions€of€argumentationðð).€€It€also€flags€new€opportunities€for€mediators,€first€to€assistÐ ¸#Ð Ðthe€parties€in€navigating€a€transition€from€mediation€to€other€post„impasse€options€by€encouragingÐ %¨ Ðð ðconditions€of€communicationðð€and€then,€upon€rendering€of€decision,€to€assist€the€parties€inÐ h'€  Ðreclaiming€the€original€presuppositions€so€that€relational€life€can€proceed.€€Finally,€it€invites€a€newÐ @)X" Ðrelationship€between€the€field€of€mediation€and€the€justice€system€that€would€honor€the€power€ofÐ è  Ðrelationship€despite€conflict.Ð À Ø ÐÌò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔII.€MEDIATION€IN€LIGHT€OF€HABERMASððS€ð ðPRESUPPOSITIONSÐ pˆ ÐOF€ARGUMENTATIONððÔ#†XùèXîîœÛ#Ôó óÐ Èà ÐÌà  àPeople€are€relational€creatures.€€People,€even€in€conflict,€possess€a€human€relationship€thatÐ ø  Ðmakes€mediation€possibleð"ð€a€fundamental€recognition€of€the€other,€regardless€of€any€externalÐ Ðè  Ðmanifestations€in€language€or€actions€or€even€of€any€internal€recognition.€€Even€in€conflict€we€areÐ ¨À Ðrichly€aware€of€each€other,€despite€our€judgments€and€emotions€of€the€moment.€€In€short,€we€areÐ €˜ Ðalways€already€related.€€This€basic€relationship€may€be€deepened€and€elaborated€by€culture,Ð Xp Ðlanguage,€and€peopleððs€deliberate€efforts,€but€the€existence€of€the€relationship€does€not€depend€onÐ 0H Ðthese€contingenciesð"ð€they€simply€express€the€relationship.€€In€fact,€culture,€language,€andÐ !  Ðpeopleððs€deliberate€efforts€are€built€on€the€presupposition€that€there€is€an€other€with€whom€weÐ à"ø Ðrelate.€€This€paper€shows€how€this€relationship€is€a€reliable€ground€from€which€mediators€canÐ ¸$Ð Ðoperate,€even€when€conflict€has€called€into€question€the€partiesðð€more€elaborated€levels€ofÐ &¨ Ðrelationship.Ð h(€  Ðà  àThe€concept€of€an€underlying€relationship€is€an€old€one,€the€subject€of€many€differentÐ @*X " Ðaccounts:€€as€the€mutual€recognition€by€rational€agents€of€the€transcendental,€òòa€priorióó€conditionsÐ è  Ðof€rationality€(Kant);€€as€the€coordination€of€behavior€through€language€(Habermas);€€as€theÐ À Ø Ðautomatic€interaction€of€introjected€representations€of€others€(Chilton€forthcoming);€€and€manyÐ ˜ ° Ðother€accounts.€€These€accounts€are€not€about€specific,€contingent€relationships€of€intimacy,Ð pˆ Ðpartnership,€friendship,€acquaintance,€and€so€on,€but€rather€about€the€relationship€that€existsÐ H` Ðinherently€among€people.Ð  8  Ðà  àAmong€these€various€accounts€we€will€use€Habermasððs€as€the€best€suited€for€application€toÐ ø  Ðmediationð!ð€which€is,€after€all,€specifically€concerned€with€talking€things€out,€with€€ð ðcoordinatingÐ Ðè  Ðpeopleððs€behaviorðð.× ƒŽ ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€Habermasððs€view,€whenever€we€speak€to€each€other€we€have€alwaysÐ ¨À Ðalready€accepted€certain€ð ðpresuppositions€of€argumentationððð!ð€that€is,€characteristics€of€speechÐ €˜ Ðoriented€toward€coordinating€action.€€We€are€related€to€each€other€in€our€involuntary,€implicit,Ð Xp Ðprior,€common€acceptance€of€these€conditions,€even€at€the€very€moment€that€we€use€speech€toÐ 0H Ðdeny€any€relationship€with€the€other.Ð   ÐÔ& 8 Ôà  àHere€are€the€presuppositions€of€argumentation€that€Habermas€(1983/1990:87„89)€lists,Ð à!ø Ðtaken€from€Alexyððs€(1978)€extensive€analysis.× ƒª ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¸#Ð ÐÓ  Óà  àà0 ` àà  à1.€Logical€and€semantic€rules€of€speech,€that€is,€rules€by€which€we€know€that€the€speech€hasÐ %¨ Ðat€least€the€form€of€a€coherent€argument:× ƒ« ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ðh'€ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà ` à(1.1)à0¸ (#(#àNo€speaker€may€contradict€himself.Ô'8 à!ž#ÔÐ@)X"¸ (#¸ (# Ðà  àà ` à(1.2)à0 ¸ àEvery€speaker€who€applies€predicate€F€to€object€A€must€be€prepared€to€applyÐ è  ÐF€to€all€other€objects€resembling€A€in€all€relevant€aspects.ÐÀ ظ (#¸ (# Ðà  àà ` à(1.3)à0 ¸ àDifferent€speakers€may€not€use€the€same€expression€with€different€meanings.И °¸ (#¸ (# Ðà  à2.€€Procedural€rules€necessary€for€a€search€for€truth€organized€in€the€form€of€an€argument:Ð pˆ Ðà  àà ` à(2.1)à0 ¸ àEvery€speaker€may€assert€only€what€he€really€believes.ÐH`¸ (#¸ (# Ðà  àà ` à(2.2)à0 ¸ àA€person€who€disputes€a€proposition€or€norm€not€under€discussion€mustÐ  8  Ðprovide€a€reason€for€wanting€to€do€so.Ðø ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà  à3.€Rules€governing€any€process€having€the€goal€of€reaching€a€rationally€motivated€agreement:ÐÐè ` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` à(3.1)à0 ¸ àEvery€subject€with€the€competence€to€speak€and€act€is€allowed€to€take€part€inÐ ¨À Ða€discourse.Ѐ˜¸ (#¸ (# Ðà  àà ` à(3.2)à0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà ¸ àa.à0(#(#àà0h(#(#àà  àEveryone€is€allowed€to€question€any€assertion€whatever.ÐXph(#h(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àb.à0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà  àEveryone€is€allowed€to€introduce€any€assertion€whatever€into€theÐ 0H Ðdiscourse.Ð h(#h(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àc.à0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà  àà0hh(#h(#àà  àEveryone€is€allowed€to€express€his€attitudes,€desires,€and€needs.Ðà!øh(#h(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à(3.3)à0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà ¸ àNo€speaker€may€be€prevented,€by€internal€or€external€coercion,€fromÐ ¸#Ð Ðexercising€his€rights€as€laid€down€in€(3.1)€and€(3.2).Ð%¨(#(# ÐÓ²$ÓThe€presuppositions€of€argumentation€are€ð ðgeneral€symmetry€conditions€that€every€competentÐ h'€  Ðspeaker€who€believes€he€is€engaging€in€an€argument€must€presuppose€as€adequately€fulfilledððÐ @)X" Ð(Habermas€1983/1990a:€€88).× ƒ¬ ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€These€presuppositions€of€argumentation€bear€on€both€the€processÐ è  Ðof€mediation€and€the€responsibility€of€the€mediator.€€In€the€process€of€mediation,€theseÐ À Ø Ðpresuppositions€offer€a€way€to€disentangle€the€complex€and€often€hidden€knots€that€bring€peopleÐ ˜ ° Ðto€impasse.€€€The€assumption€is€that€the€difficulty€in€solving€a€conflict€and€in€repairing€aÐ pˆ Ðrelationship€comes€from€some€violation€of€these€presupposition.€€The€process€of€mediation€thenÐ H` Ðbecomes,€for€mediators€personally,€a€commitment€to€ensure€that€these€presuppositions€areÐ  8  Ðestablished,€fulfilled,€and€pursued.€€Knowing€these€presuppositions€can€provide€the€mediator€aÐ ø  Ðpractical€checklist€of€potential€areas€of€breakdown€in€the€process,€thereby€allowing€him€or€her€toÐ Ðè  Ðsuggest€opportunities€or€different€directions.€€In€the€remainder€of€this€section€we€apply€theseÐ ¨À Ðpresuppositions€to€mediation.€€In€subsequent€sections€we€take€up€the€more€difficult€problem€ofÐ €˜ Ðwhat€to€do€when,€despite€the€partiesðð€and€mediatorððs€best€efforts,€the€parties€remain€at€impasse.Ð Xp Ðà  àò òòòA.€Presuppositions€1.1„1.3:€€Logical,€Semantic€Rulesóóó óÐ 0H Ðâ âÐ   Ðà  àÔ&  Ôâ âPresuppositions€(1.1)„(1.3)€posit€the€necessity€of€consistency€in€oneððs€communication.Ð è  Ðò ò(1.1)à0  àNo€speaker€may€contradict€himself€(self„contradiction).ó óÐÀ Ø(#(# Ðò ò(1.2)à0  àEvery€speaker€who€applies€predicate€F€to€object€A€must€be€prepared€to€apply€F€toÐ ˜ ° Ðall€other€objects€resembling€A€in€all€relevant€aspects€(double€standards).ó óÐpˆ(#(# Ðò ò(1.3)à0  àDifferent€speakers€may€not€use€the€same€expression€with€different€meanings€(theÐ H` Ðequivocation€fallacy).Ô' è p5Ôó óÐ 8 (#(# ÐAgreements€depend€both€on€people€having€an€understanding€of€what€they€themselves€want€andÐ ø  Ðalso€having€a€shared€understanding€of€what€they€are€agreeing€to.€€These€three€rules€of€consistencyÐ Ðè  Ðensure€that.€€The€very€crafting€of€an€agreement€requires€that€the€real€constraints€of€the€situation€beÐ ¨À Ðunderstood,€and€inconsistency€conceals€those€constraints€within€overall€confusion.€€Both€theÐ €˜ Ðmediator€and€the€parties€have€an€interest€in€ensuring€consistency.Ð Xp Ðà  àSelf„contradiction€indicates€the€existence€of€unreconciled€desires€within€someone.× ƒ­ ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р0H ÐDouble€standards€indicate€a€potential€lack€of€clarity€about€how€a€standard€is€to€be€used;€€applyingÐ   Ðthe€standard€to€similar€situations€should€result€in€similar€judgments,€and€if€it€doesnððt,€the€standardÐ à!ø Ðneeds€clarifying.€€Equivocation€is€similar€to€double€standards,€but€in€equivocation€the€confusion€isÐ ¸#Ð Ðbetween€the€parties€about€what€is€meant€(for€example,€definition€of€terms),€while€double€standardsÐ %¨ Ðhave€to€do€with€the€clarification€of€one€partyððs€understanding.Ð h'€  ÐÐ @)X" Ðà  àò òòòB.€Presuppositions€2.1€and€2.2:€€The€Search€for€Truthóóó óÐ è  Ðà  àPresuppositions€(2.1)€and€(2.2)€concern€authenticity€and€making€visible€oneððs€intent.€€BothÐ À Ø Ðpropositions€invite€the€parties€to€be€real€with€each€other;€€both€also€remind€the€mediator€of€theÐ ˜ ° Ðessential€nature€of€and€importance€of€authenticity€between€the€parties.Ð pˆ Ðò ò(2.1)à0  àEvery€speaker€may€assert€only€what€he€really€believes.ó óÐH`(#(# ÐResolutions€of€disputes€go€beyond€the€partiesðð€specific€agreement,€because€true€resolutions€canÐ  8  Ðexist€only€against€a€background€of€mutual€understanding.€€Lacking€such€a€background,€no€one€canÐ ø  Ðbe€sure€what€is€really€being€agreed€to.€€As€every€experienced€mediator€knows,€it€is€impossibleÐ Ðè  Ð(except€in€very€simple€disputes)€to€write€agreements€that€cannot€be€interpreted€differently€by€theÐ ¨À Ðparties€to€it.€€The€parties€can€discover€that€they€disagree€even€about€what€seemed€to€be€the€plainÐ €˜ Ðmeaning€of€the€words,€and€the€problem€gets€worse€as€these€words€come€to€be€applied€to€specific,Ð Xp Ðunanticipated€situations.€€These€problems€are€likely€enough€to€arise€even€when€the€parties€believeÐ 0H Ðthey€have€a€good€understanding€of€each€other,€and€such€problems€become€ever€more€likely€to€theÐ   Ðdegree€that€this€background€understanding€is€absent.Ð à!ø Ðà  àFurthermore,€lacking€such€a€background,€no€one€can€be€confident€that€the€other€reallyÐ ¸#Ð Ðintends€to€live€up€to€the€agreement.€€Unless€I€know€your€real€interests€and€concerns,€unless€IÐ %¨ Ðknow€your€true€commitment€to€the€agreement,€I€cannot€be€sure€of€your€intention€to€live€up€to€it.€Ð h'€  ÐLacking€such€assurance,€I€feel€bound€to€take€steps€to€guard€myself€against€your€violation€of€theÐ @)X" Ðagreementð"ð€steps€which€can€be€misinterpreted€by€you€as€preparation€for€my€betrayal.× ƒ® ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€AndÐ è  Ðsince€one€effective€way€to€guard€against€betrayal€is€to€betray€the€agreement€first,€the€lack€ofÐ À Ø Ðmutual€assurance€becomes€in€practice€the€lack€of€an€agreement.× ƒ¯ ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˜ ° Ðà  àAn€agreement€is€really€only€as€good€as€the€mutual€understanding€within€which€it€isÐ pˆ Ðsituated.