ÿWPCU. ÆÖL‰¡™¬mLFRñ®Ï^ýkÔ@vûcš¢dzVÕ ÔÃÿ«æTµeØŠX –6K¶ÆQ½{—1ç^lþ±Ù|Ì×ÝÁFÞªj*¾:!ì៭êÏHBIifŒæFÏ[‘?eéèŸÆsœ#r,äûžøñ¶ ˜>>qQ½à’пc„¢JO[­m)‡¼ýê|Œã´©‘€M³1„ÇZ|†÷$Kɯ¾·‹é8ô^¿Ý›Ê<«Æ×—1Çb”º°P&¥&M#÷ 0Çü 0Ûà 0ïž 0D 1 _Ñ  0!’P" 72â" 72# 1sF# 72¹# 72ë# 72$ 1ÕO$ 72$% 72V% 72ˆ%?º%"ù&7',R*Ê~+¾H,H,H, 72- 728-Nj- Bl-l-l-l-l-l- 72‰- 72»-Ní-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-í- 72ï- 72!.NS.(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô ^>- (.(3¬($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóœ<7-@Q§3|x(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ¡Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€bracketed€portion€is€for€2òòndóó„order€relationships. Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAnd,€as€stated€in€the€ð ðPrior€to€Society€Perspectiveðð€thesis,€ð ðfateðð€means€things€genuinelyÐ ° Ðnot€under€human€control.€€Jimmy€Carter€justified€his€welfare€proposals€(in€the€face€of€objectionsÐ œì Ðthat€this€would€disadvantage€certain€groups)€with€the€statement,€ð ðLife€is€not€fair.ðð€€This€is€true,€ifÐ ˆØ Ðby€ð ðlifeðð€we€mean€the€result€of€things€we€canððt€control.€€It€isnððt€true€as€he€said€it,€because€ð ðlifeððÐ tÄ Ðvery€much€included€what€people€wanted/€did.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)( …^Òà$ÈÈÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` àòòÔ  ÔÚƒ.Ú3Ú  Ú:Û€.ÛÔ à0xÔóó(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à?Æ8ÿÿÿþýü˜HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(7V¿$ÆÆÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€óóÔ ò Ôó ó( q^Hê$ÇÇÌÔ  Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àà  àò òÔ  ÔÚƒ.ÚEÚ  Ú.Û€.ÛÔ à0dÔó ó(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5WOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header6i)A@ i)A@  ½Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAs€opposed€to€those€sessions€that€pursue€better€understanding€of€some€previous€theorist. íÝ ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThat€would€be€a€form€of€the€Genetic€Fallacy,€meaning€to€condemn€an€idea€based€on€itsÐ ° Ðorigins€instead€of€its€content.(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù=>?s&\37;?CGKOS°°-*+x Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€personal€pronoun€is€deliberate,€since€I€seem€to€be€the€only€person€asking€this.€€(AndÐ ° Ðwhen€I€ask€it,€I€get€the€impression€that€Iððve€farted€in€church.) ˆÝ ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNote€Piaget€&€genetic€epistemology.i)A@ 3•Ñ37=CIOW_e®®I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)i)A@ F1)0vÝC¡¥©­±¹ÁÇHeadOfSecFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a)Ji)A@  5Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€Ô4‚OÝ ÔÝ‚&ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôhermetic€projectÔ6gÔÝ‚&ÍO{ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý  ©Ô.€€[xx€Add€this€chapter.]HermeticProjects -Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIððll€mention€here€that€this€issue€is€discussed€by€John€Rawls€(1971:ððððxx)€as€ð ðtolerance€ofÐ ° Ðthe€intolerant.ðð€€But€notice€that€even€here€Rawls€only€concludes€that€we€should€tolerate€theÐ œì Ðintolerant€in€hopes€that€theyððll€see€weððre€right€and€only€as€long€as€they€donððt€threaten€what€weÐ ˆØ Ðhave€decided€is€right.€€So€he€acknowledges€the€problem€but€still€casts€it€in€a€way€that€ultimatelyÐ tÄ Ðprivileges€his€views€over€othersðð.€€ð ðToleratingðð€people€who€think€differently€may€be€better€thanÐ `° Ðnothing,€but€ð ðtoleranceðð€is€a€far€cry€from€meeting€people€as€fellow€citizens€of€a€moral€universe. "Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMy€integrity€was€violated€as€a€child€so€systematically€that€I€go€nuts€when€others€threatenÐ ° Ðit.€€I€was€fooled/€coerced€into€saying€that€truth€was€lies€and€war€was€peace. ÀÝ ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðSomeoneðð€extends€beyond€human€beings,€in€a€manner€to€be€clarified€in€the€next€essay. ´Ý ƒ¬($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOne€way€for€this€to€happen€is€for€the€other€to€have€changed€senses€of€the€Good.i)A@  di)A@ i)A@ Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ ý ÑÑ8€éˆXXdìdÈ8ÑSeptember€30,€2002Ð ° Ðà€A(#àÔÿÔò òLEVEL:€€Ô_Ô10ó óÔÿ»ÔÔ_ԈРœì Ðò òÔ‡îîXXÔ[Chapter€2]Ô#†XéˆXîî(#ÔÐ ˆØ Ðà0  àà ° àòòÔ‡„ÂÊ„XXéˆÔA€Summary€Formulation€of€the€Ways€of€Relating€Perspective:€Ð ´ ÐThe€Concepts€of€ð ðWays€of€Relatingðð€and€the€RelationalÐ  ` ÐPrincipleóóÔ#†XéˆX„„ÂÊ¥#Ôó óÐl ¼(#(# Ð[URL:€€RelationalPrinciple]Ð È  ÐÌÓ€ J(vÝ03ÓSECTIONS€(&€perhaps€subsections):Ð   ð ÐÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWays€of€Relating݃é;ÊÝŒÐŒÜ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;‰Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€Relational€Principle݃é;‰¶ÝŒÐxÈ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;~Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝCase€Study:€€Assisted€Suicide€and€the€Right€to€Die݃é;~«ÝŒÐd´ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;ŽÝà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€Issue€of€False€Sincerity݃é;Ž»ÝŒÐP  ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà0  àà ° àÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;ŸÝà0(#(#àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  Ýà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` àThe€Agreement€Problem€and€the€Acceptance€of€the€Other€as€Part€of€Oneððs€MoralÐ <Œ  ÐUniverse݃é;ŸÌÝŒÐ(x¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é; Ýà0  àÔ2vÝÔÚ  ÚVIÚ  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝRealism€and€Reciprocity€[xx?]