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24 May 2012
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Dates and Times to Remember

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	Dates	Major Events / Groups	Alternate Name
	A.D. 1859	End of the "Prescientific Period" in Prehistoric Cultures Studies

	X	End of Prehistory (writing begins) dates vary regionally	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 15 "The First Civilizations," pp. 387-424

	3,300 B.C.	"Ötzi" The Iceman

	c. 10,000 B.C. . . . dates vary regionally	Early "Civilizations" (agriculture and village life begin...)	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 14 "Food Production," pp. 345-386
			Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 13 "Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers," pp. 311-344
	? - 18,000 [13,000?] ybp	"Hobbit"
	c. 35,000 - 60,000 B.C.	*Homo sapiens sapiens* [National Geographic "Genographic" migration] ("Early Moderns" = Cro-Magnons...)	"Moderns"
	c. 100,000 ybp	Qafzeh, Israel, Homo sapiens sapiens	"Anatomically Modern" Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 12 "The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans," pp. 233-254
	c. 160,000 ybp	Herto, Ethiopia, Homo sapiens idaltu [BBC article]
	c. 200,000 ybp	"Mitochondrial Eve" [based on DNA analysis]
	c. 195,000 ybp	Omo I and II, *Homo sapiens sapiens,* [BBC article]

	c. 200,000 B.P.... [or c. 300,000 ybp?]	"Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Homo neandertalensis) (Homo sapiens neandertalensis)	"Premodern Humans" aka "Archaics" Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 11 "Premodern Humans," pp. 255-282
	c. 0.4 mya...	Homo sapiens heidelbergensis "Other Archaics" (Homo heidelbergensis) (Homo sapiens heidelbergensis)

	c. 1.8 mya...	Homo erectus "Turkana Boy" -- Homo erectus [aka Homo ergaster] (1.5 mya)	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 10 ". . . Homo erectus and Contemporaries," pp. 233-254
	1.977 and 1.98		Australopithecus sediba Human origins story takes new turn -- BBCNews (08 September 2011)
	c. 2.4 mya...	Early Homo (Homo habilis...)	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 9 "Hominin Origins," pp. 201-232

	c. 2.6 mya . . . (11 August 2010)	-- first stone tools (Gona / Bouri, Ethiopia)
	c. 2.5 mya . . .	"Taung Child" -- Australopithecus africanus (c. 2.5 mya)	"Early Hominins" Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 9 "Hominin Origins," pp. 201-232
	c. 2.7 mya . . .	"Zinj" -- Paranthropus (c., 2.7 mya) -- aka Australopithecus robustus
	c. 3.2 mya . . .	"Little Foot" -- Australopithecus [species uncertain] (2.2-3.3 mya?)
	c. 3.2 mya . . .	"Lucy" -- Australopithecus afarensis (2.9-3.9 mya / 3.2 mya)
	c. 3.3 mya . . .	"Selam" -- [aka "Lucy's Child"] ( 3.3 mya)
	c. 4.4 mya . . .	"Ardi" -- Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) -- Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8-5.2 mya / ~ 5.6 mya)
	c. 5.6 mya . . .	"Toumai" -- Sahelanthropus tchadensis* (5.8-5.2 mya / ~ 5.6 mya* ["Dental hominin"] [Nature article]
	c. 6 mya . . .	Orrorin tugenensis (5.8-6.1 mya / ~ 6.0 mya)

	c. 13 mya...	Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
	c. 17 mya...	Sivapithecus (Ramapithecus / Kenyapithecus / Ouranopithecus) Dryopithecus Proconsul	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Ch. 9 "Hominin Origins," pp. 201-232

	c. 20 mya...	Ugandapithecus major	BBCNews (02 August 2011)

	c. 33 mya...	"Dental Apes" (Aegyptopithecus, Apidium...)

	c. 65 mya...	Primates	Cf., Text 10^th Ed., Chs. 6 and 7 "An Overview of the Primates" and "Primate Behavior" pp. 177-174
	c. 13.7 bya . . .	creation of the universe
* c. = circa = about B.C. = "before Christ," or "before common era" ybp = "years before present" mya = million years ago bya = billion years ago

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