€€And€to€establish€this€mutual€understanding€the€parties€must€say€what€they€really€believe,Ð H` Ðnot€just€what€they€think€will€convince€the€other.€€The€mediatorððs€role,€then,€is€to€explain€this,€toÐ  8  Ðset€up€an€environment€for€mediation€that€is€safe€enough€for€the€parties€to€speak€honestly€to€oneÐ ø  Ðanother,€and€to€encourage€the€parties€to€do€so.€€The€mediator€should€also€monitor€the€discourseÐ Ðè  Ðto€see€whether€this€is€occurring€and€to€flag€opportunities€to€the€parties€to€examine€potential€lapsesÐ ¨À Ðin€a€way€that€preserves€the€partiesðð€sense€of€safety.Ð €˜ Ðò ò(2.2)à0  àà0` (#(#àà  àA€person€who€disputes€a€proposition€or€norm€not€under€discussion€must€provide€aÐ Xp Ðreason€for€wanting€to€do€so.Ð0H` (#` (# Ðó óWe€clearly€should€discourage€parties€from€tying€up€the€proceedings€with€meaningless€quibbles,Ð   Ðobjections€unrelated€to€the€current€dispute,€or€references€to€unrelated€events€or€people.€Ð à!ø ÐResolution€could€be€infinitely€delayed€by€one€party€engaging€in€an€endless€series€of€nonproductiveÐ ¸#Ð Ðdiscussions€to€consume€time€or€to€wear€down€the€other€partyð"ð€this€is€a€particular€danger€whenÐ %¨ Ðlack€of€a€decision€favors€one€party€over€another.Ð h'€  Ðà  àHowever,€there€is€a€deeper€reason€for€asking€people€to€explain€why€a€proposition€isÐ @)X" Ðrelevant:€€to€maintain€discourse€as€a€means€of€reaching€a€common€understanding€between€theÐ è  Ðparties€instead€of€an€exercise€of€power€by€one€over€the€other.€€This€requirement€should€not€beÐ À Ø Ðtreated€as€a€mere€restriction.€€Demanding€reasons€from€the€parties€implies€that€they€are€capable€ofÐ ˜ ° Ðproviding€such€reasonsð"ð€in€other€words,€that€they€are€reasonable€people.€€This€is€the€positionÐ pˆ Ðfrom€which€the€mediator€should€operate:€€not€a€condemnation€of€someoneððs€failure€to€provideÐ H` Ðreasons€but€rather€encouragement€and€an€elicitation€of€his€or€her€reasons.Ð  8  Ðà  àò òòòC.€Presuppositions€3.1„3.3:€€Rules€of€Inclusion€and€Rules€of€Engagementóóó óÐ ø  Ðà  àPresuppositions€(3.1)„(3.3)€are€all€concerned€with€the€background€rules€that€must€be€inÐ Ðè  Ðplace€for€safe,€open,€rationally€motivated€discussions€and€agreements€to€occur.€€The€mediator€hasÐ ¨À Ðthe€essential€responsibility€to€name€and€protect€these€ð ðrules€of€engagementðð.Ð €˜ Ðà  àAs€we€said€in€our€discussion€of€(2.1),€true€resolutions€of€a€dispute€must€take€place€againstÐ Xp Ða€background€of€common€understanding.€€Only€the€parties€to€the€dispute€can€provide€this;€€neitherÐ 0H Ðthe€mediator€nor€anyone€else€can€do€this€for€them.€€This€means€that€the€parties€are€in€control€ofÐ   Ðthe€mediation,€that€at€the€very€least€they€are€all€allowed€to€participate.× ƒS ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€mediatorððs€role€is€toÐ à!ø Ðprovide€permission€for€this€control€and€to€invite€the€parties€to€take€it.€€Though€the€mediatorððsÐ ¸#Ð Ðpermission€is€not€required,€it€does€serve€as€encouragement€and€a€sign€of€safety.€€Ensuring€that€allÐ %¨ Ðaffected€parties€are€included€in€the€mediation€is€an€understood,€necessary€practice.Ð h'€  Ðò ò(3.1)à0  àEvery€subject€with€the€competence€to€speak€and€act€is€allowed€to€take€part€in€aÐ @)X" Ðdiscourse.ó óÐè (#(# Ðà  àThough€it€is€obvious€that€parties€in€mediation€must€be€able€to€know,€express,€and€act€uponÐ À Ø Ðtheir€sense€of€what€they€want€and€what€they€believe€just€treatment€is,€both€the€law€and€mediationÐ ˜ ° Ðhave€long€recognized€that€children€and€vulnerable€adults€inherently€lack€competence€to€speak€andÐ pˆ Ðact€without€assistance.€€Our€systems€provide€assistance€for€these€parties€in€the€form€of€guardiansÐ H` Ðòòad€litemóó,€advocates,€or€lawyers.€€But€there€is€another€large€group€of€€people€who€may€findÐ  8  Ðthemselves€in€a€mediation€without€the€benefit€of€these€protections:€€the€inarticulate,€the€ignorant,Ð ø  Ðand€some€abused€spouses.€€Our€culture€perpetuates€assumptions€that€all€people€are€competent€toÐ Ðè  Ðspeak€and€act€unless€they€fall€into€a€prescribed€category:€€those€who€lack€the€necessary€skills€(self„Ð ¨À Ðconfidence,€articulateness,€self„awareness,€or€willingness€to€engage€through€speech,€but€are€notÐ €˜ Ðlabelled€as€one€of€the€prescribed€populations)€may€find€themselves€unable€to€participate€in€theÐ Xp Ðprocess.€€This€suggests€a€role€for€mediators€both€as€a€group€and€as€individuals€in€specificÐ 0H Ðmediation€situations.€€Mediators€as€a€group€can€publicly€support€more€advocates€deployed€inÐ   Ðmore€flexible€ways.€€Individual€mediators€can€check€that€the€competence€assumption€is€justified€inÐ à!ø Ðall€parties€and,€if€not,€deal€with€that€issue€right€away.€€Even€if€little€can€be€done,€the€mediator€canÐ ¸#Ð Ðdeploy€what€resources€are€available€and€can€look€for€creative€alternatives€when€resources€are€notÐ %¨ Ðavailable.Ð h'€  Ðà  àThe€whole€issue€of€competence€is€a€treacherous€one€for€the€mediator€in€that€it€demands€aÐ @)X" Ðjudgment€that€is€always€necessarily€contaminated€by€the€mediatorððs€prior€cultural€assumptionsð"ðÐ è  Ðespecially€those€arising€from€class€background.€€Prejudices€about€speech€are€powerfulÐ À Ø Ð(particularly€among€those€who€are€most€articulate);€€mediators€are€in€particular€danger€hereð"ðÐ ˜ ° Ðspeech€is€after€all€their€bailiwick.€€Checking€oneððs€own€assumptions€about€competence€is€asÐ pˆ Ðnecessary€as€checking€the€competence€of€others€in€every€mediation.Ð H` Ðò ò(3.2a„c)à0 ` àRules€of€EngagementÐ 8 ` (#` (# Ðó óThe€presuppositions€listed€in€3.2€collectively€specify€rules€of€engagement€for€authentic,€honestÐ ø  Ðcommunication€between€parties.€€Each€presupposition€explores€a€different€means€of€reaching€anÐ Ðè  Ðunderstanding€and€potentially€generating€agreements€that€become€possible€when€real€mutualÐ ¨À Ðcommunication€exists.€€It€is€true€that€each€of€the€three€activitiesð!ð€(a)questioning,€(b)asserting,Ð €˜ Ðand€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)expressingð!ð€can€be€used€in€strategic€or€tactical€ways€rather€than€to€build€authenticÐ Xp Ðunderstanding€and€relationship,€but€Habermasððs€intention€is€that€these€are€alsoð"ð€and€shouldÐ 0H Ðbeð"ð€used€to€construct€such€relationship.€€The€strategic€or€tactical€use€of€these€means€is€fosteredÐ   Ðin€€(for€example)€the€litigation€system,€but€mediation€has€a€mandate€to€reclaim€them€for€theÐ à!ø Ðpurpose€of€relationship„building€and€authentic€communication.Ð ¸#Ð Ðòòà0  àà ° à3.2a.à0(#(#àà0` (#(#àà  àEveryone€is€allowed€to€question€any€assertion€whatever.óóÐ%¨` (#` (# Ðà  àThere€are€various€ways€questions€function€to€build€authentic€relationships.€€The€same€waysÐ h'€  Ðapply€to€assertions€and€self„revealing€statements.€€The€power€of€questions€within€effectiveÐ @)X" Ðcommunication€is€enormous,€and€there€are€reasons€questions€are€among€the€first€forms€ofÐ è  Ðcommunication€to€disappear€when€people€experience€conflict.€€Questions€perform€severalÐ À Ø Ðfunctions:Ð ˜ ° ÐÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚Fý°fÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€demand€answers.€€When€someone€asks€a€question,€people€feel€the€necessity€toÐ pˆ Ðrespond€and€provide€information€or€an€accounting€of€a€situation.݃Fý°fÝfÝŒÐH`(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚Fý$hÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€stimulate€thinking.€€Questions€provoke€new€ideas€and€new€possibilities€in€bothÐ  8  Ðthe€speaker€and€the€listener;€€while€a€statement€may€invite€consideration€of€alternatives,Ð ø  Ðquestions€òòdemandóó€such€consideration.݃Fý$hQhÝŒÐÐè (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚FýôiÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€give€us€valuable€information.€€When€people€ask€questions,€they€seekÐ ¨À Ðinformation€or€opinions€from€an€other€that€are€relevant,€important,€or€necessary€to€meetÐ €˜ Ðsome€need€or€desire.݃Fýôi!jÝŒÐXp(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚Fý¡kÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€allow€the€speaker€control.€€Legal€cross€examination€is€a€perfect€example€of€theÐ 0H Ðpower€of€questions€to€control€communication:€€the€form€of€the€question€allows€theÐ   Ðquestioner€to€control€the€space€and€places€the€recipient€in€a€position€of€having€to€chooseÐ à!ø Ðto€respond,€avoid,€or€question€back.݃Fý¡kÎk݌и#Ð(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚FýÒmÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€get€people€to€open€up.€€There€is€nothing€more€inviting€than€asking€people€toÐ %¨ Ðshare€their€experiences,€insight,€views,€or€information€about€an€issue€of€mutual€concern.€Ð h'€  ÐThe€question€shows€that€the€speaker€is€interested€in€something€that€the€listener€may€knowÐ @)X" Ðand€care€about.݃FýÒmÿmÝŒÐè (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚FýóoÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€lead€to€quality€listening.€€Asking€the€right€question€at€the€right€moment€enablesÐ À Ø Ðus€to€understand€a€situation€better€or€open€up€new€possibilities€of€options€or€solutions.€Ð ˜ ° ÐEffective€questions€also€enable€both€speaker€and€listener€to€become€more€focused€on€whatÐ pˆ Ðis€at€issue€between€them.݃Fýóo pÝŒÐH`(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚Fý"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚Fý"rÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú7Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝQuestions€get€people€to€persuade€themselves€about€a€situation.€€People€are€more€likely€toÐ  8  Ðaccept€something€they€themselves€formulate€than€something€someone€else€formulates.€Ð ø  ÐQuestioning€is€part€of€the€potential€for€effective€persuasion.× ƒ± ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×݃Fý"rOrÝŒÐÐè (#(# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àThe€capacity€of€people€in€conflict€to€ask€and€answer€questions€is€impaired;€€often,€ratherÐ ¨À Ðthan€serving€the€positive€functions€listed€above,€questions€become€tools€of€power€and€control€orÐ €˜ Ðaccusation.€€Yet€precisely€because€there€is€no€more€effective€way€to€interact€in€an€active,€engagedÐ Xp Ðmanner,€it€is€essential€that€questions€in€discourse€remain€in€fair€territory.€€It€is€because€questionsÐ 0H Ðare€direct,€ask€for€information,€require€an€acknowledgment€by€the€other€(and€the€very€act€ofÐ   Ðacknowledgment€also€acknowledges€the€existence€of€all€parties€to€the€communication)€thatÐ à!ø ÐHabermas€names€questions€as€one€of€the€important€presuppositions€of€argumentation€orÐ ¸#Ð Ðdiscourse:€€to€lose€the€question€is€to€lose€a€powerful€form€of€exchanging€information,€ideas,€andÐ %¨ Ðpossibilities.€€In€situations€of€conflict,€the€mediator€must€reclaim€the€power€of€questions,€notÐ h'€  Ðperfunctorily€but€explicitly€and€directly.€€Mediators€can€serve€as€guides€to€reinstate€and€reinforceÐ @)X" Ðthe€inherent€value€of€the€questionð"ð€not€just€by€asking€questions€himself€or€herself€but€also€byÐ è  Ðcreating€a€zone€of€safety€in€which€the€parties€can€begin€asking€questions€of€each€other.