݃é; < ÝŒÐd` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌßA€Y!) °°xdE°ëxAßÐ ì< ÐÓÓÌÓÓÓ  Óà8  àIn€the€early€mornings€here,€the€water€is€never€more€than€a€degree€or€two€aboveÐ Ó# Ðfreezing.€€[Dr.]JohnLiamððs€been€doing€this€work€[freeing€whales€tangled€inÐ Á Ðfishermenððs€nets]€for€many€hundreds€of€whales,€but€thereððs€a€priceð!ð€he€gets€severeÐ ¯ÿ Ðsinus€pains€from€the€constant€immersion€of€his€head€so€he€can€see€how€to€plan€his€nextÐ í Ðmove.€€Yet€John€Liam€has€learned€that€if€he€can€only€achieve€eye€contact€with€aÐ ‹Û Ðtrapped€whale,€there€will€often€be€a€change€in€the€whaleððs€attitude€from€fear€toÐ yÉ Ðrelaxation€and€sometimes€even€cooperation.Ðg·Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð"ðPayne€(1992:59€minutes)ÐU¥Ð Ð  ÐÓs ÓÓ… ÓÌØ! !ØÓ€ (#30JÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£qÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝWays€of€relating:€€Note€that€these€are€about€the€overall€form€of€the€relationship,€not€anyÐ !k Ðspecific€decision.€€To€put€this€another€way,€a€relationship€is€constituted€in€how€peopleÐ ó"C  Ðreach€decisions,€not€in€the€decisions€they€reach.݃3£qžÝŒÐË$ "(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£GÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€Relational€Principle:݃3£Gt݌У&ó!$(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;)Ýà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝDefined݃é;)VÝŒÐ{(Ë#&` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é; Ýà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚbÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝWhat€it€means€to€look€each€other€in€the€eye.€€(Later:€€extending€the€principleÐ S*£%( Ðbeyond€ftf€relationships.)݃é; :ÝŒÐ#+,{'*` (#` (#ý  #ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£kÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThis€isnððt€a€normative€principle€in€the€sense€of€giving€one€norms.€€It€points€you€in€theÐ d Ðdirection€of€where€the€shoe€pinches,€so€to€speak;€€it€lets€you€notice€whatððs€happening€inÐ <Ø Ðthe€moral€area.݃3£k˜ÝŒÐ °(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£$ÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€Connection€with€Empathy:€€Note€that€it€requires€empathy€to€do€this.€€But€shuttingÐ ì ˆ Ðpeople€out€does€not€meet€the€Relational€Principle.€€ð ðI€donððt€have€a€relationship€with€you,Ð Ä ` Ðso€I€donððt€have€to€look€you€in€the€eye€in€the€first€placeðð€does€not€mean€youððve€satisfied€theÐ œ8  Ðprinciple.€€Anyway,€recall€that€empathy€is€automatic,€even€if€accurate€empathy€isnððt.€€OneÐ t  Ðcould€argue€that€repression€creates€greater€attention€to€the€other€than€simple€indifferenceð!ðÐ Lè  Ðnot€that€this€results€in€better€empathy,€necessarily,€but€it€does€mean€that€one€canððt€justÐ $À Ðforget€the€other,€any€more€than€you,€dear€reader,€can€avoid€thinking€about€elephants€nowÐ ü˜ Ðthat€Iððve€mentioned€them.݃3£$QÝŒÐÔp(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£)ÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝNote€the€connection€with€Gestalt€Therapyððs€ð ðempty€chairðð€and€with€therapeutic€discourseÐ ¬H Ðgenerally.݃3£)V݌Є (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£qÝÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝIs€morality€the€exercise€of€empathy€or€looking€each€other€in€the€eye?€€Both,€as€in€wave€vs.Ð \ø Ðmatter€theories€of€quantum€mechanics.݃3£qžÝŒÐ4 Ð(#(# Ðâ âŒÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ  "¨ ÐÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÔ& Ø Ôâ âÝ‚#¿ÙÝÚƒ.ÚIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝWays€of€Relating݃#¿Ù=ÝóóÔ ò ԌРd ÐŒó óÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÓÓà8  àA€friend,€whose€family€was€slightly€more€affluent€than€my€own€in€its€time,€had€beenÐ <Ø Ðcondemned€to€endless€piano€practice€despite€the€fact€that€she€was€virtually€tone€deaf.€Ð * Æ ÐPainstakingly,€she€memorized€enough€piano€compositions€of€one€sort€or€another€toÐ  ´ Ðcomplete€the€course€and€then€never€ceased€to€bewail€the€fact€that€she€had€not€beenÐ  ¢ Ðallowed€to€have€dancing€lessons,€for€it€was€dancing€that€she€had€òòreallyóó€wanted€toÐ ô  Ðlearn.Ðâ ~Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àI€said,€ð ðAt€least€you€wonððt€make€your€motherððs€mistake€with€your€ownÐ Ð l Ðdaughter.