WPC5 JoGfCg~m J3IĞ.H3Qȥ&M*$etL &=b75]h|ij:"A})3rt;a6-z%)S7N&(*s.kOsMm `n!z%G yY[R|X: s.pT(kȤTY.i9[YȦ4'dxf=.p Tt+7fV y-9! ?Gɵlב86|I~|?_QUKR°s_Ŵ ek&軍lQ0GAw9>|v пak9]{ct-'c@jkYFh -h ihީ j)Z}ɸ ?r0!hj ƞZz]yR] f=4%-Fw}p2Ei>rDfs 0:J^  0~w 4 & 5 0D7 1 u{ N N N N N N N N N 0 N 72 72 N7 N9 N; 1s= 72 m # UN % 0 0 0 0l 0  0 0 N 0D _% 1 _ 72J 72| 72NNN 0 c 05wI 0 0J 72. 72 1 72N&N(N*N, 72. 72` 72E 72- 1M%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N% 72% B & 72=& 72o& 72&3& 72( 728( 72j( 72( 72( 72)N2)2)?4)4)4) 72s**H- 72f- 72-M- 720I0_46{4($USUS.,ԙ`>- (.(3($ !USUS.,      0  <7-@Q3|x (#$  0  3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)( ^$  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   .3  :. 0x i) i)337=CIOW_eI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)/) ?8HP DeskJet 830C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#(7V$   .II  .ۀ   ( q^H$  0  0` (#(#   .E  ..ہ 0d ({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#(O$ԁLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 (F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(# قLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5WOREssay #Header3Header4Header5Header66789 !"%s+t37;?CGKOS-*+x i)/) 1)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#1)0!?HeadOfFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a);i)0vCHeadOfSecFor the outline I give beneath the title of IA1(a)(i)1)a)== i)/) RevengePraiseBlame i) # ($USUS.,    1    _HereIdistinguishbetweentensionandconflict.Therewillofcoursebeatensionamong  thedifferentpersonas,butthattensioncomesfromtheircommon,contingentlyobjective  circumstances,notfromeachother.Personasareinconflict,asdistinguishedfromtension,when  onepersonaperemptorilyrejectstheclaimsofotherpersonas. t   Theawkwardphrase contingentlyobjectivecharacterizesconstraintsthatarenotunder ` ourcontrolbutyetmaychange.Wemaydiscoveracreativesolutionthatcircumventsor L  transformstheproblemweface.Ourtechnologymayeliminateoldconstraints.Sociallyimposed 8  constraintsmayceasetoexist.OnesselfunderstandingofonesGood(s)maychange.Anysuch $ t changesmaybereasontoreopennegotiationsamongthepersonasandagreeonanewIROG.  ` Butthesechangesarestillnotunderonescontrol,atleastimmediately,andsothesituationone  L  facesincreatinganyIROGisobjectiveatthemoment,eventhoughitmightchange.6789 !"%xGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List i) d/)  i)/)  ) ($USUS.,    7    _Mediatorsoftenfaceaworsesituationthancounselorsinthisrespect.Ofcourse,some  counselorsdealwithclientswhosepresenceisrequiredasaconditionoftheirparole. i)/)  i)/)  i)/)  5 ($USUS.,    3    _Iamignoringheretheissueofwhetherstrategicbehaviormightalwaysbeevidenceof  someproblemofauthenticity.Mywordsarenotmeanttoimplyeitherthatitisorthatitisnt.K)  ($USUS.,    2    _Thedistinctionbetweentensionandconflictisnotnew.ItgoesbackatleasttoMartin  LutherKing,Jr.,asshownintheepigraphabove,andsurelyGandhibeforehim,andprobably  othersbeforeGandhi.Ioriginallymadethedistinctioninthecontextoftherapy,aspresentedin  theshortessayinAppendixI,4k&O  5  PressureIsLove6&O   7.PressureIsLove i)/)  C ($USUS.,    4    _Q:Howmanytherapistsdoesittaketochangealightbulb?A:Onlyone,butthelight  bulbhastowanttochange.    