€€Note€thatÐ À Ø ÐHabermas€explicitly€states€that€òòeveryoneóó€has€the€power€to€question.€€In€this€case,€ð ðeveryoneððÐ ˜ ° Ðsignificantly€includes€the€mediator,€who€through€impartiality€can€reintroduce€the€parties€toÐ pˆ Ðquestions€as€a€constructive€form€of€communication.òòóóÐ H` Ðòò3.2b.à0  àà0` (#(#àà  àà0` ` (#` (#àà  àEveryone€is€allowed€to€introduce€any€assertion€whatever€into€the€discourse.óóÐ 8 ` (#` (# Ðà  àQuestions€are€paired€with€the€power€of€assertion,€a€particular€kind€of€statement.€Ð ø  ÐAssertions€state€something€as€true€or€claim€something.€€Of€course,€making€an€assertion€does€notÐ Ðè  Ðmean€that€something€òòisóó€true;€€it€merely€invites€further€dialogue€to€determine€whether€something€isÐ ¨À Ðagreed€between€the€parties€òòasóó€true.€€But€without€assertions,€there€is€no€ability€in€discourse€to€stakeÐ €˜ Ðout€ground€that€the€participants€are€prepared€to€further€explain€and€defend.€€Assertions€reflectÐ Xp Ðpositions,€arguments,€and€strategies€to€obtain€needs€and€goals.€€However,€assertions€do€notÐ 0H Ðalways€invite€a€response;€€in€that€sense,€they€can€become€absolute€claims€that€stop€discourse€ratherÐ   Ðthan€encourage€it.€€When€parties€experience€conflict,€assertions€often€become€stronger,€moreÐ à!ø Ðrigid,€less€inviting€to€continued€dialogue€and,€therefore,€more€positional.Ð ¸#Ð Ðà  àThe€role€of€the€mediator€here€is€to€help€the€parties€make€not€only€strong€statements€ofÐ %¨ Ðposition€but€also€assertions€that€are€open€to€ongoing€discussion.€€The€mediatorððs€task€is€to€giveÐ h'€  Ðpermission€for€everyone€to€make€assertions€with€the€caveat€that€everyone€must€be€willing€toÐ @)X" Ðsubject€their€assertions€to€continuing€rational€discussion€by€the€other€party.€€The€mediator€remindsÐ è  Ðthe€parties€that€their€statements€are€merely€assertions€and€not€truth€in€themselvesð"ð€a€reality€thatÐ À Ø Ðthe€parties€have€often€long€since€forgotten€in€the€frustrations€of€conflict.€€The€mediator€can€helpÐ ˜ ° Ðthe€parties€to€regain€the€full€range€of€the€assertion€as€well€as€to€recognize€the€inherent€limitationsÐ pˆ Ðthat€assertions€have€as€invitations€to€discuss€rather€than€absolute€pronouncements€of€what€is€true.òòóóÐ H` Ðòò3.2c.à0  àà0` (#(#àà  àà0` ` (#` (#àà  àà0` ` (#` (#àà  àEveryone€is€allowed€to€express€his€attitudes,€desire,€and€needs.óóÐ 8 ` (#` (# Ðà  àThe€presupposition€of€free€expression€is€a€critical€piece€effective€communication.€Ð ø  ÐExpression€is€about€the€aesthetic€of€human€experienceð!ð€the€full€richness€of€who€I€am€and€whoÐ Ðè  Ðyou€are,€demonstrates€the€composite€of€all€that€makes€me€uniquely€me€and€you€uniquely€you.€Ð ¨À ÐAnd€the€recognition€of€expression€involves€the€perception€that€human€beings€need€to€beÐ €˜ Ðunderstood€at€some€deep€levels€by€an€other€in€order€to€express€their€identity.€€Expression€can€be€aÐ Xp Ðsolo€affair,€but€most€of€the€time€full€expression€requires€the€presence€of€an€otherð"ð€whether€anÐ 0H Ðintimate€or€a€stranger.Ð   Ðà  àPeople€in€conflict€often€feel€that€the€other€does€not€have€a€clue€about€who€they€are.€Ð à!ø ÐBecause€the€safety€to€engage€in€authentic€expression€has€been€truncated,€people€often€resort€toÐ ¸#Ð Ðdehumanizing€and€even€demonizing€the€other€in€order€to€justify€their€own€views€of€the€conflict,Ð %¨ Ðpreventing€the€kind€of€recognition€that€can€produce€meaningful€breakthroughs.€€Most€people€doÐ h'€  Ðnot€do€this€intentionally;€€this€self„absorption€and€loss€of€expressive€potential€is€a€consequence€ofÐ @)X" Ðthe€vulnerability€of€conflict.€€Parties€to€conflict€often€will€refuse€to€expose€themselves€in€any€realÐ è  Ðway€for€fear€of€what€might€happen€to€themð"ð€the€rejection€that€may€occur€to€their€very€identity.€Ð À Ø ÐThey€refuse€to€express€in€order€to€self„protect.Ð ˜ ° Ðà  àThe€mediatorððs€opportunity€here€is€to€give€permission€and€remind€the€parties€of€the€needÐ pˆ Ðfor€authenticity€in€the€mediation€space.€€By€naming€the€inherent€need€for€people€to€be€understood,Ð H` Ðand€then€inviting€the€parties€to€do€those€acts€of€self„expression€that€reveal,€the€mediator€calls€forthÐ  8  Ðthe€presupposition€that€people€care€about€being€expressiveð"ð€being€able€to€reveal€their€trueÐ ø  Ðattitudes,€desires,€and€needs€to€the€other.€€Those€of€us€who€do€mediation€know€those€momentsÐ Ðè  Ðwhen€people€ð ðget€realðð€with€each€other€and€are€authentic.€€Those€are€often€the€powerful€momentsÐ ¨À Ðof€recognition€that€Bush€and€Folger€(1994)€identify€so€clearly€and€which€sometimes€signal€theÐ €˜ Ðcritical€moments€of€opportunity€for€the€parties€to€both€better€understand€each€other€and€to€moveÐ Xp Ðtoward€different€ground€for€potential€resolution.Ð 0H Ðò ò(3.3)à0  àà0` (#(#àà  àNo€speaker€may€be€prevented,€by€internal€or€external€coercion,€from€exercising€hisÐ   Ðrights€as€laid€down€in€(3.1)€and€(3.2).ó óÐà!ø` (#` (# Ðà  àIn€this€presupposition,€Habermas€recognizes€that€the€presence€of€coercion€of€any€kind€isÐ ¸#Ð Ðdetrimental,€even€lethal,€to€true€communication€between€the€parties.€€The€invocation€ofÐ %¨ Ðnoncoercion€is€the€fundamental€assumption€that€people,€as€autonomous€free€agents,€have€the€rightÐ h'€  Ðto€engage€or€not€engage.€€The€presence€of€any€coercion€is€inimical€to€communication€that€can€leadÐ @)X" Ðto€understanding€and€agreement,€whether€the€coercion€is€internal€(fear€that€inhibits€saying€what€isÐ è  Ðon€your€mind)€or€external€(a€system,€like€the€law,€that€constrains€your€ability€to€participate€onÐ À Ø Ðyour€own€terms).Ð ˜ ° Ðà  àA€rationally€motivated€agreement€cannot€exist€in€the€presence€of€coercion.€€Practitioners€inÐ pˆ Ðthe€field€of€mediation€are€divided€over€what€constitutes€coercion€and€when€it€can€rightly€beÐ H` Ðapplied.€€This€argument€comprises€several€different€issues;€€we€need€to€disentangle€these€issues.Ð  8  Ðà  àTo€on€mediatorð!ð€weððll€call€her€ð ðRuthððð!ð€coercion€has€been€at€work€whenever€an€issue€isÐ ø  Ðdecided€without€both€parties€freely€and€fully€agreeing€to€it.€€To€Ruth,€a€paper€settlement€is€not€aÐ Ðè  Ðtrue€settlement;€€a€settlement€has€to€come€out€of,€rest€upon,€and€be€sustained€by€a€positiveÐ ¨À Ðrelationship€between€the€parties.€€Without€such€a€foundation,€the€ink€will€not€even€be€dry€beforeÐ €˜ Ðthe€agreement€is€broken€or€otherwise€distorted.€€And€even€if€not€broken,€then€immaterial€relativeÐ Xp Ðto€the€continuing€disputes€that€will€arise€when€the€parties€have€not€truly€reconciled.€€To€Ruth,Ð 0H Ðthen,€settlements€can€be€reached€in€only€one€of€two€ways:€€(a)reconciliation€between€the€partiesÐ   Ðor€(b)coercion€of€at€least€one€party.€€Two€things€follow€from€this€perspective:€€Ruth€sees€theÐ à!ø Ðprimary€goal€of€mediation€as€being€a€transformation€of€the€relationship;€€meaningful€settlementsÐ ¸#Ð Ðcan€occur€(and€can€endure)€only€within€the€context€of€such€a€relationship.€€Second,€Ruth€seesÐ %¨ Ðother€forms€of€mediation€as€coercive,€meaning€badð!ð€bad€for€moral€reasons,€since€coercion€isÐ h'€  Ðmorally€wrong,€and€bad€for€pragmatic€reasons€as€well,€since€true€settlements€cannot€be€based€onÐ @)X" Ðcoercion.Ð è  Ðà  àLet€us€look€at€another€mediator,€whom€we€will€call€ð ðHenriettaðð.€€Henriettaððs€mediationÐ À Ø Ðefforts€are€devoted€to€finding€a€settlement,€believing€that€in€most€situations,€more€people€will€beÐ ˜ ° Ðmore€hurt€by€the€failure€to€reach€any€settlement€than€will€be€hurt€by€the€settlement€that€goesÐ pˆ Ðagainst€one€party.€€While€Henrietta€recognizes€the€importance€of€relationshipð!ð€recognizes€allÐ H` Ðthose€things€that€Ruth€emphasizes,€the€problems€of€an€imposed€resolution,€the€instability€of€theÐ  8  Ðresulting€agreement,€the€possibility€of€further€conflictð!ð€and€does€all€she€can€to€create€aÐ ø  Ðrelationship€out€of€which€a€true€resolution€can€flow,€Henrietta€is€also€aware€of€the€problems€of€noÐ Ðè  Ðsettlement€at€all,€of€leaving€the€problem€unresolved.€€To€take€one€common€example:€€a€child€is€inÐ ¨À Ðfoster€care€while€his€parents€argue€over€custody€rights.€€If€our€primary€concern€is€the€welfare€ofÐ €˜ Ðthe€child,€then€some€resolution€has€to€be€reached,€and€reached€quickly.€€To€Henrietta,€it€is€notÐ Xp Ðcoercive€to€push€for€and€demand€a€settlement.€€If€the€parties€canððt€sustain€a€relationship€that€willÐ 0H Ðpermit€a€settlement€of€at€least€this€issue,€then€it€is€imperative€to€seek€one€in€other€ways.€€(AndÐ   Ðafter€all,€the€alternative€of€a€court€settlement€will€be€at€least€as€coercive€as€any€settlement€reachedÐ à!ø Ðin€mediation.)€€The€pressure€on€the€parties€for€a€settlement€comes€from€the€objectiveÐ ¸#Ð Ðcircumstances€of€the€situation,€not€from€the€mediator,€even€if€the€mediator€may€be€the€conduit€ofÐ %¨ Ðthat€pressure.€€To€Henrietta,€calling€this€ð ðcoercionðð€does€not€reflect€the€true€situation.€€(In€fact,Ð h'€  Ðshe€thinks,€if€mediators€are€going€to€start€calling€each€other€names,€then€she€will€name€Ruth€as€aÐ @)X" Ðwimp,€spineless€in€the€face€of€real€people€and€real€conflicts.)Ð è  Ðà  àDespite€their€different€perceptions€of€themselves€and€each€other,€both€Ruth€and€HenriettaÐ À Ø Ðvalue€noncoercion.€€The€division€within€the€field€of€mediation€arises€not€out€of€a€dispute€overÐ ˜ ° Ðcoercion€but€rather€from€the€tension€between€two€genuine,€genuinely„held€values:€€the€value€ofÐ pˆ Ðrelationship,€and€the€value€of€settlement.€€In€the€next€section€we€will€discuss€how€to€negotiate€thisÐ H` Ðtension;€€here,€we€simply€want€to€note€that€coercion€is€not€the€issue,€and€that€both€of€the€valuesÐ  8  Ðare€real,€important,€and€genuinely€held.Ð ø  Ðà  àò òòòD.€€Using€the€Presuppositions€in€Mediationóóó óÓ?+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°œX?ÓÐ Ðè  Ðà  àThese€rules€form€a€base€that€a€theory€of€mediationð"ð€and€more€important€mediatorsÐ ¨À Ðthemselvesð"ð€can€rely€on,€regardless€of€whether€the€parties€to€the€mediation€explicitly€consent€toÐ €˜ Ðthem.€€These€rules€can€help€mediators€understand€what€their€practice€is€about€fundamentally€andÐ Xp Ðidentify€what€most€people€take€as€givens€when€they€enter€into€any€communicative€experience.€Ð 0H ÐMediators€can€use€these€presuppositions€as€a€way€to€frame€the€mediation€experience€and€inviteÐ   Ðthe€parties€back€into€practicing€the€very€things€that€human€beings€presuppose€in€everyÐ à!ø Ðcommunicative€experience.€€By€using€this€language€of€presuppositions,€Habermas€provides€a€wayÐ ¸#Ð Ðfor€the€mediator€to€name€what€has€often€been€violated€between€the€parties,€and€even€to€challengeÐ %¨ Ðthe€partiesðð€violations€of€these€presuppositions.€€The€beauty€of€these€ideas€is€that€the€parties€haveÐ h'€  Ðalready€implicitly€consented€to€them€by€virtue€of€being€communicative€beingsð"ð€even€if€thatÐ @)X" Ðconsent€has€yet€to€be€recognized€within€the€self€or€acknowledged€to€the€other.€€€And€mostÐ è  Ðimportant,€these€presuppositions€also€provide€the€basis€for€agreements€about€relationship€that€canÐ À Ø Ðoccur€òòwhether€or€not€the€parties€can€reach€agreement€on€substantive€issues.