Research Paper Guidelines

Objective

To identify an ethical question in one of the assigned works and present a persuasive argument that addresses this question. In the process, students should demonstrate an understanding of the conventions of academic discussion and the MLA or APA documentation format.

Topic

Choose one book from the list of assigned readings for this class-the book that is the most interesting to you. After careful consideration of this work and published works by other literary critics addressing this, formulate a thesis statement for an argument about the meaning and importance of your chosen book. Organize your argument around this thesis statement. Come up with three to five subtopics that are in themselves arguable and that add up to a strong case for your thesis statement.

When organizing your ideas, avoid structures that might lead you into excessive summarizing of the work in question. Also, be sure to support your ideas with quotations from the text in accordance with MLA or APA format. The paper should also include some quotations from those secondary sources that you find the most useful in presenting your argument. Bring a 10-page minimum draft of you paper to class on April 21st for peer editing. After receiving comments from your classmates, revise and proofread before turning the final draft in on May 12th.

Use the information from your presentation as a starting point for a more substantive inquiry into the ethical choices that this character faces, the presuppositions underlying these choices, and the wider-ranging consequences of this character's actions. How does the character's decision within the work in question contribute to the work's overall meaning and the way it influences (or is meant to influence) the actions of the work's readers?

Consider also the response to the work by readers and critics. How has resulting controversy or discussion altered our understanding of the work in question? How do contemporary political discussions provide the context for and respond to ideas in the work in question?

Annotated Bibliography

Identify eight secondary sources pertaining to your research paper topic. List them according to the MLA or APA format for a list of works cited. Add approximately 100 words of commentary to each entry briefly explaining what it contributes to your understanding of the topic, what its critical orientation is, and what you think of it qualitatively. Turn this in on March 24th.

Writing Tips

1. Somewhere in the opening paragraph of your paper, you should write a clear thesis statement, which is a one-sentence overview of what you will be arguing in your paper.

   In most cases, the first thesis statement you come up with will not be arguable enough. Keep revising it until you have a statement that is truly arguable and interesting. Do not hesitate to revise it after you have written a complete draft of the paper. The thesis statement should directly address your chosen work.

   Example:

   FIRST TRY: American society is regulated by two separate justice systems.

   SECOND TRY-NOT THERE YET: Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson depicts two separate justice systems.

   A GOOD THESIS: In Pudd'nhead Wilson, Mark Twain foregrounds the Civil War with a pre-existing conflict between two separate justice systems-the chivalric code of honor associated with the South and the more egalitarian jurisprudence of the North.

   Notice the evolution from an overly general, though accurate, statement about the novel to a statement about the difference between the two works to a precise explanation of how these books compare.

2. Organize your paper around the thesis statement and be sure that each part of your argument bears some clear relationship to the thesis statement. Do not leave it to your reader to figure out what each subtopic is doing in your paper. Consider the following outline for an argument supporting the above thesis:

   THESIS: In Pudd'nhead Wilson, Mark Twain foregrounds the Civil War with a pre-existing conflict between two separate justice systems-the chivalric code of honor associated with the South and the more egalitarian jurisprudence of the North.

   1. Two systems: the official government order and the anti-government codes of honor of the First Families of Virginia.

   2. These two systems come into conflict in the argument between Tom Driscoll and Luigi.

   3. In the greater context of the work, this conflict explains the persistence of racism in the post-Civil War American South.

   Turn each of these subtopics into at least one unified paragraph with supporting evidence in the form of quotations. If a paragraph gets too long, break it down into two or three paragraphs, but make careful use of transitional phrases to keep the logic clear to the reader. Paragraphs can range in length according to the needs of your argument, but the optimal length is about 3/4 page. Having too many brief paragraphs in succession will make your argument lose focus and direction.

3. Follow MLA format when using quotations or paraphrases to support the argument:

   1. Use blended quotations for quotations under four lines and block quotations for quotations over four lines. Remember the tricky punctuation rules for each type of quotation. If you have questions about this, ask me or look it up in a style manual such as Keys for Writers.