Q:Howmanyeconomistsneedtochangealightbulb?A:None,becausetheinvisible  handofthemarketwillreplaceinefficientproducersoflightbynew,moreefficientones. t   (OncemoreIamindebtedtoAkiHalmeforthislittlebitofsilliness.)/)   ($USUS.,    5    _ThisgoesbacktotheideathatonecanhaveasonesauthenticGoodonlywhatonehas  therighttoreject.Hencetherebelliousnessofteenagersastheymoveoutofsubordinationto  theirparentsandintoadulthood.ParentssuggestionsofpossibleGoodsgetboundupwith  resentmentattheimplicitcoercion,eveniftheGoodsthemselvesareacceptable.Toputthis t anotherway,itisthewayofrelatingthatistherealissue,farmorecentralthananyspecific ` Good.(Iwillnotethatthe naturalmethodofchildraising,whichIdiscuss4q &O  5  elsewhere6&O  7 <,avoids L  theseproblemsbyrefusingtosubordinatechildreninthefirstplace.)NaturalMethod , ($USUS.,    6    _Herewearefacedwithissuesofmoralityanditsrelationshipwithauthenticity.Ijust  notetheconnectionhere;therealdiscussionoftheseissuesappearsinChapters2&3. !USUS.,  _ =(v03   8XXdd8September30,_2002_  xxB(# LEVEL:8 \Ԉ   zXX[Chapter1]#XXz#    ,XX0   TherapeuticDiscourse #XX,#8(#(# [URL:TherapeuticDiscourse]   SECTIONS(&perhapssubsections):   "7;"  7;0  2v  I  3  0` (#(#  IssueswithIROGs7;<݌| ` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  II  3  0` (#(#  SensesoftheGoodCanBeSeverelyUnreconciled7;)݌h ` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  III  3  0` (#(#  0 ` (#` (# ` InaWorldofRespectforEachOthersSenseoftheGood,HowCanTherapeutic V  DiscourseBeLegitimate?7;G݌D  (# (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  IV  3  0` (#(#  TherapeuticDiscourseIsforAuthenticity7;݌2 ` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  V  3  0` (#(#  TherapeuticDiscourseCanBeUseful7;݌ p ` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;0  2v  VI  3  0` (#(#  0 ` (#` (# ` TherapeuticDiscourseCanBeNecessary:RecoveringAuthenticityby ^  ReconcilingtheAlienatedPersonas7;݌L (# (# Ќ  "7;"  7; 0  2v  VII  3  0` (#(#  ConditionsforTherapeuticDiscourse7; > ݌:` (#` (# Ќ  "8"  8 0  0` (#(#2v  A  3  0 ` (#` (#  Againstsomemisusesandmisunderstandingsoftherapeuticdiscourse8 @ ݌( (# (# Ќ  "8"  8F 0  0` (#(#2v  B  3  0 ` (#` (#  ݚNofixedtheory8F s ݌ (# (# Ќ  "8"  8F 0  0` (#(#2v  C  3  0 ` (#` (#  ݚTherapeuticdiscoursemustbemutual8F s ݌ (# (# Ќ  "7;"  7;\0  2v  VIII  3  0` (#(#  NoGuaranteeofSuccess7;\݌` (#` (# Ќ  AYF) xdEgxA h   8  Youmaywellask:"Whydirectaction?Whysit-ins,marchesandsoforth?Isnt ^ negotiationabetterpath?"Youarequiterightincallingfornegotiation.Indeed,this L istheverypurposeofdirectaction.Nonviolentdirectactionseekstocreatesucha : crisisandfostersuchatensionthatacommunitywhichhasconstantlyrefusedto (x negotiateisforcedtoconfronttheissue.Itseekssotodramatizetheissuethatitcan  f nolongerbeignored.Mycitingthecreationoftensionaspartoftheworkofthe !T nonviolent-resistermaysoundrathershocking.ButImustconfessthatIamnotafraid !B  oftheword"tension."Ihaveearnestlyopposedviolenttension,butthereisatypeof "0! constructive,nonviolenttensionwhichisnecessaryforgrowth.JustasSocratesfelt #" thatitwasnecessarytocreateatensioninthemindsothatindividualscouldrisefrom $ # thebondageofmythsandhalf-truthstotheunfetteredrealmofcreativeanalysisand % $ objectiveappraisal,wemustweseetheneedfornonviolentgadfliestocreatethekind &!% oftensioninsocietythatwillhelpmenrisefromthedarkdepthsofprejudiceand '"& racismtothemajesticheightsofunderstandingandbrotherhood.t(#'   8  0`   0 ` `  ` "MartinLutherKing,Jr.LetterfromBirminghamJail(1963:10)b)$(  8  Ibelievethatnoonecan savehisfellowmanbymakingthechoiceforhim.Allthat >+&* onemancandoforanotheristoshowhimthealternativestruthfullyandlovingly,yet ,,|'+ withoutsentimentalityorillusion.Confrontationwiththetruealternativesmay -j(,  awakenallthehiddenenergiesinapersonandenablehimtochooselifeasagainst d death.Ifhecannotchooselife,nooneelsecanbreathelifeintohim.R   0  0` (#(#"ErichFromm,quotedinMaryknollMagazine[n.d.,alas]@` (#` (# #     #.I  .ۀ  IssueswithIROGs#X  =Ԍ   Ќ  ThepreviousessaypresentsIROGsasthesolutiontotheproblemofauthenticity.Giventhatone  z hasmultipleGoodsandcannotfindawaytosatisfythemall,andgiventhatoneknowseachof R  theGoodsintimately,oneisabletoconductatruediscourseamongthepersonasandtosettleon *  anIROGthatistrulyagreetobyallonespersonas.TheIROGisthenonesauthenticself,at f  leastforchoosingactionintheworldtosatisfyonesGoods.Aslongastheoriginalconditions >  apply,oneisabletofunctionwithoutinternalconflict.J #  1      ׀WhenInegotiateanIROG,Ihavea  senseofunityamongallmypersonas,andIamabletopresentasinglefacetotheworld.j  #  2         # :       #.II  .ۀ  SensesoftheGoodCanBeSeverelyUnreconciled#M  2Ԍ d Ќ  Unfortunately,thishappystateofauthenticitycanbe,andoftenis,difficulttoreachinpractice. < Herearesomesourcesofthisdifficulty:   ! ! /6789 !"%)(+ts0="63"  63~ 2+t3  0    Theultimatesourceofdifficultyisaconflictamongpersonas.Thereareatleasttwoways   inwhichsuchconflictisplayedout:openwarfareandinternaloppression.63~ ݌ `(#(# Ќ  "7;"  7;!0  2+t3  0` (#(#  Inopenwarfare,evenlymatchedpersonastakecommandadventitiously,each 8  seizingthereinswhenitcan,butnevergivingupthestruggleforthemevenwhen t  itcant.Whileindividualbattlesmaybelostorwon,theconflictitselfneverends. L  Forexample,Ihaveabadhabit!lessnowthaninthepast,mercifully!ofcycling $ betweentwopersonas.GoofoffSteveplaysBaldursGate(say)until,inafitof  revulsion,ParentalSteveoverthrowshim,swearsoffvideogames,andworkson p whatParentalStevethinksSteve oughttodo:professionalwriting,washing H dishes,replyingtoneglectedemails,whatever.Thiscontinuesuntil,inanotherfit   ofrevulsion,GoofoffSteveoverthrowsParentalSteve,rejectshisdictatorial \ habits,anddefiantlystartplayingvideogamesagain.Neitherpersonareally 4  acceptstheothersclaims,andsotheydonotnegotiatewitheachotherbutsimply  " become(orremain)dominantasmuchaspossible.Idogetmyvariousneedsmet #  tosomedegreewithinthispattern,buttheyarenotmetwell.First,thereisno %X" guaranteethatIamstrikingareasonablebalanceoftimeandattentionbetween '0!