€óóIn€that€sense,€theseÐ ˜ ° Ðpresuppositions€cut€across€any€impasse€situation€as€potential€ground€for€agreement€between€theÐ pˆ Ðparties€regardless€of€the€particular€substantive€issues€that€they€debate€about.Ð H` Ðà  àHow€do€these€presuppositions€affect€the€mediatorððs€conduct€in€the€mediation?€€TwoÐ  8  Ðpotential€applications€are€demonstrated€in€TablesI€and€II.€€In€TableI€we€show€how€the€mediatorÐ ø  Ðmight€open€the€mediation,€explaining€the€presuppositions€as€parameters€within€which€theÐ Ðè  Ðmediation€will€occur.€€In€TableII€we€briefly€explore€how€each€presupposition€provides€mediatorsÐ ¨À Ðwith€appropriate€interventions€within€the€mediation€interaction.€€While€we€do€intend€these€asÐ €˜ Ðconcrete€suggestions€for€mediators,€we€also€note€that€they€are€the€result€of€the€theoretical€analysisÐ Xp Ðwe€proposed€at€the€beginning:€€an€analysis€rooted€in€foundational€relationship.Ð 0H ÐÓ  ÓTABLE€I€ABOUT€HEREÐ   ÐTABLE€II€ABOUT€HEREÐ à!ø ÐÓè®ÓÌò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔIII.€THE€NATURE€AND€VALUE€OF€IMPASSEÔ#†XùèXîîœW¯#Ôó óÐ %¨ Ðà  àThe€presuppositions€provide€patterns€of€behavior€and€articulated€assumptions€that€canÐ è'  Ðserve€as€common€ground€to€create€a€safe€space€for€mediation.€€But€mediators€still€need€to€face€theÐ À)Ø" Ðchallenge€of€what€to€do€when€the€parties€choose€to€end€mediation.€€Impasse€is€traditionally€seenÐ è  Ðas€that€moment€in€the€mediation€when€the€parties€and/or€the€mediator€decide€to€end€the€process.€Ð À Ø ÐMost€mediators€dread€this€moment.€€It€represents€both€a€failure€to€obtain€settlement€and€anÐ ˜ ° Ðabandonment€of€the€hope€of€creating€a€positive€relationshipð!ð€or€at€least€a€positive€ending€to€theÐ pˆ Ðpresent€relationship.€€Once€impasse€has€been€reached€and€mediation€abandoned,€the€parties€areÐ H` Ðthrown€into€another,€quite€different€processð!ð€for€example,€litigationð!ð€in€which€the€goals€(andÐ  8  Ðgains)€of€the€mediation€are€at€least€minimized€and€perhaps€destroyed€altogether.€€Alternatively,€theÐ ø  Ðparties€are€cast€into€a€limbo€to€simply€muddle€through€the€best€they€can;€€one€wonders€if€anythingÐ Ðè  Ðpositive€about€the€experience€survives.Ð ¨À Ðà  àOne€source€of€power€of€transformative€mediation€is€its€understanding€that€experiences€ofÐ €˜ Ðempowerment€and€recognition€are€inherently€important€and€can€affect€the€parties€and€the€disputeÐ Xp Ðpositively€in€the€future,€regardless€of€what€happens€after€mediation.€€There€are€at€least€threeÐ 0H Ðpossibilities€for€the€parties€and€the€mediator€beyond€retaining€their€memories€of€empowermentÐ   Ðand€recognition€experiences.€€First,€the€mediator€can€assist€the€parties€to€identify€those€aspects€ofÐ à!ø Ðrelationship€that€can€be€honored€even€during€ongoing€dispute€and€the€increasingly€imperative€needÐ ¸#Ð Ðfor€settlement.€€Second,€he€or€she€can€help€the€parties€recognize€how€they€can€accomplish€thisÐ %¨ Ðeven€during€the€most€confrontational€moments€in€the€future,€in€court€or€other€settings.€€Third,€heÐ h'€  Ðor€she€can€help€the€parties€recover,€insofar€as€possible,€a€communicative€relationship€after€the€finalÐ @)X" Ðdecision€is€handed€down;€€this€preparation€can€occur€in€advance€of€the€trial€or€can€even€be€doneÐ è  Ðafter€the€decisionð!ð€a€new€but€useful€role€for€mediators.€€Mediators€can€achieve€these€threeÐ À Ø Ðobjectives€by€explaining€the€òòconditionsóó€for€stopping€the€erosion€of€relationship€in€the€midst€ofÐ ˜ ° Ðongoing€conflict.€€The€effect,€then,€of€examining€conflict€in€Habermasian€terms€is€to€expand€theÐ pˆ Ðscope€of€mediation€in€keeping€with€the€most€general€charge€to€mediators€of€helping€peopleÐ H` Ðpreserve,€fix,€and€renew€their€underlying€communicative€relationship€with€each€other.Ð  8  Ðò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔIV.€PREPARATION€FOR€LITIGATION:€€STOPPING€THE€EROSIONÐ ø  ÐOF€RELATIONSHIP€IN€THE€CONTEXT€OF€ONGOING€CONFLICTÔ#†XùèXî»#Ôó óÐ Ph  Ðà  àAt€the€moment€of€impasse,€parties€often€feel€overwhelmed€by€the€recognition€that€theÐ ¨À Ðmediation€will€generate€no€settlement.€€When€conflict€seems€inevitable,€parties€regard€the€situationÐ €˜ Ðas€anarchic,€and€they€find€it€difficult€to€remember€and€practice€basic€relationship„sustainingÐ Xp Ðbehaviors.€€But€impasse€contains€the€possibility€for€the€mediator€to€assist€the€parties€inÐ 0H Ðremembering€and€daring€to€practice€such€behaviors€despite€their€uneasiness€at€conflict€and€theirÐ !  Ðfear€of€loss.€€We€call€these€relationship„sustaining€behaviors€òòconditionsóó€of€conflict,€minimalÐ à"ø Ðrequirements€to€maintain€the€interpersonal€environment€we€desire,€even€if€the€existence€of€theÐ ¸$Ð Ðconflict€and€its€outcome€are€beyond€our€control.Ð &¨ Ðà  àThese€conditions€are€of€a€different€nature€than€the€Habermasian€presuppositions,€whichÐ h(€  Ðdescribe€various€aspects€of€a€communicative€relationship,€assuming€that€parties€are€still€searchingÐ @*X " Ðfor€a€mutually€agreeable€solution€to€the€conflict,€such€that€the€mediator€can€restore€theÐ è  Ðcommunicative€relationship€simply€by€recalling€these€aspects€to€it.€€The€conditions,€however,Ð À Ø Ðdescribe€the€psychosocial€origins€of€the€erosion€of€the€presuppositions€of€argumentation€in€theÐ ˜ ° Ðpartiesðð€relationship.€€By€identifying€and€directly€confronting€the€reasons€for€the€erosion,€theÐ pˆ Ðmediator€can€help€the€parties€stop€further€erosion€and€perhaps€even€restore€a€communicativeÐ H` Ðrelationship.€€This€is€not€meant€to€achieve€a€settlement€but€rather€to€show€the€parties€how€theirÐ  8  Ðrelationship€can€be€maintained€even€during€the€pain€of€the€approaching,€final€settlement€phase€ofÐ ø  Ðthe€conflict.€€Whether€the€parties€choose€to€do€so€is,€of€course,€up€to€them.€€However,€theseÐ Ðè  Ðconditions€can€be€remembered€by€any€of€the€parties€involved,€as€well€as€the€mediatorð"ð€in€fact,Ð ¨À Ðthey€can€be€practiced€unilaterally€without€loss€and€with€the€promise€of€long„term€benefit€to€all.Ð €˜ Ðà  àWhile€either€party€can€maintain€these€conditions€unilaterally,€certainly€they€are€betterÐ Xp Ðserved€when€discussed€explicitly;€€this€creates€a€shared€space€in€which€each€party€is€better€able€toÐ 0H Ðunderstand€the€otherððs€actions.€€Even€if€only€one€of€the€parties€wants€to€create€and€maintain€theseÐ   Ðconditions,€discussing€them€is€nevertheless€worthwhile,€because€it€makes€that€partyððs€subsequentÐ à!ø Ðbehavior€comprehensible€and€also€invites€the€other€party€to€join€later.Ð ¸#Ð Ðà  àThese€conditions€extend€the€traditional€mediatorððs€role€in€two€ways.€€First,€the€mediatorÐ %¨ Ðcan€transform€the€moment€of€impasse€into€a€new€opportunity€for€the€parties€to€experienceÐ h'€  Ðempowerment€and€recognition,€discussing€how€they€intend€to€relate€to€each€other€during€theÐ @)X" Ðsubsequent,€ongoing€conflict.€€Second,€the€discussion€necessarily€concerns€events€and€situationsÐ è  Ðthat€will€occur€in€the€future€and€probably€outside€the€mediation€framework.€€This€reclaims€forÐ À Ø Ðmediators€ground€that€should€not€be€abandoned.€€As€we€shall€see€in€later€sections,€mediators€haveÐ ˜ ° Ða€role€in€all€aspects€of€conflict,€since€all€aspects€involve,€in€varying€ways,€the€preservation€of€theÐ pˆ Ðunderlying€communicative€relationship.Ð H` Ðà  àòòò òA.€Condition€of€Centerednessó óóóÐ  8  ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€parties€feel€Ô#†XùèXXQXùèDË#ÔÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔlack€of€clarity,€confusion,€andÐ ø  Ðnonempowerment€of€the€self,€quite€independent€of€the€actions€of€the€other.Ð Ðè  Ðà  àHowever,€the€possibility€is€there€for€the€parties€to€each€deliberately€create€conditions€inÐ ¨À Ðwhich€they€can€remain€calm,€clear,€and€focused,€empowered€to€deal€with€whatever€comes€theirÐ €˜ Ðway€despite€the€conflict€(Bush€&€Folger€1994).Ô#†XùèXXQXùèÉË#Ô€€Each€party€will€have€his€or€her€own€ways€inÐ Xp Ðwhich€he€or€she€can€recover€his€or€her€center€(breathing,€meditation,€praying,€spending€time€inÐ 0H Ðnature,€and€so€on)€regardless€of€the€other€partyððs€actions€or€other€circumstances.€€It€is,€of€course,Ð   Ðeasier€to€remain€centered€when€both€parties€share€that€goal,€but€Ý‚dÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝÝ‚dÿÿÿ,ÏdiatÝóóÝ  Ýit€is€possible€to€remain€centeredÐ à!ø Ðdespite€the€otherððs€actions.Ð ¸#Ð Ðà  àòòò òB.€Condition€of€Acknowledgment/€Apologyó óóóÐ %¨ Ðà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€the€partiesðð€feelings€of€vulnerability€inhibit€themÐ h'€  Ðfrom€acknowledging€the€other€and€apologizing€when€appropriate,€often€instead€choosing€self„Ð @)X" Ðprotective€denial€in€order€to€avoid€feeling€vulnerable.€€Further,€each€assumes€that€the€other€partyÐ è  Ðdoesnððt€care€what€damage€he€or€she€has€inflicted€during€the€conflict€and€the€mediation€process.Ð À Ø Ðà  àHowever,€it€is€possible€for€one€or€both€parties€to€acknowledge€what€has€occurred€andÐ ˜ ° Ðoffer€apologies€when€appropriate.€€This€kind€of€act€creates€space€for€parties€to€distinguishÐ pˆ Ðbetween€accidental€harms€and€harms€which,€even€though€intended,€were€not€intended€to€beÐ H` Ðhurtful;€€and€to€distinguish€these,€in€turn,€from€deliberately€hurtful€acts€that€are€now€regretted.€Ð  8  ÐSuch€acknowledgments€and€apologies€make€the€partiesðð€subsequent€interactions€easier€during€theÐ ø  Ðfinal€decision€phase€by€forestalling€the€propagation€of€earlier€misunderstandings€and€actions.Ð Ðè  Ðà  àòòò òC.€Condition€of€Reassuranceó óóóÐ ¨À ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€parties€tend€to€become€self„absorbed,€self„Ð €˜ Ðprotective€and€judgmental€of€the€other€(Bush€&€Folger€1994).Ô#†XùèXXQXùè Õ#ÔÝ‚dÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝÝ‚dÿÿÿÿÕdiatÝóóÝ  ÝÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔÐ Xp Ðà  àHowever,€the€possibility€is€there€for€the€parties€to€look€for€moments€of€recognition€of€theÐ 0H Ðhuman€other€and€to€give€the€other€the€benefit€of€the€doubt€as€much€as€possible.€WheneverÐ   Ðpossible,€parties€can€also€continue€the€practice€of€offering€authentic€and€sincere€reassurances€ofÐ à!ø Ðgood€intention€to€each€other.€€Both€parties€can€overtly€agree€to€signal€each€other,€when€sincere,Ð ¸#Ð Ðand€to€watch€for€signals€during€the€future€process.Ô#†XùèXXQXùèCÖ#ÔÐ %¨ Ðà  àòòò òD.€Condition€of€Limiting€the€Badó óóóÐ h'€  ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€parties€tend€to€see€the€world€as€a€universallyÐ @)X" Ðdangerous€place;€€they€tend€to€overgeneralize€previous€bad€experiences,€trying€to€protectÐ è  Ðthemselves.Ð À Ø Ðà  àHowever,€it€is€possible€for€the€parties€to€agree€that€although€each€believes€the€otherÐ ˜ ° Ðuntrustworthy,€they€do€not€have€to€conclude€that€all€people€similar€to€the€other€are€untrustworthy,Ð pˆ Ðor€even€that€the€other€is€untrustworthy€in€all€circumstances.€€Rather,€they€can€conclude€that€someÐ H` Ðare€untrustworthy€and€some€are€not,€that€people€are€trustworthy€in€some€situations€but€not€inÐ  8  Ðothers,€€and€each€party€has€to€judge€each€particular€case€as€it€comes.