ððоZ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð ðCertainly€not,ðð€she€said€fiercely.€€ð ðWhether€she€likes€it€or€not,€my€daughterÐ ¬H  Ðis€going€to€òòdanceóó.ððК6 Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð àð"ðIsaac€Asimov€(1971:243€[Joke€#353])Ј$ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÓÿÓÓóÓxxÔ'Ød'Ô€€Note€that€these€are€about€the€overall€form€of€the€relationship,€not€any€specific€decision.€€ToÐ d  Ðput€this€another€way,€a€relationship€is€constituted€in€how€people€reach€decisions,€not€in€theÐ <Ø Ðdecisions€they€reach.Ð ° ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿g"ÝÚƒ.ÚIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Relational€Principle݃#¿g"¡"ÝóóÔ ò †"ԌРÄ` ÐŒó óÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÓÓà8  àð ðI€understood€why€she€didnððt€want€to€meet€me.€€Once€the€anonymity€is€removed,€theÐ œ8 Ðappeal€to€confess€disappears.€€You€become€more€self„conscious€about€what€peopleÐ Š& Ðknow€about€you€when€you€have€to€look€at€them€face€to€face.ððÐxÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` Ð ` Ð àà ` àð"ð€Sue€Ann€Jaffarian€(2001:60)Ól#ÓÐf¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ`#Ó[This€is€the€obverse€of€what€I€talked€about€earlier€in€terms€of€Therapeutic€Discourse.]Ð >!Ú Ð[Tell€the€story€of€ð ðGertrudeððððs€rape,€where€her€attacker€kept€stabbing€her€while€saying€things€thatÐ #² Ðhad€no€relevance€to€her.€€Clearly€he€wasnððt€seeing€her.]Ð î$Š! Ð[Take€material€from€p.2€of€notes.]Ð Æ&b # Ð[Intro:€€Give€the€principle.]€€Now€we€elaborate€it.Ð ž(:"% Ð[Not€a€new€principle.€€And€not€a€complete€treatment€of€all€moral€questions.€€{I€canððt€recall€nowÐ v*$' Ðwhat€moral€questions€I€was€thinking€of€here.}€€But€the€foundation€of€morality,€nonetheless.€Ð N,ê%) ÐPerhaps€the€main€virtue€of€this€principle€is€its€use€of€€ð ðbeing€able€to€look€each€other€in€the€eyeðð€asÐ d Ðthe€final€criterion€of€morality,€a€metaphor€that€I€think€has€a€literal,€physical„emotional€referent.€Ð <Ø ÐThe€problems€with€the€principle€will€be€unfolded€through€this€work.]Ð  ° Ð[The€relational€principle€only€exists€within€the€framework€of€seeing€one€another€a€fellow€membersÐ ì ˆ Ðof€a€common€moral€universe.€€Here€are€some€descriptions€and€elaborations€of€this€concept,€liftedÐ Ä ` Ðfrom€my€emails€to€my€4190€class:€€Nicole€writes:€€ð ðHow€can€you€justify€a€concept€of€*"oneÐ œ8  Ðcorrect€moral€universe"*€when€you've€said€that€the€elimination€of€all€people's€oppression€is€equallyÐ t  Ðimportant?€€How€can€the€idea€of€a€right€moral€universe€account€for€each€person's€right€to€his/herÐ Lè  Ðown€perception?€€Wouldn't€*one€moral€universe*€imply€that€certain€perceptions€are€wrong?€€IfÐ $À Ðyou€can€*never*€know€what€is€right/correct€(info€or€what€to€do),€how€can€you€justify€*one*€rightÐ ü˜ Ðmoral€universe?ðð€€I€answer:€€ð ðI'm€not€talking€about€one€*correct*€moral€universe€but€rather€aboutÐ Ôp Ðone€*common*€moral€universe.€€What's€the€difference?€--€well,€the€former€wording€is€about€theÐ ¬H Ðdomain€of€actual€norms,€while€the€latter€wording€is€about€the€domain€of€moral€discourse,€withoutÐ „  Ðany€presumption€that€norms€are€correct€or€can€even€necessarily€be€found.€€ððI'll€say€this€in€anotherÐ \ø Ðway.€€If€people€are€able€(even€if€only€potentially)€to€talk€with€each€other€about€what€they€want€andÐ 4 Ð Ðhow€they€can€achieve€it,€then€they€are€in€a€common€moral€universe.€€Even€the€most€apparentlyÐ  "¨ Ðirreconcilable€of€differences€--€say,€that€between€two€religions€--€can€be€discussed.€€To€pursue€thisÐ ä#€  Ðexample:€€belief€in€a€religion€is€not€irrational;€€people€believe€in€religions€because€they€make€senseÐ ¼%X" Ðof€their€world,€but€if€that€is€so,€they€can€also€come€to€understand€the€sense€that€another€religionÐ ”'0!$ Ðmight€hold€for€someone€else.€€Even€religions'€apparently€absolute€and€unanswerable€claims€--€"MyÐ l)#& Ðreligion€is€the€true€one,€because€(say)€€Mohammed's€revelation€was€later€than€Jesus's"€ð!ð€still€fallÐ D+à$( Ðbefore€basic€questions€like,€"How€do€you€know€that€Mohammed€was€divinely€inspired?"€€ððAndÐ -¸&* Ðhere€is€what€I€said€in€a€follow„up€email:€€ð ðThe€term,€"moral€universe",€can€be€taken€as€meaning€"aÐ d Ðuniverse€in€which€everyone€is€moral"€(and€thus€one€in€which€we€know€what€morality€is).€Ð <Ø ÐHowever,€my€meaning€is€"a€universe€in€which€everyone€recognizes€each€other€as€a€worthy€partnerÐ  ° Ðfor€meaningful€moral€discourse,€despite€possible€short-term€difficulties"€(without€assuming€thatÐ ì ˆ Ðthis€discourse€actually€produces€mutually-agreed-to€norms).€€ððThat€meaning€is€of€course€closelyÐ Ä ` Ðrelated€to€my€idea€of€being€able€to€look€each€other€in€the€eye€--€when,€in€my€metaphor,€peopleÐ œ8  Ðthrow€someone€out€of€their€moral€universe,€it€means€that€they€don't€have€to€look€that€person€inÐ t  Ðthe€eye.