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24 November 2009
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Please Note:
The dates below are approximate starting dates only.
Most of the categories overlap. For details on this information, please see the charts in the text, such as those in the 9^th edition (2009) on pp. 204, 250, 265, 271, 293, 347, and 397.

Times to Remember

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other timelines

	Dates	Major Events / Groups	Alternate Name
	A.D. 1859	End of the "Prescientific Period" in Prehistoric Cultures Studies
		/\
	X	End of Prehistory (writing begins) dates vary regionally	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 15 "The First Civilizations," pp. 387-424
		/\ 3,300 B.C. "Ötzi" The Iceman /\
	c. 10,000 B.C....	Early "Civilizations" (agriculture and village life begin...) dates vary regionally	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 14 "Food Production," pp. 345-386 Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 13 "Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers," pp. 311-344
		/\ "Hobbit" ? - 18,000 [13,000?] ybp
	c. 35,000 - 60,000 B.C.	*Homo sapiens sapiens* [National Geographic "Genographic" migration] ("Early Moderns" = Cro-Magnons...)	"Moderns"
	c. 100,000 ybp	Qafzeh, Israel, Homo sapiens sapiens	"Anatomically Modern" Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 12 "The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans," pp. 233-254
		Herto, Ethiopia, Homo sapiens idaltu [BBC article] "Mitochondrial Eve" [based on DNA analysis]
	c. 160,000 ybp

	c. 195,000 ybp	Omo I and II, *Homo sapiens sapiens,* [BBC article]
		/\
	c. 200,000 B.P.... [or c. 300,000 ybp?]	"Homo sapiens neandertalensis (Homo neandertalensis) (Homo sapiens neandertalensis)	"Premodern Humans" aka "Archaics" Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 11 "Premodern Humans," pp. 255-282
	c. 0.4 mya...	Homo sapiens heidelbergensis "Other Archaics" (Homo heidelbergensis) (Homo sapiens heidelbergensis)
		/\
	c. 1.8 mya...	*Homo erectus*	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 10 ". . . Homo erectus and Contemporaries," pp. 233-254
		/\
	c. 2.4 mya...	Early Homo (Homo habilis...)	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 9 "Hominin Origins," pp. 201-232
		/\
	c. 3.2 mya . . .	"Little Foot" -- Australopithecus [species uncertain] (2.2-3.3 mya?) "Lucy" -- Australopithecus afarensis (2.9-3.9 mya / 3.2 mya)	"Early Hominins" Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 9 "Hominin Origins," pp. 201-232
	c. 4.4 mya . . .	"Ardi" -- Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) -- Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8-5.2 mya / ~ 5.6 mya)
	c. 5.5 mya...	Australopithecines (Australopithecus... and, later, Paranthropus aka Australopithecus robustus...)
	c. 6 mya 5.8 mya (5.2+) 6 - 7 mya	Orrorin tugenensis (5.8-6.1 mya / ~ 6.0 mya) "Toumaï" (Sahelanthropus tchadensis) ["Dental hominin"] [Nature article]
		/\
	c. 13 mya...	Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
	c. 17 mya...	Sivapithecus (Ramapithecus / Kenyapithecus / Ouranopithecus) Dryopithecus Proconsul	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 9 "Hominin Origins," pp. 201-232

	c. 33 mya...	"Dental Apes" (Aegyptopithecus, Apidium...)

	c. 65 mya...	Primates	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Chs. 6 and 7 "An Overview of the Primates" and "Primate Behavior" pp. 177-174
	c. 13.7 bya . . .	creation of the universe
* c. = circa = about B.C. = "before Christ," or "before common era" ybp = "years before present" mya = million years ago bya = billion years ago

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