$ thesetwopersonas.Second,becausethesetwopersonaswonttalktoeachother, l)#& IamunlikelytodiscoveranycreativesolutionstopursuingbothGoodseffectively. D+$( Finally,andworst,Iaminaconstantstateofwarinside.Neitherpersonaletsthe -&* otherenjoyitself.WhenGoofoffSteveplaysBaldursGate,asubstantialportion d ofmyexperienceisofParentalStevescriticismsandGoodoffStevesholdinghis < handsoverhisearsandchanting, Imnotlistening!WhenParentalStevedoes   myprofessionalwriting,housecleaning,andsoon,asubstantialproportionofmy   attentiongoestobeatingbackGoofoffStevesresentmentathavingtodothese  ` things.Ifmylifeisaheart,thenthisheartisonlyfibrillating,notpumping.Idoa 8  tenthofwhatImightdootherwise,andIdontgettoenjoywhatIdomanageto t  do.7;!"݌L ` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;,0  2+t3  0` (#(#  Theotherwayinwhichinternalconflictisplayedoutistheoppressionofone $ personabyanother.Xx...7;,,݌` (#` (# Ќ  "63"  63-2+t3  0    xx63-.݌p(#(# Ќ  [Givesusmultiplepersonalities.(Distinguishthisfromthepracticalquestionsoffalsememories, H iatrogenicpathology,deception.)]   [Addalinkto4G 8 &O  5  RevengeIsNotaMoralEmotion,i.e.,HasNoWeightinMoralDecisionmaking6M/&Oa/  7 4"/ \ and4H &O  5  PraiseandBlameAreNotMoralCategories6V0&Oj0  7 0.] 4  [Notealsothatwhiletherapeuticdiscourseincludesdeliberative/rationaldiscourse,italso #  includesdealingwithemotionalattachmentsorantipathies.] %X" [Ineedtoextendmydiscussionoftherapeuticdiscourse(whenappliedtomorality)toinclude l)#& materialshowingthat therapeuticdiscoursedoesntjustmeanpsychotherapy.Examples: D+$( Gandhiswork.MLKJr.swork?Counselingthechildwhoseparentshaveforcedhiminto -&* counseling?Counselingthecryingbabyinthehospital?Charliecounselinghiscat?Madresdela d _Plaza?]_ < #     #4.III  .ۀ  InaWorldofRespectforEachOthersGoods,HowCanTherapeuticDiscourseBe   Legitimate?#4T4  94Ԍ  ` Ќ  IfIROGsarenonrationalandcontingentandcantbejudgedfromtheoutside,howcanwe 8  justifytherapeuticdiscourse?Beforeansweringthatquestion,however,letslookathowpeople t  mightgiveevidenceoftheirlackofauthenticityandtheunreconcilednatureoftheirIROG; L  "7;"  7;60  2+t3  0` (#(#  thepursuitofdifferentGoodswithoutrhymeorreason7;66݌$` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;70  2+t3  0` (#(#  thepursuitofwhatappeartobecrazyGoods,e.g.,beingflogged7;77݌` (#` (# Ќ  ! ! /6789 !"%)(+tss/6789 !"%)"7;"  7;u90  2+t3  0` (#(#  nontruthfulness,evenbeyondstrategicactionf #  3      7;u99݌p` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;:0  2+t3  0` (#(#  repressioninsteadofagreement;inabilitytospeakfreely7;::݌H` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;;0  2+t3  0` (#(#  anger7;;;݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  "7;"  7;<0  2+t3  0` (#(#  senseofmeaninglessness7;<<݌\` (#` (# Ќ  Weareleftwithaconfusingsituation.Ontheonehand,peoplecertainlycanhaveproblemswith  " findingauthenticity,andtheygenerallygiveexternalsignsoftheirinwardconflicts.Ontheother #  hand,wehavenophilosophicalauthoritytoclaimweunderstandthem,muchlesstotakeitupon %X" ourselvestowreaktherapyuponthemorreformtheirsenseoftheGood.Eveniftheyaskfor '0!