€€ððMy€meaning€is€probably€the€less€natural€meaning€than€the€first€one,€especially€sinceÐ Lè  Ðpeople€today€tend€to€see€the€subject€of€morality€as€concerning€external€norms€instead€of€theÐ $À Ðprocess€by€which€we€search€for€such€norms.€€Perhaps€one€of€you€will€be€able€to€suggest€aÐ ü˜ Ðdifferent,€better€way€for€me€to€express€my€idea.€€ððPeople€are€uncomfortable€with€a€view€ofÐ Ôp Ðmorality€which€never€seems€to€reach€a€resolution,€which€never€seems€to€stand€on€any€firm€ground.€Ð ¬H ÐEven€though€the€Muenchhausen€Trilemma€shows€that€we€cannot€find€any€such€firm€ground,€weÐ „  Ðstill€search€(rather€desperately)€for€it.€€ððI€read€a€quotation€from€Sartre€(or€Camus,€maybe)€to€theÐ \ø Ðeffect,€"In€the€midst€of€winter€I€found€within€myself€an€invincible€summer."€€That's€what€I€think€ofÐ 4 Ð Ðin€my€theory.€€In€the€midst€of€the€winter€of€being€unable€to€find€any€firmly€grounded€norms,€IÐ  "¨ Ðfound€within€myself€a€comfort€that€the€ad€hoc,€"muddle€through"€way€we€have€of€finding€normsÐ ä#€  Ðmay€be€enough€in€the€long€run€and€is€the€best€we€can€expect.€€ððNicole€also€writes,€"how€can€theÐ ¼%X" Ðidea€of€a€right€moral€universe€account€for€each€person's€right€to€his/her€own€perception?"€€I'm€notÐ ”'0!$ Ðdenying€that€each€person€factually€has€h/her€own€perceptions,€but€the€task€of€morality€is€findingÐ l)#& Ðnorms€that€we€can€agree€to€in€order€to€coordinate€our€behavior.€€Thinking€we€are€right€does€notÐ D+à$( Ðaddress€this€problem€of€agreeing€on€some€norm,€and€just€because€we€agree€to€be€regulated€by€aÐ -¸&* Ðnorm€doesn't€mean€that€we€agree€to€stop€believing€that€we€are€right.]Ð d ÐÌ[The€following€is€from€an€exchange€of€emails€with€{someone€who€may€not€want€to€be€identified};€Ð  ° Ðthe€original€copiesð!ð€thereððs€an€oxymoron!ð!ð€are€in€my€ð ðworðð€mail€folder.]Ð ì ˆ ÐÓÓ**********************************************Ð Ä ` ÐI'll€try€to€clarify€the€concept€here,€although€I€must€be€brief.€€The€relationship€is€not€a€direct€one,€asÐ ²N  Ðyou€point€out.€€In€a€society€as€big€as€ours,€we€cannot€deal€with€each€other€on€a€one-to-one€basisÐ  <  Ðwithout€these€individual€behaviors€winding€up€with€larger€consequences€we€might€not€want.€€SoÐ Ž*  Ðwe€set€up€big€institutions€like€law€and€government€and€family€and€so€on€to€both€divide€andÐ |  Ðregulate€the€moral€labor,€so€to€speak.€€But€where€do€these€fictions€that€we€live€by€get€theirÐ j  Ðauthority?€€Ultimately€they€are€simply€the€expression€of€how€we€want€to€relate€to€each€other,Ð Xô  Ðgiven€that€we€*are*€in€a€situations€in€which€we€must€rely€on€these€mediating€fictions.€€TheÐ Fâ  Ðproblem€with€the€homelessness€example€(or€really€with€all€such€examples)€is€that€the€problemÐ 4Ð Ðpresents€itself€to€us€in€a€direct€way€--€what€am€*I*€specifically€to€do€about€*this*€person?€--€butÐ "¾ Ðthe€problem€is€in€fact€an€indirect€one.€€So€the€issue€is€not€whether€I€give€this€or€that€homeless€manÐ ¬ Ðsome€money;€€the€issue€is€whether€I€support€a€system€of€fictions€that€allows€homelessness.€€NowÐ þš Ðin€a€concrete€situation€the€homeless€man€is€obviously€going€to€be€more€concerned€with€whetherÐ ìˆ Ð*I*€am€going€to€give€him€money,€so€my€criterion€of€"looking€him€in€the€eye"€can't€be€taken€tooÐ Úv Ðliterally.€€(Maybe€what€we€need€is€a€homeless€philosopher€to€ask€this€question€of.)€€But€in€myÐ Èd Ðmind,€and€I€hope€in€yours€as€well,€I€can't€look€a€homeless€man€in€the€eye€and€say€that€I€support€aÐ ¶R Ðsystem€that€creates€his€situation€and€that€he€ought€to€also.Ð ¤@ Ðà  àHope€that€explains€the€concept.€€Now€I€turn€the€question€back€at€you:€€can€you€look€himÐ ’. Ðin€the€eye?€€And€if€so,€what€would€you€say?€€I€guess€this€goes€back€to€the€question€of€what€yourÐ € Ðconception€of€justice€is.Ð n  ÐÌ[XX:]€€I€think€we€probably€do€have€a€different€definition€of€justice€and€a€different€idea€about€whatÐ J!æ Ða€relationship€is.€€When€I€pass€a€homeless€man€on€the€street,€what€is€our€relationship?€€DoesÐ 8"Ô Ðjustice€require€that€I€share€my€income,€home,€family,€love,€etc€with€him€until€some€level€ofÐ &# Ðequality€is€reached?€€In€what€sense€am€I€responsible€for€his€plight?€€I€believe€I€have€a€moralÐ $°  Ðresponsibility€to€help€him€escape€his€plight,€but€that€is€not€the€same€thing.Ð %ž! Ðà  àFinally,€if€it€is€better€that€Bill€Gates€give€up€his€money€to€help€the€homeless,€is€it€not€alsoÐ ð%Œ" Ðbetter€that€you€do€so?€€You€have€control€over€your€money.€€You€can€remedy€that€injusticeÐ Þ&z # Ðimmediately.Ð Ì'h!$ ÐÌ[This€is€what€I€originally€wrote:]€€Let€me€be€clear€that€I€am€attacking€capitalism€as€practiced,€i.e.,Ð ¨)D#& Ðas€represented€by€our€actual€economic€system;€€I'm€not€attacking€Adam€Smith€or€current,Ð –*2$' Ðvisionary€versions€of€capitalism.€€Perhaps€there€are€ways€it€can€be€made€to€work€justly;€€I€justÐ „+ %( Ðdon't€know€of€any.€€(I€wrote€those€sentences€back€when€I€hadn't€sorted€out€these€issues.)Ð r,&) Ѐ€€€€Let€me€further€clarify€that€no€one€sets€out€to€create€an€unjust€system€or,€once€in€it,€to€maintainÐ `-ü&* Ðthe€injustice.€€No€one€is€blameworthy€here.€€But€the€injustice€exists€anyway,€even€if€it€isn't€inherentÐ d Ðin€the€free€market.