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24 November 2009 Today in History Today in Headlines Word of the Day

Inca Empire, 1197-1572     Aztec - Inca Map, c. A.D. 1500	to top of page / A-Z index Inca (or Inka)   Under Construction Sorry for the inconvenience see also Moche (Mochica) Nasca Macchu Picchu -- Wikipedia Conquistador -- Wikipedia South America > Inca Empire -- Wikipedia The Incas -- BBC Ecuador Peru search Nasca and Moche and Chimú and Inca on JSTOR	Inca Gold
to top of page / A-Z index Macchu Picchu (Across the Divide Expeditions) "La Doncella" Mummified Inca maiden wows crowds Friday, 7 September 2007 -- BBC News     to top of page / A-Z index
videos: The Sweat of the Sun (52 min., 1975, VC 169) Timelines

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In the News . . . Pre-Columbian Societies Knew a Thing About Extracting Gold -- Science (20 October 2009) Dozens of [Chotuna Huaca] Girls Found Sacrificed -- National Geographic News (14 July 2009) Maize May Have Fueled Ancient Andean Civilization [Wari]: Prehistoric skeletons yield evidence that farming of crop led to the rise of an early state society -- Science News (08 July 2009) Machu Picchu Is Mini Re-creation of a Mythic Landscape? -- National Geographic News (15 June 2009) Incan Sacrifice Victims Found -- LiveScience (05 June 2009) Dirty Teeth Reveal Ancient Peruvians Ate Well - Discovery News (2008-12-02)      Evidence From Dirty Teeth: Ancient Peruvians Ate Well - Science Daily (2008-12-03) Ew! Bad Teeth Reveal What Ancients Ate - MSNBC (2008-12-01) Ancient Peru Pyramid Spotted by Satellite Discovery (10/3/08) Ancient Peru Pyramid Spotted by Satellite MSNBC (10/6/08) Rare Mass Tombs Discovered Near Machu Picchu National Geographic News (9/15/08) Pre-Incan Female Wari Mummy Unearthed in Peru Reuters (8/26/08) Pre-Incan Mummy Unearthed in Peru MSNBC (8/26/08) VIDEO: 1,300-Year-Old Peru Mummy Found National Geographic News (8/27/08) Archaeologists Find Pre-Inca Sacrificial Tomb LiveScience (9/11/08)   to top of page / A-Z index From Anthropology in the News, Texas A&M Anthropology (2 October 2007) Scientists Uncover Inca Children's Countdown to Sacrifice EurekAlert (10/1/07) Inca Children 'Fattened Up' Before Sacrifice MSNBC (10/1/07) Incan Kids Fattened Before Sacrifice LiveScience (10/1/07) An Incan Feast Before Death Science (10/2/07) Study: Inca Drugged Children Sacrifices CNN (10/2/07) Inca Sacrifices 'Fattened Up' Before Death Discovery News (10/2/07) Ice Maiden 'Fattened Up for Sacrifice' Telegraph (10/2/07)

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Inca god Viracocha	Ancient Inca Civilization -- www.kidskonnect.com conquistadors Quechua (Kechua) languages = Inca language Chimu The pre-Incan Chimu had more gold than the Mochica Cuzco (Peru) Machu Picchu (Peru; Inca) intewahutana "hitching post of the sun" used to calculate the equinoxes and other things Atahualpa -- Inca emperor kidnapped by the Spaniards The European Voyages of Exploration: The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries -- University of Calgary Conquistadors (Cortés, Pizarro, Orellana, Cabeza de Vaca) -- PBS   to top of page / A-Z index Bibliography Bibliography on Inca History Books Inca land : explorations in the highlands of Peru, Bingham, Hiram (1922) -- The Internet Archive Manco, the Peruvian Chief, W.H.G. Kingston (1814-1880) -- The Internet Archive History of the Incas, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa -- manybooks.net   to top of page / A-Z index Images Vicos: A Virtual Tour -- The Billie Jean Isbell Andean Collection, Cornell University Library Inca Cuisine -- Wikipedia   Lords of the Earth -- Maya/Aztec/Inca Center Maps Aztec - Inca Map, c. A.D. 1500 Timelines   to top of page / A-Z index Sites Cuzco -- EMuseum Machu Picchu -- EMuseum Videos The Sweat of the Sun (52 min., 1975, VC 169)     to top of page / A-Z index	Francisco Pizarro
		A detail of a Inca stone work at Cuzco
		Manco Capac first king of the Kingdom of Cusco
Tupa-inca-tunic
Inca used Quipus, a system of knots on strings, to record information and perform mathematical calculations