   2. Write a list of Works Cited at the end of the paper. The last name of the author comes first, then the title of the selection. Then, if applicable, the title of the book in which you found the work. Notice that you should italicize the name of a book or journal whenever you mention it. Also, take note of the pattern of indentation.

      Examples:
      Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!. 1936. New York: Vintage, 1990.
      Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. New York: HarperPerennial, 2006.
      Perloff, Marjorie. "'Pound/Stevens: Whose Era?' Revisited." Wallace Stevens Journal: A Publication of the Wallace Stevens Society 26.2 (2002 Fall): 135-42.
      Alphabetize works cited according to the author's last name. The year of original publication after the author's name in the above two examples is optional, but the year of publication after the publisher is required. There are many other rules for MLA format for peculiar instances that will come up, but the above two examples should serve as useful models for the vast majority of cases for this class. Do not hesitate to look these rules up.

   3. Grammar issues:

      1. Refer to events in a work of literature in the present tense. This may sound strange at first, but it is the convention for addressing literature. Notice that we tend to follow this rule in class discussion.

      2. Transitions. These are words that serve as signposts pointing out the direction of your argument to your readers. Some of these transitions are like "One Way" signs leading your reader on to the next point. Others are like "U Turn" signs indicating a reversal of direction. There are other more subtle transitions that alter the tone or indicate approval or disapproval of what you are discussing.

         Examples:

         One Way Signs (leading from before to after or from cause to effect)

         Thomas Sutpen arrives in Jefferson with a crew of slaves and a French architect. Subsequently, he builds a large mansion.

         Joe Starks believes in keeping his wife on the margin while he dominates the conversation. Consequently, Janie rebels against him and asserts herself on the porch of their store.

         W. E. B. DuBois was an early supporter of Booker T. Washington. Thus, his public disenchantment with Washington's educational programs surprised his readers at the time.

         U-turn Signs (establishing a contrast between ideas)

         Whereas Sherwood Anderson portrays living characters in a small town in prose, Edgar Lee Masters depicts dead characters in a small town in poetry.

         Wallace Stevens evokes many different traditional images of religious belief and practice in his poem "Sunday Morning." However, these images fail to provide him with a unified basis for his religious contemplations.

         These are just a few examples of the numerous transitions out there that can help you arrange your ideas. Most style manuals will give you a more exhaustive list of options and fuller explanations of how to use them. Your best resource, however, is your own experience with written and spoken language. You undoubtedly hear and use dozens of these transitions per day. Integrate the appropriate ones into your writing.

         Keep in mind also that these transitions are often the most important as you move from one subtopic in your paper to the next. Very frequently, the first sentence in a new paragraph needs to provide the reader a clear transition between ideas in the previous paragraph and ideas in the new one.

      3. A grammatically complete sentence has at least one subject and one verb. If it is missing a subject or a verb, it is a sentence fragment. Sentence fragments are sometimes acceptable, but only if you mean to use them.

      4. Comma rules are complicated, so look them up in a style manual if you had trouble with them on the previous paper. A comma splice is what happens when you try to separate two grammatically complete sentences with only a comma. Comma splices are bad. Avoid them.

         Example:

         WRONG: Zora Neale Hurston attended Barnard College, she worked with anthropologist Franz Boas.

         CORRECT: Zora Neale Hurston attended Barnard College where she worked with anthropologist Franz Boas.

         ALSO CORRECT: Zora Neale Hurston attended Barnard College. She worked with anthropologist Franz Boas.

      5. Avoid using the passive voice whenever it is possible to do so. When writing in the passive voice, you remove the subject from the sentence or at least de-emphasize it. This makes writing less engaging to most readers.

      6. Avoid contractions when writing college papers. Replace they're with they are and replace don't with do not (these are just a few examples of the numerous possible contractions out there).

      7. Italicization is the best way to signal that you are referring to a word itself and not to the thing that the word represents. Notice how I am using italicization of the terms in the following section "h". You should also italicize titles of books (even in parenthetical references and lists of works cited) and foreign-language words like mot juste, ex post facto and Weltanschauung.

      8. The word it's (with an apostrophe) is a contraction of it is. The word its (without an apostrophe) is the possessive of it. Its and whose both deviate from the standard rule about possessives.