€€The€injustice€is€able€to€arise€because€capitalism€does€not€*build€in*€a€concernÐ Rî Ðfor€others,€that€is,€a€concern€for€justice.€€It's€like€walking€around€without€an€immune€system.€€ThisÐ @Ü Ðlack€doesn't€*make*€people€sick€or€*require*€them€to€be€sick,€but€in€a€world€with€various€germsÐ . Ê Ðand€viruses,€the€lack€will€almost€certainly€be€fatal.Ð  ¸ Ðà  àIt€may€be€that€we€have€different€views€of€what€constitutes€justice.€€I€have€placed€beneathÐ  ¦ Ðmy€signature€some€material€(from€a€book€I'm€writing€on€moral€theory)€that€states€my€criterion€forÐ ø ” Ðit.€€(It's€still€in€draft,€so€please€don't€quote€or€refer€to€it€elsewhere.)€€I'd€be€interested€in€hearingÐ æ ‚ Ðyour€understanding€of€justice€and€how€it€evaluates€the€justness€of€our€current€system.Ð Ô p Ð******************************************************Ð Â^  ÐÓY=ÓÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿ØOÝÚƒ.ÚIIIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝCase€Study:€€Assisted€Suicide€and€the€Right€to€Die݃#¿ØOPÝóóÔ ò ÷OԌРˆ$  ÐŒó óÝ  Ý[From€the€email€I€sent€Roger€on€11/7,€although€it€only€hints€at€what€I€want€to€say:]€I€understandÐ `ü  Ðthe€perils€of€allowing€assisted€suicide.€€But€my€basic€guide€for€moral€judgments€like€this€is€what€IÐ 8Ô Ðcall€the€"relational€principle",€which€has€to€do€with€looking€someone€in€the€eye.€€In€theseÐ ¬ Ðcircumstances,€if€I€encountered€someone€dying€painfully,€someone€who€had€clearly€chosen€toÐ è„ Ðcommit€suicide€if€possible,€I€could€not€look€them€in€the€eye€and€say€that€I€was€going€to€withholdÐ À\ Ðmedicine€because€we€*feared*€that€some€unknown€others€*might*€be€killed€as€a€result.€€There€isÐ ˜4 Ðjust€too€far€a€distance€between€the€hypothetical€possibility€and€the€immediacy€of€the€person's€need.€Ð p  ÐIt€is€very€bad€for€us€to€start€thinking€that€way.€€Why?ð!ð€because€it€degrades€the€very€sense€ofÐ H ä Ðrelationship€that€is€the€foundation€of€our€(and€all)€societies.Ð  "¼ ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿èTÝÚƒ.ÚIVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Issue€of€False€Sincerity݃#¿èT"UÝóóÔ ò UԌРÐ%l" ÐŒó óÝ  Ý[etc.€from€p.2€of€notes.]Ð ¨'D!$ ÐÌâ âÝ‚#¿ÿÝÐ X+ô$( ÐÔ  Ôâ âò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  Ýà0  àà ° àÝ‚#¿VÝÚƒ.ÚVÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝThe€Agreement€Problem€and€the€Acceptance€of€the€Other€As€Part€of€Oneððs€MoralÐ d ÐUniverse݃#¿VŽVÝóóÔ ò [VÔŒÐ<Ø(#(# ÐŒó óÝ  ÝÔ& ‚ ÔÓ  ÓÓÓà8  àð ðIn€òòConfessions€of€a€Guilty€Bystanderóó€Thomas€Merton€writes€of€visiting€LouisvilleÐ  ° Ðon€an€errand€for€his€monastery:€€ððAt€the€corner€of€Fourth€and€Walnut,€in€the€centerÐ  ž Ðof€the€shopping€district,€I€was€suddenly€overwhelmed€with€the€realization€that€I€lovedÐ ð Œ Ðall€these€people,€that€they€were€mine€and€I€theirs,€that€we€could€not€be€alien€to€oneÐ Þ z Ðanother€even€though€we€were€total€strangers.ððððÐÌ hÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àà0¸ Ð Ð àà ` àð"ð€Quoted€in€Kathleen€Norris€€òòDakota:€€A€Spiritual€Geographyóó€(NY:€Ð ºV  ÐHoughton€Mifflin,€1993),€pÔ'‚ ªWÔ.16ШD ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÓÂWÓÓ¶WÓ[Move€the€following€to€the€Agreement€Problem€essay.]Ð „  Ð[Note€òòBrothelóó€(Albert€2001),€involving€the€authorððs€acceptance€of€the€prostitutes€as€fellowÐ \ø  Ðhumans.€€Note€in€LeCarrððs€òòA€Perfect€Spyóó,€p.409:€€ð ðAn€all„night€coffee€shop€stood€at€the€cornerÐ 4Ð Ðof€Half€Moon€Street€and€on€other€early€mornings€Brotherhood€might€have€stopped€there€and€letÐ  ¨ Ðthe€tired€whores€make€a€fuss€of€his€dog,€and€Brotherhood€in€return€would€have€made€a€fuss€of€theÐ ä€ Ðwhores,€bought€them€a€coffee€and€chatted€them€up,€because€he€liked€their€tradecraft€and€their€gutsÐ ¼X Ðand€their€mixture€of€human€canniness€and€stupidity.ðð]Ð ”0 ÐÓÓà8  àð ðA€Benedictine€sister€from€the€Philippines€once€told€me€what€her€community€didÐ l Ðwhen€some€sisters€took€to€the€streets€in€the€popular€revolt€against€the€MarcosÐ Zö Ðregime.€€Some€did€not€think€it€proper€for€nuns€to€demonstrate€in€public,€let€aloneÐ H ä Ðrisk€arrest.€€In€a€group€meeting€that€began€and€ended€with€prayer,€the€sisters€whoÐ 6!Ò Ðwished€to€continue€demonstrating€explained€that€this€was€for€them€a€religiousÐ $"À Ðobligation;€€those€who€disapproved€also€had€their€say.€€Everyone€spoke;€€everyoneÐ #® Ðheard€and€gave€counsel.Ð$œ Ð Ð  ÐÓ  Óà8  àà ` àð ðIt€was€eventually€decided€that€the€nuns€who€were€demonstrating€shouldÐ î$Š! Ðcontinue€to€do€so;€€those€who€wished€to€express€solidarity€but€were€unable€to€marchÐ Ü%x" Ðwould€prepare€food€and€provide€medical€assistance€to€the€demonstrators,€and€thoseÐ Ê&f # Ðwho€disapproved€would€pray€for€everyone.€€The€sister€laughed€and€said,€ððIf€one€of€theÐ ¸'T!$ Ðconservative€sisters€was€praying€that€we€young,€crazy€ones€would€come€to€our€sensesÐ ¦(B"% Ðand€stay€off€the€streets,€that€was€O.K.€€We€were€still€a€community.