3.00 Collecting Material

Start early to collect materials for your paper. Use the library resources, interviews, and personal experiences to begin to build your bibliography and note files.

(See Hodges and Whitten, 34b.)

3.01 In the Library

1. The On-line Library Catalog

   To get a quick idea of the library's holdings for your paper, look up your topic in the On-line Library Catalog.

   (See Hodges and Whitten, pp. 397-400, especially samples of subject cards on p. 398.)

   Copy precisely the call numbers, titles of materials, and location of materials which sound useful for your paper. See Hodges and Whitten, p. 398, for examples. Since 1975 UMD has used the Library of Congress (LC) classification system to catalog its holdings (for e.g., HQ 536 .S65 1986).

   If you do not know what to look for, consult the Library of Congress Subject Headings books, located near the Reference Desk. That will give you information on the specific topics and subtopics which you may need to use in your research. It will also give you a few general LC call numbers (so you can go to the book shelves, or "stacks," and look around in relevant areas), information on cross-referencing, and suggestions for looking up information.

   In general, the more specific you can be when using these research tools, the more useful will be the materials you discover. If you need help, talk with your instructor and/or the person at the Reference Desk on the second floor of the library.

   In the main library at UMD you will find books on the third floor and on the fourth floor.
   
   "Print periodicals are shelved alphabetically by title; each periodical also has a periodical number that can be used to locate it. The most RECENT ten (10) years are shelved on the Third Floor of the Library and those issues older than ten (10) years are located in the LIBRARY ANNEX. Periodicals from the most recent five years can only be used in the library; older periodicals can be checked out."
   
   You will find the microform documents on the third floor, and the Audiovisual materials at the Reserve Media Desk near the Circulation desk on the first floor of the library.
   
   Do not forget about the special collections and centers (see No. 7 below).

3. Indexes, Abstracts, Published Bibliographies, Encyclopedias, and Reviews

   Use indexes, abstracts, and published bibliographies to help you locate materials for your paper. Found at the second floor Indexes section, the standard indexes include Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, Social Sciences Index, and The New York Times Index; note also those special indexes listed in section 4.01. See Appendix, sections 17.03-17.04, for sample entries and explanations of various indexes.

   Published "abstracts," since they briefly summarize works as well as list them, are particularly useful in doing research. Consulting the abstracts listed in sections 4.01-4.06 will assist you in developing preliminary ideas for your paper, and will save you days of work on your project. See Appendix, section 17.05, for sample entry from Sociological Abstracts. Note that you often first need to locate a reference number, then use that number to find the abstract itself.

   General encyclopedias, such as Encyclopedia Americana or Encyclopaedia Britannica, offer useful brief overviews of topics, as well as suggestions for further readings. Specialized encyclopedias, such as the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, provide more detailed coverage of selected topics. Do not overlook other specialized reference works, such as Statistical Abstract of the United States, Atlas of American History, Goode's World Atlas, and the Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Look for these in the reference collection.

   Annual reviews usually provide longer and more thorough summaries of selected topics than do abstracts and encyclopedias. For good overviews of various subjects look at the current and back volumes of one or more of the following Annual Reviews: (Annual Review of . . . ) Anthropology, Ecology and Systematics, Psychology, Public Health, Sociology. These publications provide excellent background information as well as good bibliographies. See sections 4.01-4.06.

4. Computerized Searches

   You can also access information from major computerized abstracting and indexing databases in the Library, many of which are full-text databases. To take advantage of these resources see the individual at the Reference Desk on the second floor of the library.

5. Periodical Holdings

   To find out what periodicals, news sources, and magazines are in the UMD library consult Periodicals Owned by U.M.D Library, and/or the on-line Library Catalog. Consult copies located by the second floor Reference Desk.

   Look for newspapers across from the Reserve Desk. Periodicals, arranged alphabetically, are located in the Main Periodicals Room on the Second Floor.

   Microform periodicals are found behind the Periodical Help Desk.

6. Microform Holdings and Other Non-Print Media

   Certain holdings in the library are on microfilm or microfiche (in the Reference Collection), or are films, videotapes or recordings. Except for periodicals on microfilm these are catalogued the same as books. Use the microform sources in the Microform Center on the second floor of the library.

7. MINITEX and Interlibrary Loans

   If materials are not available at UMD, order them from another library (at no cost to you) through the MINITEX or Interlibrary Loan networks. Allow at least ten working days to receive your materials. Specific information on this service is available at the second floor Interlibrary Loan Desk.

8. Special Libraries, Collections, and Centers

   In addition to the large Health Science Library, UMD houses several special libraries and collections. Special libraries include: Geology, and Teaching Materials.

   Special collections include: The UMD Archives, The Ramseyer-Northern Bible Society Museum Collection, Children's Collection, the Electronic Data & Documents (EDD) CD-ROM System, Government Documents (a special index for these is located behind the Reference Desk), and the Voyageur.

   The Northeast Minnesota Historical Center, located in the Library Annex -- second floor, and the various academic centers located in the schools and colleges can also be most helpful in researching your paper.

   The NRRI Library, located on the third floor of the Natural Resources Research Instiute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway (about a twenty minute drive from the UMD Library) can also be helpful.

   The Play Collection, formerly housed in the UMD Department of Theatre, is now available on the upper level of the Library Annex.

3.02 Bibliography/Bibliography Cards

On 3x5 or 4x6 cards compile a preliminary bibliography of useful sources of information and opinions on your problem (that is, your "topic"). This will usually include books, journal articles ("magazines"), and other sources.