€€This€helps€stop€the€lateralÐ ø  Ðspreading€of€negative€judgment€beyond€the€parameters€of€the€existing€conflict€and€current€parties.Ô#†XùèXXQXùèÙ#ÔÐ Ðè  Ðà  àòòò òE.€Condition€of€Impersonal€Processó óóóÐ ¨À ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€the€parties€tend€to€personalize€the€forthcomingÐ €˜ Ðprocess€of€decision€(litigation,€arbitration,€and€so€on)ð!ð€to€believe€that€one€party€will€somehow€beÐ Xp Ðable€to€use€(abuse)€the€process€to€the€serious€disadvantage€of€the€other.Ô#†XùèXXQXùèdÝ#ÔÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔÐ 0H Ðà  àHowever,€the€possibility€is€there€to€recognize€that€while€the€process€may€be€usedÐ   Ðstrategically€used€to€obtain€a€particular€goal,€it€will€not€be€used€for€revenge,€intimidation,€or€toÐ à!ø Ðgain€more€advantage€in€general€than€is€necessary.€€The€parties€can€state€to€each€other€what€theyÐ ¸#Ð Ðintend€to€obtain€through€the€process€and€that€they€do€not€intend€to€use€their€gain€for€any€issueÐ %¨ Ðbeyond€that.€€In€addition€to€limiting€the€spread€of€the€conflict,€these€mutual€assurances€also€helpÐ h'€  Ðthe€parties€to€avoid€seeing€every€gain€or€loss€in€the€later€process€as€personal€aggression.Ô#†XùèXXQXùèåÞ#Ô€€They€canÐ @)X" Ðthen€interpret€all€things€that€occur€in€future€processesð"ð€even€including€a€sense€of€violationð"ð€asÐ è  Ða€reflection€of€the€complexity€of€the€conflict€rather€than€as€personal€gains€or€losses€directlyÐ À Ø Ðattributable€to€the€bad€intentions€of€the€parties.€€We€think€this€is€what€Fisher€and€others€(1991)Ð ˜ ° Ðwere€referring€to€when€recommending€separating€the€person€from€the€problem.€€In€this€instance,Ð pˆ Ðthe€problem€is€acknowledged€to€have€a€reality€and€effect€of€its€own€that€are€related€to,€but€alsoÐ H` Ðindependent€of,€the€parties.€€This€acknowledgment€can€allow€the€parties€to€approach€futureÐ  8  Ðinteractions€with€each€other€from€a€posture€of€relative€neutrality€rather€than€complete€adversarialÐ ø  Ðengagement.Ð Ðè  Ðà  àòòò òF.€Condition€of€Renewing€Opportunitiesó óóóÐ ¨À Ðà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€the€parties€tend€Ô‡QXùèXXXùèÔto€see€conflict€as€entrenched€andÐ €˜ Ðunchanging.Ð Xp Ðà  àHowever,€circumstances€are€in€fact€changing€all€the€time.€€Nothing,€including€the€conflictÐ 0H Ðand€its€circumstances,€ever€remains€the€same€from€moment€to€moment.€€New€opportunities€for€theÐ   Ðparties€to€mediate€with€each€other€can€emerge€at€any€moment.€€The€possibility€exists€for€theÐ à!ø Ðparties€to€agree€that€they€will€continually€watch€for€and,€when€possible,€participate€in€anyÐ ¸#Ð Ðmediative€moments€that€may€appear,€being€willing€to€step€out€of€adversarial€space€to€do€this.Ô#†XùèXXQXùèöå#ÔÐ %¨ Ðà  àòòò òG.€Condition€of€the€Unknowable€Rightó óóóÐ h'€  ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€each€party€tends€Ô#†XùèXXQXùè!é#Ôto€see€his€or€her€own€sense€ofÐ @)X" Ðthe€Right€as€the€only€valid€standard.€€The€conflict€takes€on€the€additional€valence€of€Right€versusÐ è  ÐWrong,€so€it€involves€not€just€each€party€putting€forward€his€or€her€own€best€sense€of€theÐ À Ø Ðsituation€and€his€or€her€own€needs,€but€rather€each€party€maintaining€a€universe€with€moralÐ ˜ ° Ðmeaning.Ð pˆ Ðà  àHowever,€in€circumstances€of€impasse,€no€one€has€a€privileged€position€vis„„vis€others€inÐ H` Ðdetermining€what€is€right.€€People€leave€behind€in€the€failed€mediation€the€chance€to€make€andÐ  8  Ðsupport€those€claims.€€As€the€situation€changes€from€mediation€to€decision,€people€may€recognizeÐ ø  Ðthat€although€they€may€still€be€convinced€that€they€are€right,€there€is€no€longer€any€way€to€pressÐ Ðè  Ðthose€feelings€and€convictions€on€the€others,€who€feel€similarly€about€their€own€views.€€TheyÐ ¨À Ðremain€entitled€to€hold€and€press€for€their€preferences,€but€they€also€must€accept€that€they€canÐ €˜ Ðclaim€no€more€right€to€those€preferences€than€anyone€else€can€for€theirs.€€The€effect€of€thisÐ Xp Ðacceptance€is€to€reduce€the€emotional€valance€of€the€conflict€and€thus€to€limit€the€fear€of€eachÐ 0H Ðparty€that€a€loss€in€this€conflict€means€a€loss€in€all€conflictsð"ð€or,€indeed,€a€loss€of€Good€to€Evil.Ð   Ðà  àòòò òÔ_ÔH.Ô_Ô€Condition€of€Safetyó óóóÐ à!ø ÐÔ‡QXùèXXXùèÔà  àWithin€the€perceived€anarchy€of€conflict,€the€Ô#†XùèXXQXùèÚï#Ôparties€become€uncertain€of€the€rules€of€theÐ ¸#Ð Ðgame€and€thus€uncertain€about€their€safety€with€each€other.€€This€loss€of€safety,€the€imminentÐ %¨ Ðonset€of€continued€adversarial€relationship,€and€the€self„protective€reaction€to€it,€are€centralÐ h'€  Ðreasons€for€the€breakdown€of€communication€in€the€final€outcome€phase.Ð @)X" Ðà  àHowever,€it€is€possible€for€the€parties€to€create€zones€of€potential€safety€by€taking€someÐ è  Ðconcrete€actions:€€1.Each€party€acknowledges€to€the€other,€without€accusation,€that€he€or€sheÐ À Ø Ðfeels€unsafe.€€This€simple€statement€of€fear€acknowledges€both€that€there€may€be€somethingÐ ˜ ° Ðgenuinely€to€be€afraid€of€and€that,€in€this€reaching€toward€the€other,€there€is€space€for€potentialÐ pˆ Ðrelationship.€€Even€if€this€is€done€unilaterally,€it€invites€mutuality.€€It€represents€if€nothing€else€theÐ H` Ðgrief€one€feels€at€separation.€€The€naming€of€fear€is€an€essential€first€step€in€overcoming€it.€€ByÐ  8  Ðacknowledging€it€exists,€the€parties€have€the€potential€to€switch€their€emphasis€from€the€endlessÐ ø  Ðpsychological€game€of€trust€to€a€focus€on€the€common€problem(s)€that€must€be€addressed.€€OnceÐ Ðè  Ðthat€step€is€taken,€other€steps€become€possible.Ð ¨À Ðà  à2.Either€or€both€of€the€parties€could€go€on€to€disclose€what€is€feared€and€what€it€wouldÐ €˜ Ðtake€for€him€or€her€to€feel€safer.Ð Xp Ðà  à3.€A€party€could€disclose€in€advance€what€steps€he€or€she€is€planning€to€takeð!ð€not€in€theÐ 0H Ðservice€of€intimidation€or€other€threat,€but€rather€to€demonstrate€the€sincerity€of€oneððs€position.€Ð   ÐThis€kind€of€disclosure€also€obviates€the€strategic€reality€of€surprise€as€a€tactic.€€These€disclosuresÐ à!ø Ðneed€go€no€further€than€either€party€feels€willing€to€go;€€they€need€involve€neither€risk€to€anyÐ ¸#Ð Ðcentral€interests€nor€feelings€of€vulnerability.€€But€these€disclosures€can€serve€to€open€a€space€forÐ %¨ Ðpreserving€parts€of€the€relationship€that€would€otherwise€be€at€risk€of€being€destroyed€in€theÐ h'€  Ðconflict.Ð @)X" Ðà  àIn€summary,€these€conditions€offer€the€possibility€for€the€parties€to€restrict€theÐ è  Ðrelationship„destroying€aspects€of€the€final€resolution€phase.€€They€also€provide€mediators€withÐ À Ø Ðanother€opportunity€to€help€the€parties€find€common€ground€even€in€the€midst€of€adversarialÐ ˜ ° Ðengagement.€€We€do€not€see€this€list€of€conditions€as€absolute€or€all„inclusive,€but€it€does€makeÐ pˆ Ðclear€our€perception€that€impasse€is€not€necessarily€an€ending€of€mediative€action.€€Indeed,€byÐ H` Ðexercising€these€conditions,€impasse€can€open€up€new€vistas€for€the€parties€and€the€mediator€toÐ  8  Ðexplore€in€their€ongoing€journey€with€each€other.Ð ø  Ðò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔV.€WELCOME€TO€LITIGATION:€€PRESERVING€RELATIONSHIPÐ Ðè  ÐWHILE€MAKING€THE€TRANSITION€BETWEEN€MEDIATIONÐ (@ ÐAND€THE€COURTÔ#†XùèXîîœyü#Ôó óÐ €˜ Ðà  àhe€legal€system€can€receive€the€disputants€and€their€dispute€after€impasse€by€respectfullyÐ Øð Ðacknowledging€the€partiesðð€mediative€experience€and€recognizing€the€impact€of€the€mediativeÐ °È Ðconditions€on€the€parties.€€It€is€reasonable€to€expect€judges€to€adapt€their€customary€procedures€inÐ ˆ!  Ðsome€manner,€given€the€growth€of€legislatively€and€judicially€mandated€mediation/€ADR€prior€toÐ `#x Ðtrial.€€As€courts€are€currently€constituted,€the€discoveries€and€results€of€the€mediation€process€areÐ 8%P Ðoften€left€behind€at€the€courtroom€door.€€Many€times€judges€either€say€nothing€about€the€previousÐ '( Ðmediation€experience€or€dismiss€it€as€a€failure€because€no€agreement€was€reached.€€It€is€true€thatÐ è(  Ðthe€courts€do€not€have€the€same€function€as€mediations,€but€the€judicial€process€can€beÐ è  Ðstrengthened€if€courts€help€the€parties€transition€into€the€court€process€in€a€way€that€preserves€theÐ À Ø Ðpartiesðð€perception€of€mediationððs€benefits.€€If€the€court€knows€the€Habermasian€presuppositionsÐ ˜ ° Ðand€derived€conditions,€it€can€honor€the€relationship„preserving€aspects€of€mediation€while€stillÐ pˆ Ðperforming€its€decision„making€function.Ð H` Ðà  àOne€way€that€this€can€happen€is€with€an€opening€statement€by€the€court€to€the€partiesÐ  8  Ðwhen€the€case€enters€(or€reenters)€the€legal€system.€€At€the€start€of€every€trial,€judges€mightÐ ø  Ðusefully€attempt€to€establish€or€reaffirm€the€proper€orientation€to€the€dispute€and€the€role€of€theÐ Ðè  Ðcourt€by€making€a€statement€like€that€in€Table€III.€€These€comments€are€derived€from€theÐ ¨À Ðconditions€of€SectionIV€and€apply€those€concepts€to€the€courts€in€an€ongoing€effort€to€create€aÐ €˜ Ðseamless€connection€between€the€mediation€and€litigation€process.Ð Xp ÐÓ  ÓÔ‡&ýŸ %XXùèÔTABLE€III€ABOUT€HEREÔ#†XùèX %&ýŸe#ÔÐ 0H ÐÓYÓà  àEven€more€than€mediators€do€in€the€mediation€process,€judges,€by€exercising€theirÐ è Ðauthority€in€relationship„preserving€ways,€have€the€power€in€the€court€process€to€humanize€theÐ À!Ø Ðtone€and€parameters€of€legal€action.Ð ˜#° Ðò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔVI.€ENABLING€COURTS€TO€SUSTAIN€RELATIONSHIP:€Ð p%ˆ ÐPARAMETERS€OF€JUSTICE€FOR€LEGISLATURES€AND€COURTSÔ#†XùèXîîœ#Ôó óÐ È'à  Ðà  àWe€have€been€tracing€how€the€Habermasian€assumption€of€communicative€relationshipÐ  *8 " Ðchanges€our€understanding€of€the€conflict€process.€€Our€focus€has€been€on€mediators,€whose€roleÐ è  Ðalready€makes€them€the€natural€stewards€of€relationship,€and€on€judges.€€However,€the€actions€ofÐ À Ø Ðthese€participants€are€regulated€by€larger€institutions€and€traditionsð!ð€the€laws€themselves,€theÐ ˜ ° Ðlegislaturesðð€mandates€for€decisions,€and€the€strictures€of€legal€precedent€and€procedure.€€TheÐ pˆ Ðchoices€or€actions€of€these€larger€institutions€directly€affect€the€ability€of€mediators€and€judges€toÐ H` Ðpreserve€relationship€in€the€midst€of€conflict.€€In€this€section€we€suggest€three€limitations€to€theÐ  8  Ðdecision„making€authority€of€these€larger€institutionsð!ð€limitations€designed€to€prevent€thoseÐ ø  Ðinstitutions€from€causing€unnecessary€harm€to€partiesðð€relationships.Ð Ðè  Ðà  àThese€limitations€are€necessarily€theoretical;€€we€are€not€prepared€to€assert€whether€orÐ ¨À Ðhow€they€could€be€instituted.€€They€apply€to€the€kind€of€practice€we€believe€court€systems€andÐ €˜ Ðlegislatures€should€attempt€to€institute,€but€it€is€not€yet€clear€how€or€to€what€extent€theseÐ Xp Ðconsiderations€are€compatible€with€the€courtsðð€responsibilities€as€protectors€of€clear€legislationÐ 0H Ðand€legal€precedent.Ð   Ðà  àòòò òA.