ððД)0#&Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð ðThings€were€different€at€a€meeting€of€a€church€womenððs€group€in€a€smallÐ ‚*$' ÐDakota€town,€when€a€younger€member€distributed€informational€pamphlets€about€anÐ p+ %( Ðupcoming€election.€€Prepared€by€the€county€agricultural€extension€service,€theyÐ ^,ú%) Ðexplained€in€a€€nonpartisan€manner€several€complicated€constitutional€issues€on€theÐ L-è&* Ðstate€ballot.€€The€woman€was€stunned€to€discover€a€few€days€later€than€anotherÐ d Ðwoman,€a€former€teacher,€had€been€criticizing€her€behind€her€back€for€bringing€politicsÐ Rî Ðto/€the€womenððs€Bible€circle.€€This€is€a€story€about€fear,€a€fear€so€pervasive€that€evenÐ @Ü Ðin€a€small€group€of€people€youððve€known€most€of€your€life€you€canððt€speak€up,€youÐ . Ê Ðcanððt€risk€talking€about€issues.€€That€meeting€had€begun€and€ended€with€prayer,€butÐ  ¸ Ðno€one€had€a€say,€no€one€was€heard,€and€community€was€diminished.Ð ¦Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð ðParadoxically,€though€monks€are€said€to€be€ððformedðð€into€one€way€of€life,Ð ø ” Ðmonasteries€are€full€of€people€who€feel€free€to€be€themselves,€often€to€the€point€ofÐ æ ‚ Ðeccentricity....€€A€monastery€is€cohesive;€€it€is€not€a€schismatic€society€that€survivesÐ Ô p Ðby€expelling€those€who€donððt€fit€into€a€mold.€€This€difference€might€be€summed€up€inÐ Â^  Ðtwo€versions€of€heaven€I€once€heard€from€a€Benedictine€nun:€€in€one,€heaven€is€fullÐ °L  Ðof€people€you€love,€and€in€the€other,€heaven€is€where€you€love€everyone€who€isÐ ž:  Ðthere.ððÐŒ( Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à-€Kathleen€Norris€òòDakota:€€A€Spiritual€Geographyóó,€pp.114„115.Ðz Ð Ð  ÐÌÓÛ]ÓÓŽ`ÓÔ  ÔAt€academic€conferences€Iððve€begun€to€feel€uncomfortable€in€political€theory€sessions€presentingÐ Vò  Ðnormative€political€positions,׃;×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€whether€of€the€left€or€the€right.€€This€discomfort€comes€from€myÐ .Ê Ðperception€that€in€the€end,€the€panels/€papers/€panelists/€discussants/€audience€are€arguing€forÐ ¢ Ðtheir€right€to€rule€and€are€excluding€from€their€moral€universe€people€who€disagree€with€them.Ð Þz Ðà  àBut€why€should€I€feel€uncomfortable?€€After€all,€political€philosophers€are€supposed€toÐ ¶R Ðfigure€out€and€advocate€a€just€political€position.€€It€is€to€be€expected€that€he€advocates€and€aims€toÐ Ž* Ðlive€in€€for€a€social€milieu€that€holds€to€his€position.€€For€some,€that€milieu€happens€to€dominate€aÐ f Ðsociety.€€For€others,€that€milieu€happens€not€to.€€Even€if€the€latter€tend€not€to€attend€theseÐ >!Ú Ðconferencesð!ð€in€fact,€even€if€the€overall€dynamics€of€the€society€militate€against€their€inclusionð!ð,Ð #² Ðthis€is€at€most€a€judgment€on€academic€conferences,€not€on€the€philosophical€positions€of€thoseÐ î$Š! Ðattending.€€It€isnððt€a€crime€to€be€successful,€but€the€cynic€makes€it€one,€asserting€that€(or€at€leastÐ Æ&b # Ðacting€as€if)€failure€is€the€only€mark€of€virtue.€€This€is€surely€perverse;€€at€any€rate,€it€is€aÐ ž(:"% Ðnormative€position€that€needs€justification€itself,€justification€that€the€pose€of€cynicism€finesses.Ð v*$' Ðà  àThe€claim€and€counterclaim€of€the€last€two€paragraphs€are,€in€condensed€form,€the€conflictÐ d Ðbetween€modernist€and€postmodernist.€€The€postmodernist€says,€ð ðYouððre€confusing€success€withÐ <Ø Ðvirtue.ðð€€The€modernist€says,€ð ðYeah?€€So€what€do€òòyouóó€suggest?€€Iððm€actually€doing€something.€Ð  ° ÐCarping€criticism€is€a€cop„out.ðð€€And€soon€theyððre€rolling€in€the€dirt,€pulling€each€otherððs€hair€andÐ ì ˆ Ðshouting,€ð ðYou€justify€your€position!ðð€€ð ðNo,€you€justify€yours!ðð€€ð ðMommy,€heððs€hitting€me!ðð€€etc.€Ð Ä ` ÐAs€a€child,€one€can€pick€sides€in€this€dispute,€but€as€an€adult,€one€sees€that€in€that€way€liesÐ œ8  Ðmadness.€€If€you€have€children,€you€will€have€already€discovered€the€futility€of€trying€to€adjudicateÐ t  Ðtheir€quarrels.€€In€the€end,€oneððs€goal€as€a€parent€becomesð!ð€out€of€desperation,€perhaps,€but€stillÐ Lè  Ðrightlyð!ð€not€to€discover€who€is€right€but€rather€only€to€have€them€stop€quarreling€all€the€time,Ð $À Ðonly€to€teach€them€how€to€get€along€with€each€other.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àThe€postmodernist€challenge€of€self„interest€is€valid€and€worth€noting,€but€it€is€still€only€anÐ Ôp Ðòòad€hominemóó€attack.€€We€should€certainly€suspect€and€scrutinize€self„interested€arguments,€butÐ ¬H Ðtheir€self„interestÔ_ÔednessÔ_Ô€doesnððt€automatically€negate€them.׃<×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð „  Ðà  àHowever,€my€problem€arises€from€a€somewhat€different€concern.€€I€am€concerned€about€aÐ \ø Ðfailure€to€distinguish€between€two€uses€of€political€theory:€€as€offering€and€as€self„justification.€€InÐ 4 Ð Ðthe€political€theory€I€envision,€theories€are€offerings€to€one€another,€offerings€of€ourselves,€both€inÐ  "¨ Ðour€willingness€to€open€ourselves€to€others€by€showing€the€fundamental€ground€and€nature€of€ourÐ ä#€  Ðfundamental€perceptions,€and€in€our€opening€ourselves€to€the€otherððs€response.