Use the following format for your bibliography cards:

1. each of your sources must have one bibliography card, which should include all the information you will need for documentation (see sections 8.08-8.14); (b) put each entry on a separate card so that you can drop or add them and alphabetize them without recopying; (c) before you begin to write, arrange your preliminary bibliography items in the order of their apparent importance; and, (d) as you prepare your "References" section arrange the bibliography items alphabetically. See Hodges and Whitten, pp. 407, 409 (top), and 444 (top) for other examples.
   Bibliography Card for a Book:

   (1.)	library call no.
   *2a-c.	Author's last name, First and Middle initials.1
   *3.	(year of publication).
   *4a-c.	Title: Subtitle of the book (xx ed.)2.
   *5a-b.	Place of publication: Publisher.
   (6.)	If the source has a bibliography it is useful to note that here. If you are using just part of the book, also not that here.
   	1If a source has no author refer to the work by its title. In the "References" the work is alphabetized by its title. 2Add edition information for second and subsequent editions of a work.

   For an essay or article contained in a collection of articles use:

   (1.)	library call no.
   *2a-c.	Essay author's last name, First and Middle initials.
   *3.	(year of publication of the collection).
   *7a-b.	Title: Subtitle of the article.
   *8a-d.	In (First and Middle initials of editor plus Last name of editor) (Ed.),
   *4a-c.	Title: Subtitle of the book (pp. xxx-yyy).
   *5a-b.	Place of publication: Publisher.
   (*6.)	Original publication date and/or bibliography note.

   
   
   

   Note punctuation in samples! An asterisk (*) here indicates required information.

   Do not confuse a "note card" with a "bibliography card" (see section

   3.03).

   Bibliography Card for a Journal or Magazine Article

   (1.)	library call no.
   *2a-c.	Author's last name, First and Middle initials.1
   *3.	(year of publication).
   *4a-b.	Title: Subtitle of the article (xx ed.).
   *5a-c.	Name of the Journal/Magazine/Periodical, volume number, page numbers for enter article.
   (6.)	Add notes which you may find helpful. Such as: "Check for information on the MN Chippewa Tribe."
   	1If a source has no author refer to the work by its title. In the "References" the work is alphabetized by its title.

   The bibliography card for an essay written by A. L. Campa and found on pp. 77-82 of a book of collected essays entitled Crossing Cultures should look like this:

   (1.)	PE 1417 .C75 1983
   *2a-c.	Campa, A. L.
   *3.	(1987).
   *7a-b.	Anglo vs. Chicano: Why?
   *8a-d.	In H. Knepler & M. Knepler (Eds.),
   *4a-c.	Crossing cultures: Readings for composition (2nd ed.).
   + pp.	(pp. 77-82).
   *5a-b.	New York: Macmillan.
   (6.)	(Original work published in 1972)
   	Capitalize all proper nouns ("Chicano" in this example) and the first word of the titles ("Anglo" and "Crossing" in example) and subtitles ("Why" and "Readings" in this example). Use the date of publication of the book, but note in parentheses at the end of your citation the original publication date of the article or excerpt.

3.03 Notes/Note Cards

Take notes. Put your initial evaluations, summaries and paraphrases on note cards, preferably the standard 3x5 or 4x6 cards available especially for this purpose. Include the following information on your card. An asterisk [*] here indicates required information.

1. An assignment number, if there is one.

2. *A heading, using one or two appropriate key words or phrases which indicate the main idea on the card.

3. *The source of the note, including the last name of the author and the exact page(s) from which your note is taken. (If you have more than one author with the same last name, also use first and middle initials.) Cite page numbers accurately.

4. *A summary or paraphrase of the source, rather than a lengthy quote. If you do quote, be sure to use quotation marks to distinguish verbatim quotation from paraphrase (see section 8.07).

   Begin each entry (fact, idea, summary, paraphrase, or quotation) on a separate card. Put only closely related ideas on a single card. This will later allow you to easily regroup them as you work on your paper.

5. Your own ideas placed in brackets. Clarify what part of the note is your own idea and what came from the source. You must avoid plagiarism! You must cite another as author even when you do not use his/her exact words. If in doubt, cite.

Use the following format for your note cards. See Hodges and Whitten, pp. 409, 444, 446, and 456 for other examples.

(1.)	assignment no.
*2.	key word or phrase
*3a-b.	Author's last name, exact page no(s).
*4.	summaries/paraphrases of source
(5.)	[put your own ideas here, in brackets]

Note cards for the A. L. Campa essay from Crossing Cultures should look like this:

(1.)	#1
*2.	Hispanic-Anglo cultural differences
*3a-b.	Campa, 77-82.
*4.	Put your summaries/paraphrases of the article here. Be thorough, yet concise.
(5.)	[put your personal reaction/evaluation here, in brackets, to indicate that they are your ideas and opinions rather than the author's)
	The page numbers 77-82 in this example indicate that the summaries/paraphrases on this card were taken from pages 70-71. Do not list all of the pages for the article or chapter unless the card summarizes all of those pages.

Remember that a "bibliography card" is not a "note card." A "bibliography card" contains titles, authors, dates, full page numbers, and such materials as you may need later in the "References" section of your paper (see sections 8.10-8.13). Note cards contain synopses and paraphrases of the source material. Each of your sources should have one bibliography card; you may have many note cards from each source, with each note card containing only closely related ideas.

Consult section 34c of Hodges and Whitten for further information.