€No€Silencingó óóóÐ à!ø Ðà  àParties€must€be€free€to€disagree€with€the€outcome€(distinguishing€here€betweenÐ ¸#Ð Ðdisagreement€meant€to€sabotage€the€decision,€which€is€not€acceptable,€and€disagreement€meant€toÐ %¨ Ðcontinue€fundamental€inquiry€into€what€is€right,€which€is€to€be€encouraged).€€Even€if€an€outcomeÐ h'€  Ðto€an€existing€conflict€has€been€established€by€judicial€decision,€the€partiesðð€senses€of€the€nature€ofÐ @)X" Ðjustice,€the€nature€of€reality,€and€their€own€senses€of€the€Good€may€change€under€continuedÐ è  Ðscrutiny.€€We€are€not€talking€about€the€parties€badgering€or€whining€each€other€into€submission.€Ð À Ø ÐCritical,€thoughtful€scrutiny€can€only€serve€to€advance€everyoneððs€interests€(or€at€least€not€harmÐ ˜ ° Ðthem).€€Preventing€people€from€discussing€the€issues€would€be€a€claim€that€we€know€the€truth€ofÐ pˆ Ðthe€situation,€and€in€most€circumstances€it€would€also€be€a€form€of€consolidating€the€victorððsÐ H` Ðposition.Ð  8  Ðà  àòòò òB.€Only€Levels€of€Violation€That€Maximize€Relationshipó óóóÐ ø  Ðà  àWhen€we€are€unsure€what€is€just€or€what€goals€the€parties€ought€to€pursue,€we€cannotÐ Ðè  Ðknow€which€of€the€parties€should€be€left€feeling€violated€by€the€outcome.€€When€there€are€onlyÐ ¨À Ðtwo€parties€involved,€and€only€one€would€be€hurt€by€a€decision,€it€is€obvious€that€(unless€there€areÐ €˜ Ðother€considerations)€we€should€adopt€the€decision€that€hurts€the€least.€€The€decision€becomesÐ Xp Ðmore€complicated€when€there€are€several€parties€and€a€variety€of€decisions.€€There€are€twoÐ 0H Ðtraditional€approaches€to€this€decision:€€the€utilitarian€and€the€Rawlsian.€€Utilitarianism€dictatesÐ   Ðthat€we€adopt€the€decision€that€results€in€the€least€total€violation€to€all€the€parties;€€RawlsianismÐ à!ø Ðadvocates€the€decision€that€minimizes€the€violation€of€the€person€hurt€the€most.€€An€ocean€of€inkÐ ¸#Ð Ðhas€been€spilled€over€these€methods,€but€from€our€point€of€view€both€seem€appropriate€in€differentÐ %¨ Ðcircumstances.Ð h'€  ÐÐ @)X" ÐTABLES€IV€AND€V€ABOUT€HERE,€BUT€SET€TOGETHER€AND€BEFORE€ð ðC.€NOÐ è  ÐPERSON€...ððÐ À Ø Ðà  àIn€the€conflict€shown€in€TableIV,€decision€A€would€cost€both€Mary€and€Paige€$99,€whileÐ ˜ ° Ðdecision€B€would€cost€Mary€$100€and€Paige€$0.€€The€utilitarian€criterion€would€support€decisionÐ pˆ ÐB,€which€has€a€total€violation€of€$100,€over€decision€A,€which€has€a€total€violation€of€$198.€€TheÐ H` ÐRawlsian€criterion,€on€the€other€hand,€would€lead€one€to€choose€decision€A,€where€the€worstÐ  8  Ðviolation€is€only€$99,€over€decision€B,€where€the€worst€violation€is€$100.€€In€these€circumstancesÐ ø  Ðit€seems€that€Paige€could€justly€complain€about€the€Rawlsian€criterion,€holding€that€MaryððsÐ Ðè  Ðadvocacy€of€decision€A€is€costing€Paige€$99€in€order€that€Mary€may€save€herself€$1.Ð ¨À Ðà  àOn€the€other€hand,€one€can€easily€imagine€a€situation€in€which€the€utilitarian€option€wouldÐ €˜ Ðalso€seem€unjust.€€In€TableV,€utilitarianism€gives€decision€B€as€the€preferable€one,€while€RawlsððsÐ Xp Ðcriterion€names€A€as€preferable.€€It€seems€clear€that€the€Rawlsian€alternative€is€preferable.€Ð 0H ÐDecision€A€penalizes€both€Mary€and€Paige€$100€equally;€€decision€B,€on€the€other€hand,€decreasesÐ   Ðthe€total€penalty€slightly€by€shifting€almost€all€of€Paigeððs€cost€from€her€onto€Mary.€€In€essence,Ð à!ø Ðoption€B€reduces€the€overall€cost€slightly€but€only€at€the€moral€cost€of€introducing€a€largeÐ ¸#Ð Ðinequality.€€In€this€circumstance,€Mary€could€rightly€complain€that€Paigeððs€attempt€to€shift€theÐ %¨ Ðdecision€from€A€to€B€was€treating€her€badly€for€a€very€minor€collective€benefit.Ð h'€  Ðà  àIf€we€think€in€terms€of€preservation€of€an€underlying€relationship,€then€neither€theÐ @)X" Ðutilitarian€nor€the€Rawlsian€criterion€is€a€universal€guide.€€In€TablesIV€and€V,€we€have€shown€thatÐ è  Ðthe€use€of€either€criterion€can€be€abusive,€even€if€it€can€be€justified€by€formal€logic.€€NeitherÐ À Ø Ðcriterion€should€be€relied€upon€exclusively.€€The€final€decision€must€depend€on€the€nature€of€theÐ ˜ ° Ðsituation€and€how€alternatives€can€preserve€the€underlying€relationship€of€the€parties.€€We€areÐ pˆ Ðaware€that€this€is€not€a€clear„cut,€quantifiable€criterion,€as€the€utilitarian€and€Rawlsian€criteria€are,Ð H` Ðbut€we€believe€it€is€better€to€have€a€hazy€correct€answer€than€a€specific€wrong€answer.€€AnyÐ  8  Ðdecision€should€be€put€through€the€filter€of€considering€what€its€long„term€effects€will€be€on€theÐ ø  Ðrelationship€between€the€parties.Ð Ðè  Ðà  àòòò òC.€No€Person€or€Identifiable€Group€Can€Be€Subject€to€Greater€Violationó óóóÐ ¨À Ðà  àIf€we€are€unsure€who€is€right,€then€we€have€no€reason€to€think€that€the€actual€outcomesÐ €˜ Ðshould€favor€one€person€or€group€more€than€another€on€a€consistent€basis.€€If€such€favoritism€isÐ Xp Ðapparent,€something€is€wrongð!ð€most€probably,€that€some€form€of€prejudice€or€structuralÐ 0H Ðinequality€exists€in€the€conflict€resolution€process.€€A€consistent€pattern€of€violation€against€anyÐ   Ðparticular€person€or€definable€group€is€òòipso€factoóó€alarming,€calling€for€immediate€examination€andÐ à!ø Ðcorrection.€€Such€a€pattern€can€be€revealed€only€over€a€large€number€of€cases;€€it€cannot€beÐ ¸#Ð Ðrecognized€in€any€single€case.€€Therefore€the€examination€and€correction€it€called€for€must€happenÐ %¨ Ðat€the€level€of€the€collective€decision€systemð"ð€constitutions,€legislatures,€laws,€administrative€andÐ h'€  Ðjudicial€structures,€and€so€on,€including€the€culture€within€which€these€are€embedded.Ð @)X" Ðò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔVII.€MEDIATIONððS€ROLE€AFTER€THE€OUTCOME€IS€DECIDED:€Ð è  ÐREESTABLISHING€RELATIONSHIPÔ#†XùèXîîœâ&#Ôó óÐ @ X Ðà  àAs€the€parties€move€from€impasse€to€final€outcome,€their€relationship€is€strained€not€justÐ ˜° Ðby€the€conflict€itself€and€its€outcome€but€also€by€the€feelings€that€may€arise€after€decision.€€SomeÐ pˆ Ðattention€needs€to€be€paid€to€this€strain;€€we€cannot€assume€the€relationship€will€continue€withoutÐ H` Ðattention.€€Mediation€can€assist€the€parties€during€the€post„decision€time€as€they€decide€underÐ  8  Ðwhat€conditions€they€will€continue€relationship.€€This€opportunity€for€mediators€represents€a€newÐ ø  Ðdirection€for€the€fieldð!ð€post„outcome€mediation,€repairing€the€harms€to€relationship€caused€by€theÐ Ðè  Ðexperience€of€litigation.€€Mediators€can€become€adjuncts€to€the€court€to€provide€these€services€toÐ ¨À Ðparties€leaving€the€courtroom€and€reentering€post„litigation€life.Ð €˜ Ðà  àIn€the€guidelines€presented€below€we€assume€that€the€final€outcome€has€favored€one€party,Ð Xp Ðthe€ð ðvictorðð,€and€has€left€the€other€party,€the€ð ðloserðð,€feeling€violated.× ƒ² ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€A€basic€problem€in€U.S.Ð 0H Ðdispute€resolution€is€that€our€culture€provides€little€support€for€losers€and€little€restraint€onÐ !  Ðvictors.€€In€the€United€States,€parties€in€conflict€tend€to€characterize€themselves€as€opponents€in€aÐ à"ø Ðbattle€between€the€Right€and€the€Wrong,€between€the€Good€and€the€Evil,€instead€of€a€search€for€aÐ ¸$Ð Ðdecision€in€which€any€outcome€will€be€painful€to€some.€€When€the€battle€is€over,€the€victors€claimÐ &¨ Ðthat€the€Right€has€been€served€and€the€Wrong€defeated,€that€Good€has€triumphed€over€Evil;€€theyÐ h(€  Ðthus€dismiss€the€pain€felt€by€the€losers€as€merely€the€just€penalty€for€their€having€been€wrong.€€TheÐ @*X " Ðvictors€hold€that€since€the€Right€has€prevailed,€no€further€examination€of€any€broader€orÐ è  Ðunderlying€issue€is€needed.€€The€losers,€on€the€other€hand,€are€left€with€the€continued€convictionÐ À Ø Ðof€being€right,€the€taste€of€defeat,€impotent€anger€at€their€inability€to€have€their€perceptionsÐ ˜ ° Ðunderstood€and€engaged,€and€resentment€at€forced€compliance€with€the€final€decision.€€All€of€thisÐ pˆ Ðdivides€the€parties€from€one€another,€regardless€of€the€issue,€and€breeds€continuing€conflict.€Ð H` ÐThere€are€several€concrete€ways€to€reduce€this€strain.€€By€delineating€the€fundamental€attitude€thatÐ  8  Ðboth€the€victor€and€the€loser€need€to€adopt€toward€the€final€decision,€and€four€ways€to€accomplishÐ ø  Ðthis,€mediators€can€assist€the€parties€to€maintain€or€restore€Habermasððs€communicativeÐ Ðè  Ðrelationshipð"ð€thus€completing€the€relationship€cycle.Ð ¨À Ðà  àIf€conflict€and€its€resolution€involve€winners€and€losers,€post„judgment€reconciliation€isÐ €˜ Ðextremely€difficult.€€However,€the€parties€can€instead€view€conflict€as€a€result€of€the€commonÐ Xp Ðhuman€challenge:€€to€find€ways€we€can€all€sustain€ourselves€in€a€world€that,€despite€its€infiniteÐ 0H Ðpossibility,€presents€us€with€limited€immediate€possibility.€€In€such€a€world,€a€judgment€cannot€beÐ   Ðseen€as€a€final€truth,€or€even€the€best€temporary€truth,€but€only€as€our€best€guess€as€to€what€isÐ à!ø Ðright€within€the€limits€of€the€possible.€€We€cannot€be€certain€in€advance€about€the€judgmentððsÐ ¸#Ð Ðeffects.× ƒ³ ×Ý ƒg&ÓÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€cannot€even€be€certain€in€advance€what€the€partiesðð€long„term€responses€to€theÐ %¨ Ðjudgment€will€be.€€Will€the€loser€continue€to€believe€it€unjust?€€Will€the€winner€continue€to€believeÐ h'€  Ðit€just?€€Or€will€it€come€to€appear€reasonable€to€all?Ð @)X" Ðà  àThe€only€attitude€the€parties€can€reasonably€take€toward€the€judgment€is€that€it€sets€anÐ è  Ðexperiment€in€motion.€€The€parties€know€that€they€donððt€know€enough€to€be€sure€theyððve€made€aÐ À Ø Ðperfect€decision,€so€the€best€they€can€do€is€gather€more€information:€€to€see€the€outcomes,€to€thinkÐ ˜ ° Ðabout€their€own€desires,€and€to€understand€the€other€more€clearly.€€They€hope€the€experimentÐ pˆ Ðworks,€in€the€sense€that€the€judgment€results€in€an€outcome€acceptable€to€all,€but€the€parties€canÐ H` Ðblame€neither€each€other€nor€the€judge€for€what€happens€afterwards.€€No€one€can€say,€ð ðI€told€youÐ  8  Ðsoðð,€even€if€he€or€she€òòdidóó€say€so,€because€no€one€can€really€know€in€advance€what€will€happen.€Ð ø  ÐThis€perspective€eases€the€tension€between€the€parties.€€It€does€not€remove€the€tension€of€oneÐ Ðè  Ðparty€not€getting€what€he€or€she€sees€as€fair,€but€it€does€remove€the€sting€of€seeing€the€outcome€asÐ ¨À Ðdefeat.Ð €˜ Ðà  àThis€new€conception€of€the€relationship€between€victor€and€loser€appears€unrealistic,Ð Xp Ðcounter€to€our€cultureððs€ð ðcommon€senseðð.€€U.S.€culture€is€based€on€an€oppositional„conflictualÐ 0H Ðmodel€of€human€relations€(Cuzzo1995);€€we€generally€fail€to€see€that€opposition€creates€its€ownÐ   Ðconsequences€and€how€that€happens.€€We€must€come€to€see€that€òòbothóó€victors€and€losers€haveÐ à!ø Ðsimultaneous€and€reciprocally„related€roles€and€duties€in€their€ongoing€experiment.€€The€nature€ofÐ ¸#Ð Ðthis€unity€is€not€well€understood€in€our€society,€and€until€it€is,€every€mediation€will€have€theÐ %¨ Ðadditional€challenge€of€teaching€it.