€€We€plop€down€inÐ ¼%X" Ðfront€of€the€other€and€say,€ð ðCome;€€let€us€reason€together.ððÐ ”'0!$ Ðà  àWhen€political€theory€is€self„justification,€however,€our€theories€are€not€openings€toÐ l)#& Ðengagement€but€rather€positions€we€defy€others€to€dislodge€us€from.€€They€act€as€a€nullÐ d Ðhypothesis,€if€you€will;€€they€assert€that€ð ðunless€you€can€prove€that€my€position€is€false,€it€willÐ <Ø Ðcontinue€to€be€my€position.ðð€€My€image€here€is€of€storming€a€castle.€€Congruence€with€theÐ  ° Ðadversarial€assumption€(WyantCuzzo€1995).€€When€one€is€powerful,€the€latter€position€is€in€oneððsÐ ì ˆ Ð(apparent,€narrow)€self„interest.Ð Ä ` Ðà  àð ðO.K.,€Chiltonð!ð€thatððs€a€distinction.€€But€the€very€format€of€conference€sessionsÐ œ8  Ð(presenters,€discussants,€audience€questions,€subsequent€discussions€over€drinks€and€by€email)Ð t  Ðseems€to€invite€discourse.€€The€appearance€of€an€adversarial€process€is€merely€an€illusion;€€afterÐ Lè  Ðall,€even€your€ððdiscourseðð€has€to€involve€the€same€structure€of€claims€and€responses.€€Isnððt€yourÐ $À Ðdistinction€really€one€without€a€difference?ððÐ ü˜ Ðà  àThis€is€certainly€a€valid€question.€€The€actual€difference€appears€when€I׃B×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€ask,€ð ðWhat€if€inÐ Ôp Ðthe€end,€others€reject€your€argument?ðð€€People€have€such€varied€understandings€of€the€world€thatÐ ¬H Ðdeeply€held€arguments€made€by€one€group€are€rejected€by€another€side.€€Iððm€not€saying€that€thereÐ „  Ðare€multiple€moralities,€or€that€morality€is€relative,€or€that€people€are€unable€to€comprehend€eachÐ \ø Ðother,€or€that€they€canððt€reach€real€intersubjective€understanding.€€Iððm€only€saying€that€as€finite,Ð 4 Ð Ðembodied€creatures,€we€often€find€ourselves€in€situations€where€we€lack€the€time€or€resources€toÐ  "¨ Ðwork€things€out,€where€even€the€refusal€to€decide€is€itself€a€decision.€€Perhaps€in€Godððs€infiniteÐ ä#€  Ðeye€it€is€clear€that€X€is€right€and€Y€is€wrong.€€Unfortunately,€we€have€no€access€to€that€infiniteÐ ¼%X" Ðeye,€and€history€is€filled€with€people€(including€theorists)€whose€solid,€unassailable€beliefs€now€lieÐ ”'0!$ Ðfallen€and€decayedð!ð€historical€relics€like€Ozymandiusððs€statue.€€I€know€that€my€own€life€history€isÐ l)#& Ðfilled€with€examples€of€mistaken€beliefs€or,€more€accurately,€beliefs€that€were€valid€enough€at€theÐ d Ðtime€but€whose€limitations€and€implications€I€came€only€later€to€understand.׃C×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€I€believe€each€of€us,Ð <Ø Ðif€we€are€honest€with€ourselves,€can€find€such€shifts€in€our€lives.€€Oliver€Sachs€(19xx:Ch.xx)Ð  ° Ðdescribed€a€man€whose€brain€injury€had€deprived€him€of€[long„term?€xx]€memory.€€His€journalÐ ì ˆ Ðwas€an€unending€stream€of€notations,€ð ðòòNowóó€I€am€awake.€€òòAt€lastóó€I€am€awakeðð,€each€lost€to€hisÐ Ä ` Ðmemory,€each€consciousness€discovered€anew.€€Both€in€our€own€lives€and€in€cultural€histories,€weÐ œ8  Ðare€in€that€position,€where€we€tell€ourselves€over€and€over,€ð ðòòNowóó€I€know€what€is€Right.€€I€òònowóó€seeÐ t  Ðwhere€my€error€was;€€òònowóó€Iððm€correct.ðð׃N|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€may€profess€humility,€but€in€the€end,€everyone€IððveÐ Lè  Ðposed€my€question€to€says,€ð ðIf€the€others€canððt€see€the€logic€of€my€position,€then€really€I€have€noÐ $À Ðchoice€but€to€impose€it.ðð€€Because,€after€all,€òònowóó€we€know€whatððs€right.׃P0×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ü˜ Ðà  àLetððs€look€squarely€in€the€eye€what€we€are€doing€when€we€take€this€position.€€No€matterÐ Ôp Ðhow€the€fundamental€reality€is€disguised,€in€the€end€it€reveals€itself;€€the€iron€fist€comes€out€of€theÐ ¬H Ðvelvet€glove.€€And€that€reality€is€that€we€exclude€some€people€from€our€moral€universe.€€TheÐ „  Ðòòapparentóó€equality€of€the€conference€session€is,€when€push€comes€to€shove,€completely€unequal.Ð \ø ÐÌò òòò[Further€notes,€added€in€haste:]óóó óÐ  "¨ Їð ðHey,€donððt€blame€me€for€using€the€iron€fist.€€You€drove€me€to€it€through€òòyouróó€unreasonableness.€Ð d ÐÔ‡a XXéˆÔ(And€we€wonððt€discuss€who€defined€reasonableness€that€way.)Ô#†XéˆX aFŒ#ÔððÐ <Ø ÐÌð ðThis€hurts€me€more€than€it€hurts€you.ðð€€But€the€most€important€issue€isnððt€whether€your€guilt€atÐ ì ˆ Ðcausing€me€pain€exceeds€my€pain€in€my€rear€end.€€The€issue€is,€rather,€whether€you€get€to€defineÐ Ä ` Ðreality€and€thus€violate€my€moral€standing.׃Q×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€And€this€leads€me€to€how€capitalists€whine€about€theÐ œ8  Ðrisks€they€take,€the€long€hours€they€spend,€carefully€ignoring/€bypassing€the€enormous€benefit€ofÐ t  Ðbeing€able€to€define€social€reality.Ð Lè  ÐÌSo€the€concept,€ð ðto€share€a€moral€universe€with€someoneðð,׃Rh×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€means€to€regard€that€person€asÐ ü˜ Ðsomeone€whose€separate€sense€of€the€Good€one€is€committed€to€taking€into€account.