$ therapy,westillcannotknowthatweunderstandthemor,evenwiththeirpermission(an l)#& uncertainconceptanywayinthefaceofinauthenticity),judgewhatsrightandwrongforthem. d Whatarewetodo? < #     #Y@.IV  .ۀ  TherapeuticDiscourseIsforAuthenticity#Y@@  x@Ԍ   Ќ  [Therapeuticdiscourseistohelptogainauthenticitybymodelingacceptanceofallpartsandlet  ` theclientproceedfromthere.Suggestionsandobservationsmustbemade,ifatall,withno 8  moralvalencebutratherinasenseofplay&experimentation.Resolutiontakescareofitself.] t  [Werarely,ifever,knowforsurewhetherwearedealingwithaprimaryGoodoranIROG.If L  thelatter,theoriginalreconciliationcanbereevaluated,reconsidered.] $ Ifauthenticityisthereconciliationofonespersonas,howdoesonereachit?[Letsunpackthat:  Notamoralimperative(atleastwithinoneself;beingauthentictoothersisadifferentstory.Aint p broke,dontfix.] H   Generallyanaturalprocessthattakescareofitself.Oneexperiencescognitivedissonance   orrecognizestheconflictbetweenwhatonedoesnowandwhatonewilldolater.Cognitive \ developmenttakeswork,sure,butitjusttrotsalong.Andiftheresnorealspurtomakeittrot, 4  whocaresifitstandsstill?Deontological,notteleological.  "   Generalprocessisjustspeakingtoeachotherandcomingupwithabestsolution.Andif #  notperfect,thenwereturntoit,eitherwhentheissuearisesagainoratourleisure.( Strong %X" emotionrecollectedintranquility.) '0!$ [Allthroughthis,myimageisofPiagets pouringwater(conservation)experiment. D+$( PerhapsIneedtoincludeadescriptionofitasanappendix.] -&* ЇSoinonessensethereisnoneedforany therapeuticdiscourseessay:eitherauthenticitytakes d careofitself,orelseitdoesntmatter.Noproblemeitherway. <   Therapeuticdiscourseisnotthepropertyofofficialtherapists(psychotherapists,   psychologists,counselors,etc.).Anyonecanplay.Nevertheless,therapistshaveseveral   advantages.Theyhavetraininginobservation,inbeingsensitivetotheclient.Theyacquirean  ` armoryoftechniquesthatothers(andtheythemselves)havefounduseful.Iftheyaretrained 8  well,theyareabletorespecttheautonomyoftheclient.Andtheirofficialpositioncreatesan t  atmosphereofsafety,sothatclientsfinditeasiertotrustthecounselortorespecttheirautonomy L  thantheywouldiftalkingtothenextstrangeronthestreet.Iemphasize,however,thatnoneof $ thesearetheexclusivepropertyoftherapists.Iknowmanynontherapistswhoaresensitiveto  others.(AndIveknownacoupleoftherapistswhowerent.)Iknowanumberofpeoplewho p knowavarietyofusefultherapeutictechniques,eitherinstinctivelyorbyobservationand H experience.Iknowpeoplewhocantalkdirectlytootherswhilestillrespectingtheirautonomy.   (AndIveknownacoupleoftherapistswhocouldnt.)Andwhilethelackofanofficemight \ makeithardforsomeoneoffthestreettotrustone,thereareadvantagestobeingacivilian:one 4  knowspeoplelonger,onedoesntcarrytheimplicitthreatofbeingOfficiallyRight,andsoon.  "   Whoeverconductsit,therefore,therapeuticdiscourseispossible.Ourroleistoholdup, #  asifamirror,whatonesees.Awooing,notanabduction,etc. %X"  # '0!$       #P.V  .ۀ  TherapeuticDiscourseCanBeUseful#PQ  PԌ d Ќ  Nevertheless,therapeuticdiscoursecanstillbeuseful,andtherearesituationswhereitiseven < necessary.Usefulinassistingtheresolution.Notingandhighlightingtheconflict:suggesting   resolution.Nothingbeyondwhatthepersonwoulddonaturally,butquicker.WhenIsayitis    useful,Ionlymeanusefultothepersonseekingauthenticity.Thetherapistisseekingthe  ` clientssenseoftheGood.Thetherapistwillinevitably,inescapablybeinfluencedbyhisown 8  understandings(ofthenatureoftheconflict;ofthepossibleresolution(s)),butthatdoesntdrive t  thecounseling.Andiftheclientadoptsthetherapistssuggestedresolution;itsstilltheclients L  choice;heisntavictimofthetherapist.(HereImexcludingmanipulation.Theseissuesbelong $ inthenextsection.)  #     0   #U.VI  .ۀ  TherapeuticDiscourseCanBeNecessary:RecoveringAuthenticitybyReconciling H theAlienatedPersonas#U0V  UԌ (#(# Ќ  Intheconservationexperimentthereisnopainassociatedwiththedifferentperspectives.Maybe \ effortinswitchingperspectives(turningoneshead,eitherliterallyormetaphorically)butnopain. 4  (AndImnotsureyethowtoclarifythedistinction.)Thesubjecthas(ideally)noemotionalstake  " insayingthatthewaterinoneglassismore,less,orthesame,comparedtotheother. #    Insomecases,however,eachpersonaisladenwitharejectionoftheotherpersonas. %X" Theyarentjustdifferentperspectives;theyarebad,wrong,naughty,whatever. '0!$   Suchpaincausesdissociation. l)#&   Hardforpersonastorecognizeeachother.Hardtotalktoeachother.Hardtoremember D+$( oneperspectivewhenoneisintheother.Freudianslips;ignoringconsequences. -&*   Goalofthetherapist:torememberthedifferentpersonas,evenwhentheclientcant.To d recognizethemall,tomodelfortheclientandacceptanceofall,eveniftheyneedtobe < reconciledandrefined.( Yes!Thatwaterdoeslooklikemore!Andyes,itdoeslooklikeless   whenyouturnyourhead!No,nothingswrong!!letsjustseehowtheseperceptionsfit   together.)( Thepeoplearenttheproblem;theproblemistheproblem.)  ` [Isrepressionasolution?NoteFritz_Leiber_s_Ffafhrd_Ԁ&Mouserstoryaboutthemanwho,afraid t  ofhisdogs,lockedtheminacellarwithoutfoodorwater.Theirhowlsgotweaker&weakerbut L  thencamebackagainstrongerwhentheydied&turnedintospiritdogs,whomhetriedtokeep $ satedbyfeedingthemother_people.]_  _#     #_.VII  .ۀ  ConditionsforTherapeuticDiscourse#__  _Ԍ H Ќ    8  "Ibelievethatnoonecansavehisfellowmanbymakingthechoiceforhim.Allthat   onemancandoforanotheristoshowhimthealternativestruthfullyandlovingly,yet r withoutsentimentalityorillusion.Confrontationwiththetruealternativesmay ` awakenallthehiddenenergiesinapersonandenablehimtochooselifeasagainst N death.Ifhecannotchooselife,nooneelsecanbreathelifeintohim."<    8   ` "ErichFromm,quotedinMaryknollMagazine(xx,197x,p.xx)*!   ``xx #  $H    $Hc0  0` (#(#   .A  ..ہ  Againstsomemisusesandmisunderstandingsoftherapeuticdiscourse$Hcc 0 dԌ'