Ð h'€  Ðà  àThere€are€four€perspectives€post„outcome€mediation€process€can€explore:Ð @)X" Ðà  àòòò ò1.€Graciousness€in€Victoryó óóóÐ è  Ðà  àOne€kind€of€recognition€that€could€be€discussed€would€be€an€explicit,€public€statement€thatÐ À Ø Ðthe€outcome€is€not€the€triumph€of€the€victors€but€only€the€beginning€of€an€experiment€assessing€itsÐ ˜ ° Ðvalue.€€Since€there€is€still€no€universal€acceptance€of€the€outcome,€the€partiesðð€uncertainty€aboutÐ pˆ Ðits€rightness€continues€even€when€the€conflict€is€decided.€€The€specific€implication€for€the€victorsÐ H` Ðis€that€they€do€not€attempt€to€claim€that€their€victory€ends€the€continued€consideration€of€what€theÐ  8  Ðright€decision€would€be.€€For€example,€if€Sue€were€awarded€custody€of€little€Billy,€she€would€notÐ ø  Ðattempt€to€turn€Billy€against€John,€because€she€recognizes€that€she€does€not€in€fact€know€whetherÐ Ðè  Ðthe€custody€decision€was€the€right€one.€€Granted,€reconsideration€of€the€question€cannot€turn€theÐ ¨À Ðclock€back;€€it€will€always€be€the€case€that€Billy€will€have€lived€with€Sue€during€the€periodÐ €˜ Ðfollowing€the€decision.€€But€the€underlying€issue€of€what€the€right€outcome€is€continues€and€is€notÐ Xp Ðeasily€settled.€€Accepting€this€reality€can€invite€parties€to€keep€an€open€mind.Ð 0H Ðà  àòòò ò2.€Graciousness€in€Defeató óóóÐ   Ðà  àIf€the€victor€is€gracious€in€victory,€so€also€must€the€loser€be€gracious€in€defeat.€€Since€theÐ à!ø Ðloser€does€not€agree€with€the€outcome,€he€or€she€cannot€regard€it€as€anything€more€than€aÐ ¸#Ð Ðpragmatic€settlement€of€a€situation€requiring€settlement.€€By€viewing€the€outcome€as€anÐ %¨ Ðexperiment,€the€parties€can€agree€to€gather€more€information€about€the€situation€and€their€ownÐ h'€  Ðunderstanding€of€the€right.€€Just€as€the€victor€must€allow€the€experiment€to€remain€no€more€thanÐ @)X" Ðan€experiment,€so€the€loser€must€give€it€a€fair€chance.€€He€or€she€doesn't€attempt€to€sabotage€theÐ è  Ðexperiment,€actively€or€passively,€even€while€his€or€her€disagreement€with€it€may€continue.Ð À Ø Ðà  àòòò ò3.€Appreciation€by€the€Victor€for€the€Loserððs€Willingness€to€Accept€the€Outcomeó óóóÐ ˜ ° Ðà  àThe€victors€need€to€resist€their€sense€(or€at€least€mute€their€huzzahs)€that€since€their€senseÐ pˆ Ðof€the€Right€has€been€victorious,€they€need€not€acknowledge€those€they€believe€were€Wrong,€thatÐ H` Ðis,€the€losers.€€Instead,€the€victors€need€to€publicly,€explicitly€recognize€that€the€losers,€in€beingÐ  8  Ðwilling€to€endure€the€sense€of€violation,€are€contributing€to€the€experiment€that€is€advantaging€theÐ ø  Ðvictors.€€If€we€see€ourselves€as€sharing€the€same€moral€universeð!ð€that€is€to€say,€if€we€regard€theÐ Ðè  Ðother(s)€to€be€full€participants€in€our€shared€moral€orderð!ð€then€we€are€not€victorious€over€theÐ ¨À Ðother€parties€but€are€instead€jointly€choosing€a€trial€solution.€€That€this€trial€solution€can€operate€atÐ €˜ Ðall€is€due€as€much€or€more€to€the€loser(s)€in€the€situation€as€it€is€to€the€victor(s).Ð Xp Ðà  àIt€would€also€be€appropriate€and€helpful€for€the€victor€to€express€sympathy€for€theÐ 0H Ðviolation€experienced€by€the€loser.€€Even€if€that€sympathy€is€rejected€in€the€heat€of€the€moment,Ð   Ðthe€offer€affirms€the€basic€understanding€of€the€situation€as€a€problem€of€our€human€finiteness,€notÐ à!ø Ða€problem€of€one€party€against€the€other.ò òó óÐ ¸#Ð Ðà  àòòò ò4.€Appreciation€by€the€Loser€for€the€Victor€Not€Securing€His€or€Her€Positionó óóóÐ %¨ Ðà  àJust€as€the€loser€has€contributed€something€to€the€experimentð!ð€the€rejection€of€sabotageÐ h'€  Ðas€a€response€to€itð!ð€and€deserves€appreciation€from€the€victor,€so€also€the€victor€contributesÐ @)X" Ðsomethingð!ð€the€refusal€to€take€advantage€of€the€victory€by€consolidating€and€extending€itð!ð€andÐ è  Ðdeserves€appreciation€from€the€loser€for€that.€€Both€the€loserððs€and€the€victorððs€appreciation€forÐ À Ø Ðthe€other€serve€to€acknowledge€and€thus€to€maintain€the€relationship€between€them€despite€theÐ ˜ ° Ðsense€of€violation.Ð pˆ Ðò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔVIII.€CONCLUSIONÔ#†XùèXîîœQ#Ôó óÐ H` Ðà  àThe€journey€of€conflict€is€a€long€and€difficult€one€for€many€parties.€€While€they€seekÐ  ¸  Ðsettlement€and€resolution€of€their€issues,€parties€also€struggle€with€the€questions€of€meaning€andÐ x  Ðrelationship€that€inevitably€arise.€€Many€mediators€and€decision„makers€prefer€to€avoid€wrestlingÐ Ph  Ðwith€the€conundrum€of€relationship€issues€and€focus€their€energies€on€generating€settlements.€Ð (@ ÐThis€paper€argues€that€relationship€preservation€is€always€an€issue€between€partiesð!ð€whetherÐ  Ðstrangers€or€intimates.€€Habermasððs€theory€of€communicative€action€properly€asserts€that€partiesÐ Øð Ðcan€recognize,€acknowledge,€and€preserve€a€communicative€connection€between€themselves€basedÐ °È Ðon€the€presuppositions€of€argumentation€inherent€in€the€human€experience€of€trying€to€coordinateÐ ˆ   Ðbehavior.€€All€human€beings€assume€the€posture€of€relationship€with€each€other.€€MediationÐ `"x Ðcreates€a€unique€space€for€people€to€explore€that€fundamental€recognition,€and€protect€it€even€inÐ 8$P Ðthe€midst€of€conflict.Ð &( Ðà  àWe€have€followed€the€journey€of€conflict€and€suggested,€at€each€of€its€stages,€ways€toÐ è'  Ðpreserve€relationship.€€We€have€argued€that€mediators€should€be€especially€sensitive€to€theÐ À)Ø" Ðpresuppositions€of€argumentation€and€that€knowledge€of€them€can€assist€mediators€in€practicalÐ è  Ðways.€€Indeed,€given€that€parties€often€lose€the€willingness€and€desireð"ð€though€never€theÐ À Ø Ðcapacityð"ð€to€preserve€relationship,€mediators€are€responsible€for€articulating€the€presuppositionsÐ ˜ ° Ðand€creating€safe€space€for€the€parties€to€act€upon€them.Ð pˆ Ðà  àEven€when€facing€impasse,€mediators€can€help€parties€discuss€the€conditions€under€whichÐ H` Ðthey€can€preserve€human€relationship€as€they€agree€to€disagree€and€submit€to€some€compulsoryÐ  8  Ðresolution€process,€such€as€trial.€€This€recognition€affirms€the€powerful€contribution€thatÐ ø  Ðtransformative€mediation€makes€to€our€understanding€of€and€respect€for€relationship,€whileÐ Ðè  Ðsimultaneously€acknowledging€that€transactional€mediators€pursue€the€worthy€goalð!ð€essential€toÐ ¨À Ðmany€partiesð!ð€of€settlement.€€The€two€goals€need€not€be€exclusive,€and€if€mediators€look€atÐ €˜ Ðconflict€in€the€light€of€Habermasððs€theory€of€communication,€they€can€reconcile€settlement€withÐ Xp Ðrelationship„building.Ð 0H Ðà  àThis€perspective€leads€us€into€the€interface€between€mediation€and€the€legal€system.€€TheÐ   Ðcourtððs€role€can€extend€beyond€simple€conflict€resolution;€€the€courts€can€enable€the€preservationÐ à!ø Ðof€relationshipð!ð€in€how€they€receive€the€parties,€in€how€they€conduct€the€trial,€and€in€the€kinds€ofÐ ¸#Ð Ðdecisions€they€hand€down.Ð %¨ Ðà  àAll€these€implications€and€applications€are€drawn€from€a€consistent€theoretical€orientation.€Ð h'€  ÐThe€theory€of€communicative€action€is€abstract,€dealing€with€the€grounds€of€how€people€get€alongÐ @)X" Ðtogether,€but€it€still€shows€us€how€people€actually€do€seek€to€relate€to€each€other.€€Mediators€canÐ è  Ðtake€advantage€of€this€to€remain€centered€and€proactive€through€the€conflict€resolution€process.€Ð À Ø ÐBy€weaving€together€this€theory€with€mediation€practice,€both€theory€and€practice€are€enrichedÐ ˜ ° Ðand€enlivened.Ð pˆ ÐÌßA€Y%) °°xdE°xAßÐ  8  ÐÓÓÌÌò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔEndnotesÔ#†XùèXî`#Ôó óÐ 2  ÐÌÓ 9<ìÓÐ 6Š ÐÐ è  йÓè !ÓÐ  !î ÐÌÌÔ& Ô Ôò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔReferencesÔ#†XùèXîîœka#Ôó óÐ Ä Ü ÐÌÌÌà0  àà ° àAlexy,€R.€(1978).€€Eine€Theorie€des€praktischen€Diskurses€€[A€Theory€of€Practical€Discourse].€€InÐ ¼Ô ÐOelmller,€ed.€(1978).šÔ'ÔÄ \aÔЪÂ(#(# ÐÌÌÌà0  àà ° àBush,€R.€A.,€and€J.€P.€Folger€(1994).€€òòThe€Promise€of€Mediation:€€Responding€toÐbz (#(# ÐÌConflict€Through€Empowerment€and€Recognitionóó.€San€Francisco:€€Jossey€Bass€Publishers.Ð >V  ÐÌÌÌà0  àà ° àCuzzo,€M.€W.€(1995).€€òòHabermas'€Communicative€Action€Theory€and€the€AdversarialÐö(#(# ÐÌAssumption€of€the€Civil€Litigation€System:€A€New€Perspective€for€Empowering€DisputeÐ Òê ÐÌResolutionóó.€€Ph.D.€Dissertation,€University€of€Minnesota.Ð ®Æ ÐÌÌÌà0  àà ° àFisher,€R.,€W.€Ury,€and€B.€Patton€(1991).€€òòGetting€to€Yes:€€Negotiating€AgreementÐf!~(#(# ÐÌWithout€Giving€Inóó€(2òòndóó€ed).€€NY:€€Penguin€Books.Ð B#Z ÐÌÌà0  àà ° àHabermas,€Jrgen€(1983/1990).€€òòMoral€Consciousness€and€Communicative€Actionóó.€Cambridge,Ð &$(#(# ÐÌMA:€€MIT.Ð è'  ÐÌÐ Ä)Ü" Їà0  àà ° àLeeds,€D.€(2000).€€òòThe€Seven€Powers€of€Questionsóó.€€NY:€€Perigee€Books.Ðè (#(# ÐÌÌÌà0  àà ° àOelmller,€W.,€ed.€(1978).€€òòNormenbegrndung,€Normendurchsetzungóó€[Grounding€Norms,Р ¸(#(# ÐÌÔ_ÔImplementingÔ_Ô€Norms].€€Paderborn,€Germany:€€Schningh.šÐ |” ÐÌÌÌÓÓò òÔ‡îœîXXùèÔAuthor€IdentificationÔ#†XùèXîîœ,h#Ôó óÐ 4L  ÐÌStephen€Chilton€is€Associate€Professor€of€Political€Science€at€the€University€of€Minnesota€Duluth.€Ð d|  ÐHe€is€the€author€of€òòDefining€Political€Developmentóó€and€òòGrounding€Political€DevelopmentóóÐ <T Ð(Lynne€Rienner€1988,€1991),€as€well€as€numerous€articles€on€the€conceptual€foundations€of€socialÐ , Ðscience.€Ô‡OXùèXXXùèÔ€Dr.Chilton€acknowledges€the€following€people€for€support€and€intelligent€commentary:€Ð ì ÐBeth€Bartlett,€Joan€Bondurant,€Harry€Hellenbrand,€Richard€Hudelson,€Scott€Johnson,€SteveÐ ÄÜ ÐOstovich,€Tim€Torgerson,€and€Saul€Waxð!ð€and€with€special€thanks€to€Dr.Maria€Cuzzo€for€herÐ œ ´ Ðexceptional€flow€of€ideas,€hard€work,€and€commitment€to€the€peaceful€resolution€of€conflicts.€Ð t"Œ ÐThis€work€was€aided€by€a€single„quarter€and€a€sabbatical€leave€from€the€Department€of€PoliticalÐ L$d ÐScience€and€the€College€of€Liberal€Arts,€UMD.Ô#†XùèXXOXùè j#Ô€€Ô‡OXùèXXXùèÔAssociate€Professor€of€Political€Science/Ð $&< ÐDepartment€of€Political€Science/€University€of€Minnesota€Duluth/€Duluth,€MN€55812„2496.€Ð ü'  ÐTel:€€218„726„8162€(o);€€218„724„6833€(h);€€218„726„6386€(FAX).€€Email:€€schilton@d.umn.edu.€Ð Ô)ì" ÐWWW:€€www.d.umn.edu/~schilton/.€Ô#†XùèXXOXùè¬l#ÔÐ è  ÐÌMaria€Stalzer€Wyant€Cuzzo€is€Associate€Professor€of€Legal€Studies€at€the€University€ofÐ ˜ ° ÐWisconsin-€Superior€and€Coordinator€of€the€CEE€Mediation€Certificate€Program.€€She€is€aÐ pˆ Ðformer€litigator€and€a€practicing€mediator€in€Minnesota€and€Wisconsin.€€She€conducts€trainingsÐ H` Ðand€seminars€regionally€on€transformative€mediation€principles€and€practices.€€Dr.Cuzzo€thanksÐ  8  ÐDr.€Mary€G.€Dietz,€Dr.€James€Farr,€The€Honorable€Clinton€W.€Wyant€and€Sophia€Stalzer€Wyant,Ð ø  Ðthe€Legal€Studies€students€at€UW„Superior,€and,€as€always,€Dr.€Steve€Chilton€for€their€valuableÐ Ðè  Ðcomments,€input€and€interest,€and€encouragement€in€the€ongoing€project.€€Associate€Professor€ofÐ ¨À ÐLegal€Studies/€Department€of€History€and€Political€Science/€University€of€Wisconsin„Superior/Ð €˜ ÐSuperior,€WI€54880.