€€I€say€ð ðisÐ Ôp Ðcommitted€to€takingðð€instead€of€simply€ð ðtakesðð,€because€we€can€never€actually€be€sure€we€knowÐ ¬H Ðsomeone€elseððs€sense€of€the€Good.€€When€we€take€action€that€affects€them,€we€do€so€on€the€basisÐ „  Ðof€our€best€understanding€of€what€they€conceive€of€as€their€Goodð!ð€we€have€no€alternative€if€weÐ \ø Ðare€not€to€ignore€them€totallyð!ð,€but€always€recognizing€that€we€do€so€only€contingently,€since€weÐ 4 Ð Ðmay€be€mistaken€about€their€sense€of€the€Good.׃S×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  "¨ ÐÌNotice€the€way€that€people€can€miss€the€issue.€€Hereððs€a€selection€from€Thomas€MurphyððsÐ ¼%X" Ѐemail€of€Friday,€September€21,€2001,€€to€the€University€of€VirginiaððsÐ d Ðð ðhabermasðð€e„list,€in€the€thread€entitled,€ð ðThe€ððfruitsðð€of€Habermasðð:Ð <Ø ÐÓ  ÓÓÓà8  àVery€interesting€point€regarding€motivations,€one€that€Agnes€Heller€stressed€in€herÐ  ° Ð1982€article€"Habermas€and€Marxism"€in€Habermas:€Critical€Debate;.€€Ed.€John€B.Ð  ž ÐThompson€and€David€Held€(Cambridge,€MA:€MIT€Press);€21-41.€€Habermas'€theoryÐ ð Œ Ðdoes€not€imply€that€we€must€choose€rationality,€only€that€if€we€do€choose€rationalityÐ Þ z Ðthat€we€must€pursue€it€in€such-and-such€a€way.ÐÌ hÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àIt€strikes€me€that€such€motivation€is€often€determined€by€the€perceived€identity€of€theÐ ¨D  Ðother.€€Hence€'rational'€argumentation€is€often€restricted€to€others€with€whom€we€canÐ –2  Ðidentity.€In€this€respect€one€could€say€that€identity€has€a€key€role€to€play€in€any€actualÐ „  Ðpractice€of€Habermasian€critical€theory.€This€would€seem€to€undermine€in€actualÐ r  Ðpractice€the€theoretical€distinction€Ô_ÔAntiiÔ_Ô€drew€between€Rawlsian€and€HabermasianÐ `ü  Ðtheory€with€respect€to€the€cultural€boundedness€of€discourse.ÐNê Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àIn€other€words€Habermas'€UP€seems€to€represent€a€detailed€account€of€how€to€"treatÐ *Æ Ðequals€as€equals",€but€it€neglects€to€tell€us€*who*€to€treat€as€equals€-€and€it€simplyÐ ´ Ðcannot€provide€us€with€motivation€to€treat€everyone€as€an€equal.€Recourse€toÐ ¢ Ðdefinitions€of€linguistic€competency€merely€displaces€the€issue€without€resolving€it.Ð ô ÐSome€on€this€list€have€no€doubt€already€come€to€the€conclusion€that€either€Raul€orÐ â~ ÐFred€(for€instance)€is€'incompetent€(hopelessly€biased)€and€one€may€therefore€dismissÐ Ðl Ðwhat€that€person€has€to€say.€Who€is€to€decide?€How€does€one€decide?€It€is€at€thisÐ ¾Z Ðpoint€it€seems€to€me€that€identity€(not€in€the€simple€or€trivial€sense€of€ascribedÐ ¬H Ðdemographics)€plays€a€pivotal€-€yet€in€Habermas'€UP,€an€undertheorized€-€role€in€theÐ š6 Ðpursuit€of€rational€discourse.Ј$Ð Ð  ÐÌÓd”ÓÓX”ÓNote€how€much€this€resembles€what€the€social€worker€said€to€me€about€separating€the€deservingÐ d  Ðfrom€the€undeserving.Ð <"Ø ÐÝ‚#¿ÿÝÌÔ  Ôò òÔ  ÔòòÝ  ÝÝ‚#¿®ÝÚƒ.ÚVIÚ  ÚÛ€.Û€Ý  ÝRealism€and€Reciprocity݃#¿®èÝóóÔ ò ÍԌРì%ˆ" ÐŒó óÝ  ÝxxÐ Ä'`!$ ÐÌßA€Y!) °°xdB4E°s+xAßÐ t+%( ÐÌ[The€material€below€is€from€an€earlier€draft,€kept€here€in€case€I€can€still€use€it.]Ð j-', Ðð ðI€can€face€you€and€say€that€the€relationship€between€usð!ð€whether€personal€or€mediated€by€aÐ d Ðlarger€social€orderð!ð€does€not€disadvantage€you€[given€that€I€have€to€be€able€to€say€the€same€thingÐ <Ø Ðto€all€others].ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  ° Ðà  àð ðNothing€I€can€do€[no€change€in€the€social€arrangement]€can€make€you€better€off€withoutÐ ì ˆ Ðsomeone€else€(including€myself)€being€made€as€badly„off€as€(or€even€worse„off€than)€you.€€YouððreÐ Ä ` Ðnot€sacrificing€yourself€to€benefit€me,€and€Iððm€not€taking€advantage€of€you,€even€tough€theÐ œ8  Ðcircumstances€of€fate€are€such€that€you€are€the€one€who€gets€the€short€straw.ðð׃|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð t  ÐÌßA€Y!) °°xdE°#xAßÐ $À ÐÌNote€in€Schindlerððs€list€how€he€demanded€òòhisóó€Jews€back,€not€a€replacement€of€the€same€number.€Ð ¶ ÐThis€indicates€a€connection€with€them;€€they€arenððt€just€livestock.€€This€seems€to€relate€to€what€IÐ òŽ Ðsaid€in€an€essay€in€Chapter€1€about€the€difference€between€Goods€as€economics€regarded€themÐ Êf Ð(infinite;€€consumable)€and€Goods€as€people€actually€had€them€(complex;€€embedded€in€the€matrixÐ ¢> Ðof€human€interaction).Ð z ÐÌIððm€also€reminded€of€my€article€fragment,€ð ðsharing€a€moral€universeðð,€talking€about€that€as€aÐ *"Æ  Ðtheme€running€through€development€discourse.€€And€that€reminds€me€of€what€I€just€read€right€atÐ $ž" Ðthe€beginning€of€òòThe€Racial€Contractóó,€to€the€effect€that€the€political€contract€is€one€that€is€writtenÐ Ú%v$ Ðamong€white€people,€one€(semi-)explicitly€excluding€nonwhites.€€We€have€to€see€people€as€bothÐ d Ðhaving€something€to€say€(i.e.,€to€teach€us)ð!ð€this€includes€animals,€even€if€all€they€teach€us€is€whatÐ <Ø Ðhurts€them€and€what€doesnððtð!ð€and€as€counting€in€our€moral€regard€(meaning€that€we€have/€canÐ  ° Ðhave/€are€capable€of€having€empathy€for€them).