A red-haired mummy recovered from the Nevado Ampato, Peru, in the mountains near the famous Machu Picchu mountaintop fortress. Dated at circa A.D.1400, this may even have been one of the red-haired Incas that the Spaniards reported seeing	Evidence of cranial deformation found at El Trigal
Gold and silver Inca warrior icons accented with Peruvian turquoise, spondylus, black onyx, and lapis lazuli (Victor Estrada Cervantes)

Perfect' mummies found high in Andes -- Science/Nature (04/08/99)

Tattooed mummy discovered in Peru -- Americas (05/16/06)

First Andes civilisation explored -- Science/Nature (12/22/04)

Ancient Peru's ritual beer binges -- Americas (07/31/04)

Peru's precious heritage under threat -- Science/Nature (03/25/04)

The Incas -- BBC

Salta Museum (in Spanish)

From Wikipedia:

• Peruvian Ancient Cultures
• Cultural periods of Peru
• History of Peru
• War of the two brothers
• Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
• Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
• Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
• Smallpox Epidemics in the New World
• Population history of Amerindians
• Spanish Empire
• Inca cuisine
• Tumi
• Amazonas before the Inca Empire
• Inca mythology
• Cusco
  
  
• Conquest of Peru, Prescott, 1847 Full text, free to read and search.
• Inca Land by Hiram Bingham (published 1912–1922 CE).
• Inca Artifacts, Peru, and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.
• Inca civilization and other ancient civilizations by Genry Joil.
• Inca stone cutting techniques: theory on how the Inca walls fit so perfectly.
• Ancient Civilizations - Inca Great research site for kids.
• "Ice Treasures of the Inca" National Geographic site.
• Incan Ice Mummies NOVA site based on their series about the 1996 expedition that discovered Incan ice mummies.
• Incan Religion
• History of the Inca Empire Inca history, society and religion.

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Videos Inca Mummies: Secrets of the Lost World -- snagfilms.com

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Pre-Columbian Civilizations and Cultures
North America	Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) – Fremont – Mississippian
Mesoamerica	Huastec – Izapa – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Tarascan – Teotihuacán – Toltec – Totonac – Zapotec
South America	Norte Chico – Chavín – Chibcha – Chimor – Chachapoya – Huari – Moche – Nazca – Tairona – Tiwanaku
Main civilizations
	The Aztec Empire	The Maya civilization	The Inca Empire
Language	Nahuatl language	Mayan languages	Quechua
Writing	Aztec writing	Mayan writing
Religion	Aztec religion	Maya religion	Inca religion
Mythology	Aztec mythology	Maya mythology	Inca mythology
Calendar	Aztec calendar	Maya calendar
Society	Aztec society	Maya society	Inca society
Infrastructure	Chinampas	Maya architecture	Inca architecture (road system) Incan agriculture
History	Aztec history		Inca history
People	Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitlahuac Cuauhtémoc	Pacal the Great Tecun Uman	Manco Capac Pachacutec Atahualpa
Conquest	Spanish conquest of Mexico (Hernán Cortés)	Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Francisco de Montejo) Spanish conquest of Guatemala (Pedro de Alvarado)	Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Francisco Pizarro)
See also Indigenous peoples of the Americas Population history of American indigenous peoples Pre-Columbian art

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