€€Tel:€€715„394„8482€(o);€€715„394„8454€(FAX).€€Email:€Ð Xp Ðmcuzzo@staff.uwsuper.edu.€€WWW:€€polsci.uwsuper.edu/CUZZO.htm.Ð  0H ÐÑ8€ùèXXdìXXdì8ÑÓ  Óò òTABLE€IÐ 4 ÐÌMEDIATORððS€OPENING€REMARKS€ON€THE€PRESUPPOSITIONS€OFÐ ä ° ÐARGUMENTATIONó óÐ ¼ ˆ ÐÓºrÓÌà  àð ðWelcome€to€the€mediation.€€I€want€you€to€know€some€of€the€things€that€I€assume€comingÐ l8  Ðinto€this€experience€as€your€mediator€and€I€invite€you€to€respond€and€offer€me€feedback,Ð D  Ðespecially€if€I€say€anything€that€you€disagree€with.€Ð è  Ðà  àð ðI€assume€that€both€of€you€are€going€to€be€trying€to€be€consistent€in€your€words€andÐ ôÀ Ðactions€in€this€room.€€Part€of€what€I€can€do€to€help€this€happen€is€to€point€out€any€contradictionsР̘ Ðor€inconsistencies€that€I€hear€(1.1)€and€you€should€feel€free€to€do€the€same€for€each€other.€€WhenÐ ¤p Ðyou€point€out€a€contradiction,€however,€be€sure€that€you€can€explain€why€there€is€inconsistency€byÐ |H Ðtalking€about€a€past€event€or€comment€or€referencing€something€that€the€other€person€canÐ T  Ðunderstand.€€I€assume€that€you€are€going€to€apply€similar€thinking€to€similar€situations€(1.2)€unlessÐ , ø Ðthere€is€a€good€reason€not€to,€in€which€case,€you€can€explain€the€reason.€€I€assume€that€you€areÐ "Ð Ðboth€going€to€do€your€best€to€use€words€that€have€the€same€meanings€and€to€not€use€the€sameÐ Ü#¨ Ðword€in€several€different€ways,€something€that€can€generate€a€lot€of€confusion€(1.3).€€I€want€youÐ ´%€  Ðto€know€that€if€I€see€any€of€those€challenges,€I€will€respectfully€flag€them€for€you€and€invite€you€toÐ Œ'X" Ðaddress€them.€€It€can€keep€the€communication€clear.Ð d)0!$ Ðà  àð ðI€would€also€suggest€that€we€are€here€in€this€mediation€to€have€an€organized,€reasonableÐ 4 Ðdiscussion€about€your€situation.€€To€achieve€that,€two€additional€things€are€useful.€€First,€whenÐ  Ø Ðyou€speak,€you€should€do€your€very€best€to€say€only€things€that€you€really€believe.€€(2.1)€€This€isÐ ä ° Ðnot€the€space€or€place€to€try€to€strategize€or€manipulate€each€other.€€This€may€be€one€of€the€onlyÐ ¼ ˆ Ðspaces€you€have€to€honestly€and€authentically€talk€about€this€problem.€€Second,€if€you€want€toÐ ”` Ðraise€other€issues,€you€should€be€prepared€to€explain€why€they€are€relevant€and€important€to€theÐ l8  Ðreasons€we€are€here.€(2.2).Ð D  Ðà  àð ðFinally,€I€have€assumptions€about€how€this€conversation€can€best€proceed.€€Every€personÐ è  Ðhere€is€presumed€to€be€competent€to€speak€and€act.€€That€means€you€all€have€a€right€to€participateÐ ôÀ Ðin€this€conversation.€€(3.1)€Everyone€is€allowed€to€ask€questions€about€anything€that€is€said.€Ð ̘ ÐQuestions€are€necessary€and€useful€and€should€not€be€used€to€attack€but€rather€to€inquire€and€findÐ ¤p Ðout€what€you€need€to€know.€€(3.2.a).€€Everyone€is€allowed€to€make€new€assertions€or€offerÐ |H Ðdifferent€points€of€view€on€the€things€we€are€talking€about.€€You€can€discuss€the€value€or€merit€ofÐ T  Ðthose€points€of€view,€but€everyone€has€the€right€to€offer€them€without€criticism€for€trying.€€(3.2.b)€Ð , ø ÐEveryone€is€allowed€to€express€his€or€her€attitudes,€desires€and€needs.€€In€other€words,€to€the€bestÐ "Ð Ðof€your€ability,€you€should€feel€free€to€be€honest€and€reveal€who€you€are€in€this€situation.€€It€willÐ Ü#¨ Ðhelp€you€understand€each€other€better.€€(3.2.c).€€And€finally,€I€will€do€my€level€best€to€do€nothingÐ ´%€  Ðthat€prevents€any€of€you€from€being€able€to€do€all€these€things€during€the€time€that€we€haveÐ Œ'X" Ðtogether.€€(3.3).€I€hope€that€you€do€your€best€to€honor€that€for€each€other€as€well.ððÐ  d)0!$ Ðò òTABLE€IIó óÐ 4 ÐÌò òHOW€TO€APPLY€THE€PRESUPPOSITIONS€DURING€MEDIATIONó óÐ ä ° Ðò òòòPresuppositionà ¸ àQuestion/Responseó óóóÐ ¼ ˆ ÐÌ1.1€€Noncontradictionà0 ¸ àð ðThat€comment€seemed€inconsistent€with€your€earlier€comment€about€ð ðxðð.€Ð l8  ÐEarlier€you€said€ð ðyðð.€€Would€you€mind€explaining€that€a€little€bit€more?ððÐD ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌ1.2€€Similarityà0 ` àð ðI€thought€I€heard€you€say€ð ðxðð€about€that€same€subject€a€few€moments€ago€andÐ ôÀ Ðnow€you€are€saying€ð ðyðð€about€that€subject.€€Could€you€explain€why€that€is?ððÐ̘` (#` (# ÐÌ1.3€€Same€Meaningà0 ¸ àð ðYouððve€now€used€that€same€word€ð ðxðð€to€mean€two€things.€€The€firstÐ |H Ðmeaning€I€heard€was€ð ðaðð.€€The€second€meaning€I€heard€was€ð ðbðð.€It€isÐ T  Ðimportant€that€we€get€this€straight€because€of€ð ðcðð.€€Could€you€pleaseÐ , ø Ðexplain€what€you€mean€when€you€use€the€word€ð ðxðð?Ð"и (#¸ (# ÐÌ2.1€€Authenticityà0 ¸ àð ðDo€you€really€believe€what€you€just€said?€€Why€or€why€not?ððд%€ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌ2.2€€Addition€of€Topicsà0  àð ðCould€you€explain€why€you€think€topic€ð ðqðð€is€relevant€or€importantÐ d)0!$ Ðto€the€present€conversation?ððÐ4(#(# ÐÌ3.1€€Competenceà0 ¸ àð ðEveryoneððs€voice€needs€to€be€heard€on€this€question.€€You€are€allÐ ä ° Ðcompetent€to€speak€and€act.€€Could€we€make€sure€that€everyoneððs€voiceÐ ¼ ˆ Ðgets€heard€here?ððД`¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌ3.2.a.€€Questioning€Assertionsà0 h àð ðDoes€anyone€have€a€question€about€that€comment?ðð€€or€(inÐ D  Ðthe€affirmation€form)€ð ðAll€questions€are€good€questions.€Ð è  ÐQuestions€help€us€all€better€understand€unless€you€are€usingÐ ôÀ Ðthem€as€a€weapon.ððÐ̘h(#h(# ÐÌ3.2.b€€Introducing€Assertionsà0  àð ðDoes€anyone€have€a€different€assertion€or€view€on€that€issue?ðð€€orÐ |H Ð(in€the€affirmation€form)€ð ðEveryone€has€the€right€to€introduce€newÐ T  Ðassertions€or€statements€during€this€mediation.ððÐ, ø(#(# ÐÌ3.2.c€€Expressing€Selfà0 ¸ àð ðWhat€do€you€really€think€or€feel€or€need€on€that€subject?ðð€€or€(in€theÐ Ü#¨ Ðaffirmation€form)€ð ðItððs€ok€in€this€mediation€for€everyone€here€to€reveal€whoÐ ´%€  Ðthey€really€are.ððÐŒ'X"¸ (#¸ (# ÐÐ d)0!$ Ð3.3€€No€Coercionà0 ¸ àð ðDoes€anyone€feel€afraid€or€unsafe€to€express€their€views?€€Why?ðð€€or€(inÐ 4 Ðthe€affirmation€form)€ð ðI€am€committed€to€providing€you€a€safe€space€toÐ  Ø Ðdiscuss€these€issues€free€of€coercion.ððÐ ä °¸ (#¸ (# Ðò òÓ  ÓTABLE€IIIÐ 4 ÐJUDGEððS€STATEMENTó óÐ  Ø ÐÓzÓà  à"We're€here€because€the€parties€to€this€conflict€have€different€goals.€€Ð ä ° Ðà  à"Let's€all€acknowledge€that€it€is€simply€the€human€condition€for€us€to€have€different€goals,Ð ¼ ˆ Ðto€want€different€things.€€It€may€be€that€one€person€might,€upon€reflection,€choose€to€adoptÐ ”` Ðanother's€goalsð"ð€a€change€that€occurs€only€as€a€result€of€invitation€or€of€example.€€But€sinceÐ l8  Ðnone€of€us€can€be€certain€in€advance€whose€goals€are€right,€none€of€us€is€justified€in€forcing€ourÐ D  Ðgoals€onto€others.€€Ð è  Ðà  à"Right€now,€your€goals€appear€mutually€exclusive.€€You€are€here€because€you€haven't€beenÐ ôÀ Ðable€to€figure€out€a€way€that€both€sets€of€goals€can€be€satisfied,€and€because€you€haven't€been€ableР̘ Ðto€agree€what€would€be€a€fair€resolutionð!ð€one€that€might€leave€you€unsatisfied€but€would€at€leastÐ ¤p Ðnot€leave€you€feeling€violated.Ð |H Ðà  à"I€earlier€asked€you€both€to€attempt€to€reach€some€agreement€with€the€help€of€a€mediator.€Ð T  ÐMy€hopeð!ð€our€hopeð!ð€was€that€you€could€find€a€creative€way€of€meeting€your€goals€or€that€yourÐ , ø Ðsense€of€what€is€just€could€shift€to€the€point€that€some€mutually€agreed„on€resolution€couldÐ "Ð Ðemerge.€€During€that€mediation,€your€differences€did€lessen€somewhat,€and€you€did€gain€someÐ Ü#¨ Ðunderstanding€of€each€other's€points€of€view.€€The€fact€that€you€are€here,€however,€means€that€youÐ ´%€  Ðstill€haven't€been€able€to€reach€full€agreement.Ð Œ'X" Ðà  à"Further€mediation€with€independent€neutrals€may€not€be€usefulð"ðit€may€indeed€be€thatÐ d)0!$ Ðyou€have€no€emotional€energy€left€for€it.€The€time€to€decide€is€now,€because€some€decision€mustÐ 4 Ðbe€made€so€that€lack€of€decision€does€not€become€the€decision.Ð  Ø Ðà  à"In€these€circumstances€(unless€something€extremely€lucky€takes€place€in€the€comingÐ ä ° Ðtrialð"ð€and€please€recognize€that€trials€cannot€be€organized€to€depend€on€luck€)€at€least€one€andÐ ¼ ˆ Ðmaybe€all€of€you€will€feel€violated€by€the€outcome.€€Let€us€recognize€that€this€unfortunateÐ ”` Ðoutcome€arises€from€the€human€condition,€not€from€each€other.€€At€one€level,€certainly,€you€are€inÐ l8  Ðeach€other's€way€and€are€understandably€irritated€with€each€other.€€But€you€recognize€at€a€deeperÐ D  Ðlevel€that€conflicts€are€inevitable€and€decisions€do€need€to€be€made.€It€is€important€that€you€wantÐ è  Ðthese€decisions€to€be€made€in€a€way€that,€while€imperfect,€at€least€respects€our€common€desire€toÐ ôÀ Ðget€along€with€each€other€in€this€as„yet„imperfect€world.Р̘ Ðà  à"The€trial€we're€about€to€begin€will€not€be€a€perfect€process.€€Its€goal€is€to€produce€aÐ ¤p Ðdecision,€we€hope€a€fair€one,€but€one€that€nonetheless€may€be€disagreeable€to€one€or€all€of€you.Ð |H Ðà  à"The€law€is€simply€a€lens€through€which€this€court€will€view€the€dispute€and€reach€aÐ T  Ðdecision.€€The€law€does€not€ð"ðand€cannotð"ðòòdefineóó€how€people€are€to€relate€to€each€other.€But€it€isÐ , ø Ðthe€best€tool€we€have€to€settle€disagreements€such€as€we€have€here,€and€we€respect€it€for€thatÐ "Ð Ðpurpose.Ð Ü#¨ Ðà  à"So€look€at€each€other€now.€€Recognize€that€you€are€here€because€you€want€to€live€withÐ ´%€  Ðeach€other,€and€that€the€bitterness€of€the€medicine€that€has€to€be€swallowed€at€the€end€arises€fromÐ Œ'X" Ðour€human€limits.€€And€that€our€relationship€to€each€otherð!ð€our€desire€to€live€together€in€peaceÐ d)0!$ Ðand€justiceð!ð€will€continue.ððÐ  4 ÐÔ*’ƒ Y ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#’ÔÔ,°dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,'dd ÔÔ,‘dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ (44 „„……(ÐÔ‡¼/è »XXùèÔò òTABLE€IVÐ ˜d ÐA€CONFLICT€WITH€A€UTILITARIAN€SETTLEMENT€PREFERABLEó óÔ#†XùèX »¼/裞#ÔÐ <€¢)À Œ" €Š€„„……<ÐDECISIONÐ KA2h 4 ÀÀ¢ „„……KÐINDIVIDUAL€COST€TO:Ð 3€¢$h 4" „„……3ÐTOTAL€COSTÐ h 4 Ð(Utilitarianism)Ð KA2@ " ¬¬¢ „„……KÐMAXIMUM€COSTÐ h 4  Ð(Rawlsianism)Ð A7(@  " ¬¬ Š „„……AÐÐ ! ŽZ  „„!ÐMaryÐ 'ò¾ " „„'ÐPaigeÐ "ò¾ " ……"ÐÐ  ŽZ  ……ÐÐ *€¢ ŽZ  „„*ÐAÐ 6,!žj3¢ „„6Ð$99ˆÐ 'žjU „„'Ð$99ˆÐ ,€¢žjU „„,Ð$198ˆÐ 6,!žjU¢ „„6Ðò ò$99ó óˆÐ 0€¢žjU „„0ÐBÐ 6,!ê 3¢ „„6Ð$100ˆÐ 'ê U „„'Ð$0ˆÐ ,€¢ê U „„,Ðò ò$100ó óˆÐ 6,!ê U¢ „„6Ð$100ˆÐ"ê U  "ÐÐ  &ò  ÐÔ*¸ƒ/YPdd°dd °dd 'dd '‘dd ‘dd  Y °(#°(#¸ÔÔ,°dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,'dd ÔÔ,‘dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ (44 „„……(Ðò òÔ‡¼/è »XXùèÔTABLE€VÐ ˜d ÐA€CONFLICT€WITH€A€RAWLSIAN€SOLUTION€PREFERABLEÔ#†XùèX »¼/è<¥#Ôó óÐ <€¢)À Œ" €Š€„„……<ÐDECISIONÐ KA2h 4 ÀÀ¢ „„……KÐINDIVIDUAL€COST€TO:Ð 3€¢$h 4" „„……3ÐTOTAL€COSTÐ h 4 Ð(Utilitarianism)Ð KA2@ " ¬¬¢ „„……KÐMAXIMUM€COSTÐ h 4  Ð(Rawlsianism)Ð A7(@  " ¬¬ Š „„……AÐÐ ! ŽZ  „„!ÐMaryÐ 'ò¾ " „„'ÐPaigeÐ "ò¾ " ……"ÐÐ  ŽZ  ……ÐÐ *€¢ ŽZ  „„*ÐAÐ 6,!žj3¢ „„6Ð$100ˆÐ 'žjU „„'Ð$100ˆÐ ,€¢žjU „„,Ð$200ˆÐ 6,!žjU¢ „„6Ðò ò$100ó óˆÐ 0€¢žjU „„0ÐBÐ 6,!ê 3¢ „„6Ð$180ˆÐ 'ê U „„'Ð$10ˆÐ ,€¢ê U „„,Ðò ò$190ó óˆÐ 6,!ê U¢ „„6Ð$180ˆÐ"ê U  "Ð